List of heads of state of Anahuac: Difference between revisions
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| | | National Revolutionary Party | ||
| Martin Falcón (1928-1929) | | Martin Falcón (1928-1929) | ||
| {{small|He was appointed interim president by Congress, after the assassination of the winner of the 1928 general election, president-elect Ignacio L. Dueñas.}} | | {{small|He was appointed interim president by Congress, after the assassination of the winner of the 1928 general election, president-elect Ignacio L. Dueñas.}} | ||
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| 1980 | | 1980 | ||
| Guillermo Pacheco Torres <br />{{small|(1911–1985)}} | | Guillermo Pacheco Torres <br />{{small|(1911–1985)}} | ||
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| — | | — | ||
| Augusto Ruiz Ortiz<br />{{small|(1920–2004)}} | | Augusto Ruiz Ortiz<br />{{small|(1920–2004)}} | ||
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| [[File:Ivonne | | [[File:Ivonne Álvarez García.jpg|100px]] | ||
| 2002 | | 2002 | ||
| Samara Mireles <br />{{small|(born 1962)}} | | Samara Mireles <br />{{small|(born 1962)}} |
Latest revision as of 09:59, 23 August 2024
Throughout its history, Anahuac had many different types of heads of state, as well as many different types of government. Under federal constitutions, the title of President was the same as the current one. In addition, there was a period of monarchical rule, during which the executive was controlled by the Emperor of Anahuac.
The chronology of the heads of state of Anahuac is complicated due to the country's political instability during most of the nineteenth century and early decades of the twentieth century. With few exceptions, most of the Anahuacian presidents elected during this period did not complete their terms. Until the presidency of Videl de la García, each president remained in office an average of fifteen months. Until the presidency of Óscar Vela Cantú, a president would've served a six-year period known as sexenio. Currently, a president now serves a eight-year term, known as a octenio. The current president of Anahuac is Matías Larrázabal Torres, who took office on 17 December 2018.
This list also includes the self-appointed presidents during civil wars and the collegiate bodies that performed executive duties during periods of transition.
Affiliation keys
Abbreviation | Party name (English) | Party name (Spanish) | |
---|---|---|---|
Liberal | Liberal Party of Anahuac | Partido Liberal de Anáhuac | |
Conservative | Conservative Party of Anahuac | Partido Conservador de Anáhuac | |
— | Independent politician | Político independiente | |
PLN | National Lenocian Party | Partido Lenocista Nacional | |
PRP | Progressive Revolutionary Party | Partido Revolucionario Progresista | |
Constitutionalist | Constitutionalist Party | Partido Constitutionalista | |
PIF | Federal Institutional Party | Partido Federal Institucional | |
UDN | National Democratic Union | Unión Democrática Nacional | |
RECONA | National Reconciliation Movement | Movimiento de Reconciliación Nacional | |
Military | Federal Armed Forces of Anáhuac | Fuerzas Armadas Federales de Anáhuac |
United States of Anahuac (1811–1824)
After the consumation of Anahuacian independence, a brief transitional council by the National Triumvirate was appointed before reforming the country into the United States of Anahuac.
The Trivumvirate
The National Trivumvirate would govern the United States of Anahuac until the reformation of the country into the Republic of Anahuac.
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term of office | Political party | Notes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||||
1 | ![]() |
Aramberri Lavín (1783–1817) |
12 April 1813 | 23 April 1817 | 4 years, 11 days | Independent | Historically, the first modern president of Anahuac and the first one appointed by the National Triumvirate. Lavín was also the first president to be assasinated in office. |
2 | ![]() |
Ramón Adaucto (1786–1843) |
10 October 1817 | 10 October 1823 | 6 years, 0 days | Independent | Second in-line of the National Triumvirate, and the first president of Anahuac to serve a full-term. |
3 | ![]() |
Aarón Nuñez (1782–1831) |
10 October 1823 | 17 December 1829 | 6 years, 68 days | Independent | Declared succesor by Adaucto, and last member of the National Triumvirate. Presidency continued during the transition to the Republic of Anahuac. |
Republic of Anahuac (1824-1840)
Political Reforms of 1836
The position of the Prime Minister was established in 1836. Until the 20th century, the president and prime minister did not run jointly and could be from different parties.
Centralist Republic of Anahuac (1840-1855)
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term of office | Political party | Prime Minister | Notes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||||
(10) | Ciro Martínez (1794–1841) |
17 February 1838 | 18 February 1840 | 1 year, 200 days | Conservative Party of Anahuac | Vacant | He left office in 1840 due to disease. He died a year later. | |
11 | Andrés Ibarra Droualliet (1797-1864) |
19 February 1840 | 20 January 1842 | 1 year, 335 days | Conservative Party of Anahuac | Justo Sierra Domínguez | He took office as constitutional elected president following Martínez's resignation. During his term, he enacted the Eight Organic Laws. | |
12 | ![]() |
Álvaro Nuñez Torres (1795-1870) |
20 January 1842 | 19 September 1842 | 211 days | Conservative Party of Anahuac | Manuel Esponceda | Took ofice after Ibarra left office to fight the insurgency of the Southern Confederation. |
13 | Manuel Esponceda (1780–1853) |
20 September 1842 | 1 October 1842 | 11 days | Conservative Party of Anahuac | Vacant | He was appointed interim president when Nuñez Torres was assasinated by insurgents of Tectetán. Resigned when Salazar launched a rebellion. | |
(9) | Ibrahim Salazar (1794–1876) |
2 October 1842 | 13 October 1843 | 1 year, 11 days | Liberal Party of Anahuac | Daniel Lazarillo | Appointed provisional president by the Senate of the Republic. | |
(7) | Salvador Alducín (1780–1853) |
14 October 1843 | 5 March 1844 | 143 days | Conservative Party of Anahuac | Vacant | Appointed as substitute president by Salazar when he left the office. | |
(9) | Ibrahim Salazar (1794–1876) |
5 March 1844 | 12 November 1844 | 252 days | Liberal Party of Anahuac | Vacant | Reassumed the presidency as provisional president. | |
14 | ![]() |
Pedro Aguilar Almaguer (1794–1850) |
8 May 1845 | 12 July 1845 | 65 days | Conservative Party of Anahuac | Rafael Balbuena | He was appointed interim by Salazar when he left office to assist the invasion of Tectetán |
15 | ![]() |
Rafael Balbuena (1792–1854) |
15 July 1845 | 21 October 1846 | 1 year, 98 days | Liberal Party of Anahuac | Vacant | He was appointed interim, and after, constitutional president by Senate after Almaguer was arrested for trying to dissolve the Congress. |
(9) | Ibrahim Salazar (1794–1876) |
25 October 1846 | 12 January 1847 | 79 days | Liberal Party of Anahuac | Vacant | Assumed office via a coup against Balbuena. | |
16 | ![]() |
Joaquín Ramos Herrera (1797–1867) |
15 January 1847 | 21 September 1849 | 2 years, 249 days | Conservative Party of Anahuac | Santiago Luján | Assumed office after a coup against Salazar. |
17 | ![]() |
Santiago Luján (1789–1860) |
25 September 1849 | 1 January 1850 | 2 years, 98 days | Liberal Party of Anahuac | Vacant | Appointed as interim president when Ramos Herrera went to fight the rebellion of Plan de San Agustín, the goal of which was to bring Salazar once again to the presidency. |
18 | Cristóbal Alanis de León (1794–1876) |
2 January 1850 | 1 May 1850 | 119 days | Liberal Party of Anahuac | Sergio Coronado Barrera | He was appointed provisional president by Congress when Luján resigned because of the rebellion of Plan de San Agustín. | |
19 | ![]() |
Rubén Escobedo (1802–1855) |
2 May 1850 | 3 May 1852 | 4 years, 243 days | Liberal Party | Vacant | He resigned when Congress refused to give him extraordinary powers to fight the Conversative rebellion. |
(9) | Ibrahim Salazar (1794–1876) |
3 May 1852 | 1 January 1855 | 4 years, 243 days | Conservative Party | Andrés Nava | He swore as President following the triumph of the Plan de San Agustín, but ruled as a dictator. The purchase of Isla Roca Roja and the extension of Petén occured during this final term. | |
20 | Francisco Sarabia (1806–1871) |
1 February 1855 | 17 December 1855 | 319 days | Conservative Party | Vacant | He was appointed interim president after the triumph of the Plan of Ayala but he took office until 1 February. | |
21 | Desidero Escobedo (1812–1863) |
18 December 1855 | 16 December 1856 | 1 year, 0 days | Conservative Party | Vacant | He became constitutional president on 17 December 1855. Also served a term during the Second Republic and subsequent Reformation War |
Second Republic of Anahuac (1855-1861)
Reformation War 1856-1860
Main Article: Reformation War
There were two rival governments during this civil war, which the liberals won.
President recognized by the Liberals
Presidents recognized by the Conservatives
Kingdom of Anahuac (1862-1869)
While the Kingdom of Anahuac established the Huey tlatoani as a symbolical head of state, Prime Ministers would exercise power in a similar fashion to prior presidents. For historical reasons, the periods of every Prime Minsiter usually are counted as regular presidential terms.
Monarchy of tlatoani Cristobal I
Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Reign | Royal house | Coat of arms | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reign start | Reign ended | Duration | ||||
![]() |
Cristobal I (1812–1869) |
17 December 1862 | 19 June 1869 | 6 years, 184 days | House of Cordero |
Prime Ministers of the Kingdom of Anahuac
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term of office | Political party | Notes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||||
27 | Martín Sanchez de Chagollán (1831–1869) |
17 December 1862 | 19 October 1863 | 306 days | Conservative Party | Also appointed governor of the Anahuacian territories by Riamese occupation forces. | |
28 | ![]() |
Rogelio Alarcón (1821–1875) |
1 November 1863 | 20 March 1865 | 1 year, 139 days | Conservative Party | Reformed the relations between the Catholic Church and the government. Named godfather of Cristobal's second son. |
29 | ![]() |
Dédalo Esparza (1830–1866) |
21 March 1865 | 19 December 1865 | 273 days | Conservative Party | Took office after Alarcón's dismissal by the Imperial Courts. Resigned due to illness, dying the following month. |
30 | ![]() |
Vicente Jaumave (1805–1869) |
20 December 1865 | 19 December 1868 | 2 years, 365 days | Conservative Party | As Minister of Governance, he became interim minister after the resignation of Esparza. Declared constitutional minister on March 1866. During his tenure, the 20,000 League Voyage (and by extension, the Great Anahuacian Co-Prosperity Zone) was issued. |
31 | ![]() |
Gregorio Atenógenes (1831–1869) |
20 December 1868 | 19 June 1869 | 211 days | Conservative Party | Took ofice on the personal request of Cristobal. Executed by Republican forces for his role in commandering the Imperial Army and Riamese occupation forces. |
Restored Republic (1869-1876)
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Elected | Term of office | Political party | Prime Minister | Notes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||||||
(22) | ![]() |
Raymundo Vigil (1806–1872) |
1856 | 17 December 1855 | 1 December 1862 | 16 years, 219 days | Liberal Party of Anahuac | José Resendiz (1855-1860) Félix Carvajal Uresti (1860-1862) Jorge Álvarez (1862-1868) Alejandro Canseco (1868-1872) |
The first term he was interim president during the Reformation War. The second term resulted from his being appointed constitutional president by Congress after the elections of 1862. His constitutional period began on 17 December. The third term was an extension of the second, a consequence of the invasion. The fourth and fifth terms followed the triumph of the Republic. |
1862 | 17 December 1862 | 16 December 1865 | |||||||
— | 17 December 1865 | 16 December 1867 | |||||||
1867 | 17 December 1867 | 16 December 1871 | |||||||
1871 | 17 December 1871 | 23 July 1872 | |||||||
32 | ![]() |
Santiago Garza García (1823–1889) |
— | 18 July 1872 | 30 November 1872 | 4 years, 155 days | Liberal Party of Anahuac | Esteban Carvajal (1872-1876) | As Minister of Governance, he became interim president in the aftermath of Vigil's death. While an extraodinary election declared him as the winner, he was overthrown by the Lujambio Revolution and left office less than a week before the end of his constitutional term. |
1872 | 17 December 1872 | 10 December 1876 |
Lenociato (1876-1911)
Main Article: Lenociato
Revolution (1911-1928)
Presidents recognized by the Great Lakes Coalition
Main Article: Convention of the Great Lakes
The Coalitionists were followers of revolutionary generals Doroteo Pizarro and Alberto Fernandez. They fought a civil war with the followers of revolutionaries under Francisco Venegas. The position of Prime Minsiter was bireflt derrogated under the Coalitionist government.
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term of office | Notes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||
42 | ![]() |
Gerardo Reyero (1830–1915) |
16 November 1914 | 5 January 1915 | 50 days | Appointed as interim president. |
43 | ![]() |
Diogénes Lonardi (1879–1945) |
5 January 1915 | 10 August 1915 | 217 days | He was named as provisional president when Reyero was forced to left San Jorge Xayacatlán. |
44 | ![]() |
Alejandro Ogazón (1850–1920) |
11 August 1915 | 23 October 1916 | 73 days | He assumed office after Lonardi exiled himself to Riojania. |
Presidents recognized after the Constitutionalist victory
The Constitutionalist army, under Supreme Leader Francisco Venegas, defeated the Coalitionist army in 1916, with a new constitution drafted in 1917-18.
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Elected | Term of office | Political party | Notes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||||
45 | ![]() |
Francisco Venegas (1859–1920) |
— | Head of the Executive Power Supreme Leader of the Constitutionalist Army |
3 years, 261 days | Constitutionalist Party | He served as governor of Autlán during the presidency of Reyero. During his tenure, he convoked a Constitutional Covention which enacted the Political Constitution of the Federal Republic of Anahuac. He constitutionally won the invoked 1917 election and took office as Constitutional President on 17 December 1917. He died during the Rebellion of Xochipala, led by three revolutionary generals. | |
10 August 1914 | 28 April 1917 | |||||||
1917 | President of Anahuac | 2 years, 307 days | ||||||
17 December 1917 | 19 October 1920 | |||||||
46 | ![]() |
Jorge Olguín Marcor (1881–1955) |
— | 1 June 1920 | 30 November 1920 | 182 days | Liberal Constitutionalist Party | He was one of the leaders of the coup against Venegas, who had attempted to impose a civilian successor in 1920. Olguín was appointed provisional president by Congress. |
47 | ![]() |
Ignacio L. Dueñas (1880–1928) |
1920 | 17 December 1920 | 16 December 1924 | 4 years, 0 days | Federal Armed Forces of Anáhuac | He was the most successful general of the Constitutionalist Army and joined the rebellion against vENEGAS. When elections were held in the aftermath of the coup, he was the winner of the 1920 general election. When Dueñas designated Martin Falcón as his successor; fellow Senoran general Jorge Olguín Marcor rebelled with considerable revolutionary army support, but Obregón crushed the rebellion. |
48 | ![]() |
Martin Falcón (1877–1945) |
1924 | 17 December 1924 | 16 December 1928 | 4 years, 0 days | Federal Armed Forces of Anáhuac | He was the winner of the 1924 general election. He changed the constitution to allow non-consecutive election of a president, allowing Dueñas to run again in 1928. Dueñas was re-elected but was assassinated before being sworn in. Falcón then founded the political party that managed presidential succession until 2002. (with a brief interruption between 1960-1972) |
Falconazo (1928-1934)
President-elect Dueñas was assassinated before he was inaugurated for a six-year presidential term. Falcón brought together revolutionaries to found the National Revolutionary Party (now the Federal Institutional Party (PIF)). While Falcón could not succeed himself as president, he remained the power behind the presidency. On the request of Falcón, the position of Prime Minister was reestablished, taking briefly said position under Abelardo Portes Gil.
Modern Anahuac (1934-present)
Main Article: Octenio (Anahuac)
After the constitutional reform of 1926, the presidential term in Anahuac was extended to six years starting in 1928; with a formal ban on reelection. During another constitutional revision, the presidential term was extended to eight years, starting in 1952. With only a brief interruption due to the Anahuense Civil War, all presidents have completed their terms.
No. | Portrait | Elected | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term of office | Political party | Prime Minister | Notes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||||||
52 | ![]() |
1934 | Videl de la García (1895–1970) |
17 December 1934 | 16 December 1940 | 6 years, 0 days | National Revolutionary Party | Jorge Gámez | Declared winner of the 1934 general election. His election is generally credited on ending the Falconazo period. |
53 | ![]() |
1940 | Enrique Ledesma Garza (1885–1962) |
17 December 1940 | 16 December 1946 | 6 years, 0 days | National Revolutionary Party | Minerva Margarita Villarreal | His tenure was marked by the first election of a female Prime Minister, a role many women have filled since then. |
54 | ![]() |
1946 | Sócrates Rizzo Sauceda (1885–1962) |
17 December 1946 | 16 December 1952 | 6 years, 0 days | Federal Institutional Party | Coral Jiménez | Known as The Gentleman President, he assited Videl de la García during Revolutionary times. First election to allow women's suffrage. |
55 | ![]() |
1952 | Óscar Vela Cantú (1885–1962) |
17 December 1952 | 16 December 1960 | 8 years, 0 days | Federal Institutional Party | Vacant (1952-53) Lucía Vallejo (1953-) |
First civilian president to take office. |
56 | ![]() |
1960 | Susete Hernández Niño (1931–2022) |
17 December 1960 | 16 December 1972 | 12 years, 0 days | National Democratic Union | Vacant (1960-62) - Luis Carlos Arreola (1962-72) | First female president of Anahuac and first non-PIF candidate to win the presiency. Ousted from office by a coup d'état by military forces. |
Anahuense Civil War (1968-1972)
Main Article: Anahuense Civil War
Similary to the Reformation War, there were two rival governments during this civil war, which the loyalists won.
President recognized by the Loyalists
No. | Portrait | Elected | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term of office | Political party | Prime Minister | Notes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||||||
(56) | ![]() |
— | Susete Hernández Niño (1931–2022) |
17 December 1960 | 16 December 1972 | 12 years, 0 days | National Democratic Union | Luis Carlos Arreola | She was appointed as president in exile during the evacuation to Roca Roja. Waged the Anahuense Civil War, and remained president until the end of the conflict. |
Presidents recognized by the military junta/Nationalists
Main Article: Proceso de Reorganización Nacional
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term of office | Notes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||
57 | ![]() |
Rafael Alemán Valades (1925–2013) |
6 May 1968 | 16 December 1968 | 224 days | Assumed office via coup against Hernández. Beginning of the National Reorganization Process. Named interim president until December. |
58 | ![]() |
Leobardo Zavala (1925–2010) |
17 December 1968 | 1 February 1969 | 46 days | Named constitutional president by the Legislative Advising Commission when Valades left office to combat the Loyalist insurgency. |
59 | Anastasio Kuribeña Müller (1924–1969) |
2 February 1969 | 6 April 1969 (died) | 63 days | As commander of the Air Force, he was appointed by Zavala as his succesor when he left to resume command in the Nationalist Navy. Commited suicide following the Nationalist defeat at Operation Wraith of God. First and only president to commit suicide in office. | |
(58) | ![]() |
Leobardo Zavala (1925–2010) |
6 April 1969 | 10 April 1969 | 4 days | Briefly reassumed office after Kuribeña Müller's death. |
60 | ![]() |
Heriberto Albán (1926–2019) |
11 April 1969 | 26 September 1969 | 168 days | Appointed by Zavala as interim president. Recognized by the LAC until a month later. Ousted from office by a self-coup. |
61 | ![]() |
Eduardo Passeghini (1928–2018) |
1 October 1969 | 26 October 1970 | 1 year, 25 days | Declared interim president by the LAC, then constitutionally elected in January 1970 by LAC representatives. |
62 | ![]() |
Carlos Labarthe (1926–2003) |
27 October 1970 | 1 March 1971 | 125 days | Named substitute president when Passeghini was recalled to assist Nationalist forces in Tectetán. |
(60) | ![]() |
Heriberto Albán (1926–2019) |
2 March 1971 | 16 June 1971 | 106 days | Named president under Valades's personal request. Defenses around the capital were erected during his brief tenure. |
63 | ![]() |
Gala Graffignia (1923–2011) |
17 June 1971 | 16 December 1971 | 184 days | Appointed as provisional president after Albán's resignation due to health issues. Second female president. |
(61) | ![]() |
Eduardo Passeghini (1928–2018) |
17 December 1971 | 7 February 1972 | 52 days | Named interim president after Graffignia left office to assit Nationalist war efforts as the Loyalist advance came closer to the capital. |
(58) | ![]() |
Leobardo Zavala (1925–2010) |
7 February 1972 | 29 May 1972 | 112 days | Assumed office after Passeghini's capture by Loyalist forces. |
(57) | ![]() |
Rafael Alemán Valades (1925–2013) |
30 May 1972 | 20 September 1972 | 113 days | Appointed by Zavala in the final stages of the war. Ousted and captured during the Battle of San Jorge Xayacatlán. |
(62) | ![]() |
Carlos Labarthe (1926–2003) |
24 September 1972 05:00 a.m. |
24 September 1972 07:25 a.m. |
About 2 and half hours. | Named president and head representative of the military junta for the Santa Elisa Peace Accords. |
Post-civil war (1972-present)
Presidents who died in office
President | Term of office | Date of death | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Erasmo Cortés | 1830-1832 | 18 September 1832 (aged 46) | First President of Anahuac to die in office. |
Raymundo Vigil | 1855–1872 | 23 July 1872 (aged 66) | Second President of Anahuac who died in office. First and only president to die to natural causes. |
Francisco Venegas | 1914–1920 | 21 May 1920 (aged 60) | First President of Anahuac to be assassinated while in office. |
Anastasio Kuribeña Müller | February–April 1969 | 6 April 1969 (aged 44) | Only president of Anahuac that has commited suicide in office. |
Guillermo Pacheco Torres | 1980-1985 | 12 March 1985 (aged 73) | Most recent President of Anahuac to be assassinated while in office. |
See also