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| {{Politics of Freice}} | | {{Politics of Freice}} |
| The '''politics of [[Freice]]''', a [[Political_status_of_Freice|''country and republic'']] of the [[Riamo|Riamese Federation]], takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic country, whereby the [[Head of the Government of Freice|Keomoru'lu]] serves as head of government, drawing cabinet ministers from amongst members of the legislature.<ref name=": PresidentintheParliament">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "Cabinet > Keomoru'lu"]. ''Government of Freice''. Retrieved 14 April 2022.</ref> The largest party or coalition within the General Kiuva forms the government. Legislative power is vested in the government and the [[General Kiuva]] (parliament), the members of which are elected in multi-party elections. The judicial branch is independent of the executive and legislative branches. | | The politics of [[Freice]] take place within the framework of a unitary mixed-aristocratic republic, whereby political power is shared between democratically elected politicians and an aristocratic class. Executive power is shared between the Má'ita (the head of state) and the government (formally the ''Executive Committee of the Representative Council''), which is headed by an elected councillor. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Representative Council. The judiciary is independent of the executive and legislative branches. |
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| Freice has full autonomy in near-all areas, with the federal Riamese government maintaining responsibility only for some foreign affairs, defence, and monetary and fiscal policy.<ref name=": FedGov1">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "Federal relations with Freice"]. ''Federal Government of Riamo''. Retrieved 11 June 2019.</ref> The Freician government, however, has assumed many foreign policy-related powers, and is recognised as having an independent personality in international relations.<ref name=": FedGov1">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "Federal relations with Freice"]. ''Federal Government of Riamo''. Retrieved 11 June 2019.</ref> The most recent constitution was enacted in April 2022.<ref name=": Electi1on1">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "Meeting approves constitution draft"]. ''Radio and Television Freice''. Retrieved 6 April 2022.</ref>
| | Freice's idiosyncratic political system, reflecting both long-held traditions of governance and the influence of colonial powers, has been described as "the last stronghold of aristocracy outside of absolute monarchies." |
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| ==Offices==
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| {| class=wikitable
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| !Office
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| !Name
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| !Party
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| !Since
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| | [[Monarchy_in_Freice|Monarch]]
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| | [[Monarchy_of_Riamo|Diana II]]
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| | {{n/a}}
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| | 8 January 1983
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| | [[Representative of the Sovereign in Freice|Representative of the Sovereign]]
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| | [[Apoka Semeia|Ailu Apoka Semeia]]
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| | {{n/a}}
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| | 2 March 2023
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| | [[Head of the Government of Freice|Keomoru'lu]]
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| | [[Kana Tenqel]]
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| | [[Mulo Uahi ma pa Kiuoa]]
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| | 20 January 2023
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| |}
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| The head of state is Diana II, Queen of Riamo, who is styled ''Sovereign of Freice''. She is represented domestically by a locally-appointed Representative of the Sovereign.
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| The [[Head of the Government of Freice||Keomoru'lu]] is chief executive. They are directly elected alongside members of the General Kiuva, in which they are permitted to sit (but not vote) if they are not elected to the body itself, and lead the cabinet.<ref name=": President">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "Cabinet > Keomoru'lu"]. ''Government of Freice''. Retrieved 14 April 2022.</ref>
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| The government officially operates on the basis of collegiality, with ministers collaborating with one another in the running of their departments rather than there being strict allocations of responsibility.<ref name=": About">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "Cabinet"]. ''Government of Freice''. Retrieved 25 January 2021.</ref> Ministers are nominated by the Keomoru'lu from amongst members of the General Kiuva and are appointed by the Representative of the Sovereign. The Keomoru'lu cannot remove ministers without the approval of the General Kiuva, enjoying the power only to allocate responsibilities.<ref name=": About">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "Cabinet"]. ''Government of Freice''. Retrieved 25 January 2021.</ref><ref name=": President">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "Cabinet > Keomoru'lu"]. ''Government of Freice''. Retrieved 14 April 2022.</ref>
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| ==Constitution==
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| The [[Constitution Act 2022 (Freice)|Constitution of Freice]], enacted in April 2022, outlines Freice's political and economic system. It provides for a democratic representative state in a broadly republican form, in which a prime minister directly elected by the people is chief executive, held to account by a democratically-elected legislature.<ref name="const.">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "Constitution of Freice"] ''General Kiuva''. 19 June 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</ref> It also provides for an independent judiciary, as well as the protection of a number of rights and freedoms.
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| Freice's first constitution - the Constitution Act - was enacted in 1972, with a number of subsequent amendments. In 2021, following the July coup d'état, the Schedules of Government was enacted, replacing the 1972 constitution. However, following the downfall of the government in December of that year, the 1972 constitution was restored. A number of constitutional amendments were subsequently made to provide for a new constituent assembly to draft a new document. These were the Constitution (Continuity and Confirmation) Act 2022, the Constitution (Amendment no.19) Act 2022, the Constitution (Draft) Act 2022, and the Island Meeting (President and Government) Act 2022.<ref name=": aaaaaa Association">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "Assembly votes for dissolution"]. ''Radio and Television Freice''. Retrieved 18 January 2022.</ref> The current constitution replaced the 1972 constitution on 11 April 2022.
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| The Freice Autonomy Act 1969 (amended in 1980) establishes Freice's relationship with Riamo and serves as a de facto constitutional document. It provides for continued Riamese sovereignty over Freice, whilst protecting Freice's right to self-government. The act defines the as a ''country'' within the federation, referring to the "right to autonomy and self-rule of independent nationalities."<ref name=": External Association">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "Freice-Riamo Relations"]. ''Government of Freice''. Retrieved 19 July 2016.</ref> The act also describes the Freician people as constituting a "sovereign personality", allowing for the right to self-determination.<ref name=": External Association2">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "Freice Autonomy Act 1969"] (PDF). ''Federal Government of Riamo''. Retrieved 19 July 2016.</ref>
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| ==Legislative branch==
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| Legislative power is vested in the unicameral ''[[General Kiuva]]'', often known as the ''Meeting'', which is composed of 21 members.<ref name=": Meeting_Role">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "About"]. ''General Kiuva''. Retrieved 17 April 2022.</ref> The General Kiuva was initially established as the Island Meeting through the Constitutional Reform (Assembly and Elections) Act 2021 and confirmed with the Constitution (Continuity and Confirmation) Act 2022, replacing the Nuejel as Freice's legislative branch.<ref name=":Elect">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "Nuejel approves new assembly"]. ''Radio and Television Freice''. Retrieved 6 December 2021</ref><ref name=":Elect2">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "Assembly votes for dissolution"]. ''Radio and Television Freice''. Retrieved 23 January 2022</ref> It was renamed the General Kiuva by the 2022 Constitution of Freice.<ref name=": Electi1on1">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "Meeting approves constitution draft"]. ''Radio and Television Freice''. Retrieved 6 April 2022.</ref> It meets at the Kaimo Tehua'i (National House) in the Freician capital [[Sekapa]], with the current General Kiuva elected on 16-17 January 2022.
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| The General Kiuva is responsible for making laws for any matter, subject to the Freician constitution and the Freice Autonomy Act. The Riamese federal government may override its decisions only in limited circumstances, subject to the Freice Autonomy Act.<ref name=":What">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "What is the Island Meeting?"]. ''Radio and Television Freice''. Retrieved 7 December 2021</ref> The General Kiuva's powers are comparable to those found in other legislatures. It has the power to enact legislation, amend the constitution, approve the budget, and oversee the administration of government.<ref name=": Proc">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "Island Meeting > Procedure"]. ''Government of Freice''. Retrieved 28 January 2022.</ref> The courts provide judicial oversight.
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| The Speaker of the General Kiuva is the chief officer and highest authority of the assembly.<ref name=": President2">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "Island Meeting > President"]. ''Government of Freice''. Retrieved 29 January 2022.</ref> The speaker presides over debates within the assembly and determines who can speak and which bills can be put forward for debate. They are also responsible for maintaining order within the assembly and are empowered to sanction members (including expelling them from the sitting) if they breach its rules.<ref name=":EWA">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ Announcements on Provisions, December 19, 2021]. ''Government of Freice''. Retrieved 20 December 2021</ref>
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| ===Composition===
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| {{Template:CompositionFreice}}
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| ==Executive==
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| [[File:Fiji Parliament House1.jpg|thumb|Kaimo Potio'i, the residence of the Representative of the Sovereign]]
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| The Cabinet of Ministers (Freician: ''Pobui oe Maita'me''), otherwise known as the cabinet, is the executive branch, consisting of members (unofficially known as ministers) who work for the implementation of the political, economic, social, cultural, and other such activities of the state.<ref name=": About">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "Cabinet"]. ''Government of Freice''. Retrieved 25 January 2021.</ref> It directs the activities of the state, oversees the management of the country's finances, and ensures the effectiveness of the administrative structure and bureaucracy.
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| The cabinet is headed by a the Keomoru'lu, who nominates ministers for appointment by the Representative of the Sovereign. Ministers of the cabinet are accountable, in law, only to the General Kiuva, with the Keomoru'lu unable to remove a member without the General Kiuva's approval.<ref name=": Law">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "Appointment of Officers (Executive Powers) Act 2022"] (in Freician). ''Government of Freice''. Retrieved 23 June 2022.</ref><ref name=": About22">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "Cabinet > Members"] ''Government of Freice''. Retrieved 19 April 2022.</ref>
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| The Keomoru'lu may nominate a deputy from amongst the ministers, who chairs meetings of the cabinet in their absence. They serve rather as a principal advisor and chief organiser of government activity, and may serve as acting Keomoru'lu if appointed by the cabinet.<ref name=": About22">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "Cabinet > Members"] ''Government of Freice''. Retrieved 19 April 2022.</ref>
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| ==Judiciary==
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| {{Main|Judiciary of Freice}}
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| The Freice judiciary consists of the Supreme Court, Court of Appeal, the High Court, the District Court, and the Summary Court. The judiciary is independent of the executive and legislative branches, maintaining links with the government and legislature through the Law Services Committee.<ref>Ralingsborough, Andrew P. (1999) ''Freician Law''. Guri: University of Guri Press. p. 141. ISBN 192-4-12012-451-7.</ref>
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| The courts' system is regulated by the Constitution of Freice. The Supreme Court is at the apex of the Freice judicial system, hearing appeals from the Court of Appeal at their own discretion.<ref name=": Sup-Cou">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "Services > Judiciary > Supreme Court"]. ''Government of Freice''. Retrieved 29 January 2022.</ref> The Court of Appeal is responsible for dealing with appeals from lower courts and tribunals, which are bound to accept its rulings.<ref name=": Cour-App">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "Services > Judiciary > Court of Appeal"]. ''Government of Freice''. Retrieved 29 January 2022.</ref>
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| The High Court is the main court for most serious criminal and matters of high importance to the law.<ref name=": Hi-Cour">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "Services > Judiciary > High Court"]. ''Government of Freice''. Retrieved 29 January 2022.</ref> It also hears appeals from District and Summary Courts. Defendants may choose to be tried by either a jury or solely by a bench of three judges. Crimes such as murder and manslaughter, rape, treason, and arson must be tried before the High Court.<ref>Ralingsborough, p. 88</ref>
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| District Courts are intermediate courts that deal with serious cases not requiring the attention of the High Court. These cases usually involve cases such as assault and certain driving offences. Cases are heard by a judge and jury.<ref name=": Summ">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "Services > Judiciary > Summary Court"]. ''Government of Freice''. Retrieved 29 January 2022.</ref> Judgments made in District Courts may be appealed to the High Court and the Court of Appeal. Summary Courts are similar, hearing only low-level offences such as petty theft, criminal damage, and breach of the peace.<ref name=": Villcourt">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "Services > Judiciary > Simmary Court"]. ''Government of Freice''. Retrieved 29 January 2022.</ref>
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| Law enforcement is undertaken by [[Royal Freice Police Service]], which primarily consists of officers that constitute the national police force.<ref name=": New">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ New police services inaugurated]. ''Tama Adune oe Faio''. Retrieved 27 January 2022.</ref> The Freice Police Service is responsible to the government and to the General Kiuva.<ref name=": Policeabout">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "About"]. ''Freice Police Services''. Retrieved 27 January 2022.</ref> The Commissioner is the agency executive, appointed by the prime minister on the advice of the General Kiuva.<ref name=": Police_agents">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "About > Governance"]. ''Freice Police Services''. Retrieved 27 January 2022.</ref>
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| The continued problem of community justice outside of the court system has plagued the Freician legal system, and has been addressed with only limited success by successive governments.<ref>Ferrant, Victor R. ''The Forgotten Island'', p.304.</ref><ref>Ralingsborough., p. 55.</ref> Such high incidents of justice being administered outside of the court system have raised questions about the transparency of law enforcement and the equal application of human rights and other significant protections to all citizens.<ref>[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ Report on the Administration of Justice in Freice] (PDF). ''Government of Riamo''. Retrieved August 28, 2021.</ref>
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| ==International relations==
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| {{Main|Foreign relations of Freice}}
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| As a Riamese territory, Freice does not pursue full diplomatic relations in its own right, represented internationally by Riamo. However, since 1992 the island's government has been permitted to pursue an independent foreign policy. Consequently, the government has established a number of Representations in order to pursue economic, cultural, and certain political interests.<ref name=": PolicyCouncilExternal">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "Diplomatic relations"]. ''Government of Freice''. Retrieved 29 January 2022.</ref> The representations are established with the cooperation of the Riamese foreign ministry, enjoying the same rights of federal diplomats.. Freice also hosts a small number of permanent, full-time missions - from [[Riamo]], [[Hoterallia]] and [[Anáhuac]].<ref name=": PolicyCouncilExternal">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "Diplomatic relations"]. ''Government of Freice''. Retrieved 29 January 2022.</ref>
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| Staff working for Representations are answerable to the Freice government rather than the Riamese government. They are appointed by the Representative of the Sovereign in Freice in the name of the [[Monarchy of Riamo|Queen]] on the recommendation of the [[Head of the Government of Freice|Keomoru'lu]]. However, Freice's primary international relations remain with Riamo, with which is its governed by a common Federal Customs Area. In addition to Riamo, [[Hoterallia-Freice relations|Freice-Hoterallia relations]] are particularly strong and serve as a cornerstone of Freice's own independent foreign policy.<ref>[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "Govt signs agreement with Freice region"].''HHK''. Retrieved April 8, 2016.</ref>
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| Despite not being a sovereign state, Freice is a member of the Saltstil Pact independent of Riamo.<ref>[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "Member state governments welcome Freician" representative].''Saltstil web portal''. Retrieved July 9, 2021.</ref> The Freician government approved membership in July 2021, with membership widely hailed as an important step in Freice's political development.<ref>[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "Saltstil membership "important next step"].''Radio and Television Freice''. Retrieved July 14, 2021.</ref>
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| ===List of Representations===
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| As of January 2022, the Freician government maintains Representations in 3 countries:<ref name=": PolicyCouncilExternal">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "Diplomatic relations"]. ''Government of Freice''. Retrieved 29 January 2022.</ref>
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| ! width=150 | Country
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| ! width=120 | Head
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| ! width=300 | Notes
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| | {{flagicon image|Flag Gran Rugido New (1).png}} [[Anáhuac]]
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| | Ekua Pika
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| | Anáhuac is Freice's closest Saltstil Pact neighbour. Anáhuac is an important trading partner; because of Riamo's distance from Freice, Gran Rugido imports most of Freice's food and energy supplies.
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| | {{flagicon image|Flag of Hoterallia.png}} [[Hoterallia]]
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| | Tomasu Korel
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| | Hoterallia briefly occupied Freice for a decade, and a sizeable Hoterallian minority continues to reside in Freice. [[Hoterallia-Freice relations]] are considered particularly close, with Freice using the [[Hoterallian gen|gen]] and adopting Hoterallian as an official language.
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| | {{flagicon image|Riamo flag 2.png}} [[Riamo]]
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| | Anamo Ikenoka
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| | Freice is a ''Country'' of Riamo, with Riamo responsible for Freice's foreign policy and defence. The [[Monarchy of Riamo|Queen of Riamo]] reigns as the ''Sovereign of Freice'', serving as the key constitutional link between the island and Riamo proper..
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| |-
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| |}
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| ==Administrative divisions==
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| [[File:Administrative Map of Freice.png|thumb|right|The districts of Freice.]]
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| Freice is divided into nine districts, established by the Local Government Act 2022:<ref name=": Newsonthis">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "Meeting passes local government reform"]. ''Radio and Television Freice''. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref>
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| * Dukorane
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| * Koimuke
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| * Marana Pratsa
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| * Mopeta Pratsa
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| * Peka
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| * Ritora Iisa
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| * Roheo Radei Oratite
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| * Sekapa
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| * Sekapa Seiva
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| The districts are used for statistical and administrative purposes, with the national census coordinated separately in each region and [[Welfare in Freice|national welfare provision]] (relief) organised and distributed through district relief exchanges.<ref name=": Land_Areas3">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "Districts"]. ''Government of Freice''. Retrieved 5 April 2022.</ref>
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| ===Local government===
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| Each of the nine districts has their own local government bodies, called ''District Administrative Council's'' (Freician: Kauio Makrahore'ia Riseki; KMR). KMRs are elected by the electorate of a given district for a one-year term. The Local Government Act 2022 grants the KMRs the following key responsibilities:<ref name=": Newsonthis">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "Meeting passes local government reform"]. ''Radio and Television Freice''. Retrieved 24 March 2022.</ref>
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| # to further economic development and regeneration;
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| # to oversee the management of local services;
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| # to promote employment;
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| # to safeguard health and safety;
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| # to implement national legislation;
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| # to encourage and contribute to sustainable development.
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| KMRs may pass local ordinances in areas determined by the Local Government Act, which are enforced like national laws but cannot conflict with them. Each authority is led by an ''atika'lu'' (lit. "Guard"; formerly Mayor), who is directly elected.
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| Authorities generally pass ordinances relating to housing, waste collection, local planning, certain licensing affairs, cemeteries and the care of the dead, and certain childcare provisions.<ref name=": Land_Areas2">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "Districts > Responsibilities"]. ''Government of Freice''. Retrieved 3 April 2022.</ref>
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| Roheo Radei Oratite also functions as a ''regional area'', enjoying fewer powers than other districts. This is because the district is home to the Sete Hills and a substantial part of Freice's protected natural environment, as well as having a small population. Consequently, the Freician government maintains a significant presence in the area, with more powers over planning and environmental management.<ref name=": Land_Ar1eas2">[https://i.imgur.com/LJrd3HN.jpg/ "Districts > Roheo Radei Oratite"]. ''Government of Freice''. Retrieved 3 April 2022.</ref>
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| ====Atikalu'me====
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| {| class="wikitable sortable"
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| !District
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| !''Atika'lu''
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| !colspan="2" | Party
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| |-
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| | Dukorane
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| | Neia Basima
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| | style="background-color:#b93737" |
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| | [[Faio'se Ekaitaki'e ka Orpasa'e]]
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| |-
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| | Koimuke
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| | Senapa Uiami
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| | style="background-color:#b93737" |
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| | Faio'se Ekaitaki'e ka Orpasa'e
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| |-
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| | Marana Pratsa
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| | Tamia Meinoa
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| | style="background-color:#327a7b" |
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| | [[Mulo Uahi ma pa Kiuoa]]
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| |-
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| | Mopeta Pratsa
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| | Vemisa Tafugoa
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| | style="background-color:#327a7b" |
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| | Mulo Uahi ma pa Kiuoa
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| |-
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| | Peka
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| | Kolau Matau
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| | style="background-color:#327a7b" |
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| | Mulo Uahi ma pa Kiuoa
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| |-
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| | Ritora Iisa
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| | Boni Manapao
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| | style="background-color:#327a7b" |
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| | Mulo Uahi ma pa Kiuoa
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| |-
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| | Roheo Radei Oratite
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| | Apia E. Umagarema
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| | style="background-color:#b93737" |
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| | Faio'se Ekaitaki'e ka Orpasa'e
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| |-
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| | Sekapa
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| | Ilipule Selaulo
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| | style="background-color:#327a7b" |
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| | Mulo Uahi ma pa Kiuoa
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| |-
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| | Sekapa Seiva
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| | Kamea Tamoa
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| | style="background-color:#327a7b" |
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| | Mulo Uahi ma pa Kiuoa
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| |-
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| |}
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| ==See also== | | ==See also== |
| * [[Monarchy of Riamo]]
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| * [[Freice]] | | * [[Freice]] |
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| ==Notes== | | ==Notes== |
| {{notelist}} | | {{notelist}} |
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|30em}}
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| ==External links== | | ==External links== |
