List of popes (Anteria): Difference between revisions
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This '''chronological list of popes''' corresponds to that given in the ''[[wikipedia:Annuario Pontificio|Annuario Pontificio]]'' under the heading "I Sommi Pontefici | This '''chronological list of popes''' corresponds to that given in the ''[[wikipedia:Annuario Pontificio|Annuario Pontificio]]'' under the heading "I Sommi Pontefici Gavarnicæ" (The Supreme Pontiffs of Gavarnik), excluding those that are explicitly indicated as [[wikipedia:Antipope|antipopes]]. | ||
Currently, the popes reside in the city-state of [[Silvadum City]]. | Currently, the popes reside in the city-state of [[Silvadum City]]. | ||
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===Early papacy=== | ===Early papacy=== | ||
{{Infobox country | |||
|micronation = <!--yes if a micronation--> | |||
|conventional_long_name = Gavarnik Christian State<!--Formal or official full name of the country in English--> | |||
|native_name = Status Christianus Gavarnicæ <small>([[wikipedia:Latin|Latin]])</small><!--Country's name (usually full name) in its native language, hence in italics (double quotemarks)--> | |||
|common_name = Silvadum<!--Common name in English (used for wikilinks, captions, and to produce a default iso3166 code)--> | |||
|status = <!--Status of country, especially useful for micronations--> | |||
|image_flag = [[File:Flag_of_Christiania.svg|border|115px]]<!--e.g. Flag of country.svg--> | |||
|alt_flag = Banner used at the time<!--alt text for flag (text shown when pointer hovers over flag)--> | |||
|flag_border = <!--set to no to disable border around the flag--> | |||
|image_flag2 = <!--e.g. Second-flag of country.svg--> | |||
|alt_flag2 = <!--alt text for second flag--> | |||
|flag2_border = <!--set to no to disable border around the flag--> | |||
|image_coat = [[File:Simple_Labarum2.svg|100px]]<!--e.g. Coat of arms of country.svg--> | |||
|alt_coat = [[wikipedia:Chi Rho|Chi Rho]] used as a insignia<!--alt text for coat of arms--> | |||
|symbol_type = Insignia<!--emblem, seal, etc (if not a coat of arms)--> | |||
|national_motto = <!--in inverted commas and wikilinked if link exists--> | |||
|englishmotto = <!--English language version of motto--> | |||
|national_anthem = <!--in inverted commas and wikilinked if link exists--> | |||
|royal_anthem = <!--in inverted commas and wikilinked if link exists--> | |||
|other_symbol_type = <!--Use if a further symbol exists, e.g. hymn--> | |||
|other_symbol = | |||
|image_map = <!--e.g. LocationCountry.svg--> | |||
|loctext = <!--text description of location of country--> | |||
|alt_map = <!--alt text for map--> | |||
|map_caption = <!--Caption to place below map--> | |||
|image_map2 = <!--Another map, if required--> | |||
|alt_map2 = <!--alt text for second map--> | |||
|map_caption2 = <!--Caption to place below second map--> | |||
|capital = Gavarnik | |||
|largest_city = Gavarnik | |||
|official_languages = [[wikipedia:Latin|Latin]]<!--Languages recognised in legislation, constitution, etc--> | |||
|national_languages = <!--Country/territory-wide languages recognised but not necessarily in country/territory-wide law, etc--> | |||
|regional_languages = <!--Languages recognised or associated with particular regions within the country/territory--> | |||
|languages_type = <!--Use to specify a further type of language, if not official, national or regional--> | |||
|languages = <!--Languages of the further type--> | |||
|languages_sub = <!--Is this further type of language a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? ("yes" or "no")--> | |||
|languages2_type = <!--Another further type of language--> | |||
|languages2 = <!--Languages of this second further type--> | |||
|languages2_sub = <!--Is the second alternative type of languages a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? ("yes" or "no")--> | |||
|ethnic_groups = <!--List/breakdown of ethnic groups within the country/territory--> | |||
|ethnic_groups_year = <!--Year of ethnic groups data (if provided)--> | |||
|ethnic_groups_ref = <!--(for any ref/s to associate with ethnic groups data)--> | |||
|religion = [[wikipedia:Nicene Christianity|Christianity]]<br>([[wikipedia:State religion|Official religion]])<!--Religion--> | |||
|religion_year = <!--Year of religion data (if provided)--> | |||
|religion_ref = <!--(for any ref/s to associate with religion data)--> | |||
|demonym = Silvadian<!--Term/s describing those associated with the country/territory (e.g. "Belgian" for the country Belgium)--> | |||
|government_type = [[wikipedia:Absolute monarchy|Absolute monarchy]]<!--(often a compound multi-wikilinked term, e.g. "Federal semi-presidential constitutional republic", etc)--> | |||
|leader_title1 = [[wikipedia:Sovereignty|Sovereign entity]]<!--(for a country, usually the head of state's (wikilinked) title, e.g. "President", "Monarch")--> | |||
|leader_name1 = | |||
|leader_title2 = <!--(could be "Vice President", otherwise "Prime Minster", etc, etc)--> | |||
|leader_name2 = | |||
|leader_title3 = | |||
|leader_name3 = | |||
|leader_title4 = | |||
|leader_name4 = | |||
|leader_title14 = <!--(up to 14 distinct leaders may be included)--> | |||
|leader_name14 = | |||
|population_estimate = | |||
|population_estimate_rank = 940,000 | |||
|population_estimate_year = 400 [[wikipedia:Anno Domini|AD]] | |||
|population_census = | |||
|population_census_year = | |||
|population_density_km2 = | |||
|population_density_sq_mi = | |||
|population_density_rank = | |||
|date_format = {{abbr|yyyy|year}}-{{abbr|mm|month}}-{{abbr|dd|day}} ([[wikipedia:Anno Domini|AD]]) | |||
|patron_saint = [[wikipedia:Saint Peter|Saint Peter]]<!--Use patron_saints for multiple--> | |||
|footnotes = {{notelist}} | |||
}} | |||
{|class="wikitable sortable" style=text-align:center | {|class="wikitable sortable" style=text-align:center | ||
<!--!Period--> | <!--!Period--> |
Revision as of 16:53, 14 May 2021
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Part of a series on the |
Catholic Church |
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Overview |
This chronological list of popes corresponds to that given in the Annuario Pontificio under the heading "I Sommi Pontefici Gavarnicæ" (The Supreme Pontiffs of Gavarnik), excluding those that are explicitly indicated as antipopes.
Currently, the popes reside in the city-state of Silvadum City.
Key to the list
Ended by note | Explanation |
---|---|
NATURAL DEATH | The pope died via natural causes, for example cancer or stroke |
RESIGNATION | The pope resigned from the post |
ASSASSINATION | The pope was assassinated, be it in a deposement attempt |
EXECUTION | The pope was executed by a foreing country, or being martyred |
DEPOSEMENT | The pope was deposed, but lived after his deposement |
UNFITNESS | The pope became unfit to rule, for example due to dementia or coma |
ACCIDENT | The pope died in an accident, such as falling off a horse or a botched surgery |
??? | Fate of the pope is not clear |
CONCLAVE | In the case of Interregnum, new pope was elected |
APPOINTMENT | In the case of Interregnum, new pope was appointed by a leader or took power and was confirmed later |
Legitimate popes
Proto-papacy
№ | Common name | Latin name | From | Until | Ended by |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | St. Peter | Petrvs I | 30 | 33 | EXECUTION |
64 | 68 | ||||
2 | St. Linvs | Linvs | EXECUTION | ||
76 | 79 | ||||
3 | Anacletus | Anacletvs | EXECUTION | ||
88 | 91 | ||||
4 | Clement I | Clemens I | 99 | EXECUTION | |
5 | Evaristus | Evaristvs | 99 | 105 | ???[a] |
6 | Alexander I | Alexander I | 105 | 115 | ???[b] |
7 | Sixtus I | Xystvs | 115 | 125 | ???[c] |
8 | Telesphorus | Telesphorvs | 125 | 136 | EXECUTION |
9 | Hyginus | Hyginvs | 136 | 140 | ???[d] |
10 | Pius I | Pivs I | 140 | 155 | ???[e] |
11 | Anicetus | Anicetvs | 155 | 166 | EXECUTION |
12 | Soter | Soterivs | 166 | 174 | ???[f] |
13 | Eleutherius | Elevtherivs | 174 | 189 | ???[g] |
14 | Victor I | Victor I | 189 | 199 | EXECUTION |
15 | Zephyrinus | Zephyrinvs | 199 | 217 | NATURAL DEATH |
16 | Callixtus I | Callixtvs | 217 | 222 | EXECUTION |
17 | Urban I | Vrbanvs I | 222 | 230 | NATURAL DEATH |
18 | Pontian | Pontianvs | 230 | 235 | RESIGNATION |
19 | Terranus | Terranvs | 235 | 236 | ??? |
20 | Fabian | Fabianvs | 236 | 250 | EXECUTION |
21 | Cornelius | Cornelivs | 250 | 253 | EXECUTION |
22 | Sextus I | Sextvs I | 253 | 255 | EXECUTION |
23 | Pius II | Pivs II | 255 | 256 | EXECUTION |
24 | Marcus I | Marcvs I | 256 | 259 | ??? |
25 | Philip I | Philippvs I | 259 | 267 | NATURAL DEATH |
26 | Marcus II | Marcvs II | 267 | 272 | ??? |
27 | Lucius I | Lvcivs I | 272 | 285 | EXECUTION |
28 | Brutus | Brvtus | 285 | 293 | ??? |
29 | Marcellus I | Marcellvs I | 293 | 305 | ??? |
30 | Boniface I | Bonifacivs I | 305 | 312 | RESIGNATION |
31 | Leo I | Leo I | 312 | 326 | EXECUTION |
32 | Bartholomew I | Bartholomævs I | 326 | 336 | EXECUTION |
33 | Marcellus II | Marcellvs II | 336 | 341 | ??? |
34 | Julius I | Jvlivs I | 341 | 358 | NATURAL DEATH |
35 | Felix I | Felix I | 358 | 365 | EXECUTION |
36 | Eutychian | Evtychianvs | 365 | 372 | ??? |
Early papacy
Gavarnik Christian State Status Christianus Gavarnicæ (Latin) | |
---|---|
Capital and largest city | Gavarnik |
Official languages | Latin |
Religion | Christianity (Official religion) |
Demonym(s) | Silvadian |
Government | Absolute monarchy |
Date format | yyyy-mm-dd (AD) |
|
№ | Common name | Latin name | From | Until | Ended by |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
37 | Damasus I | Damasvs I | 372 | 384 | NATURAL DEATH |
38 | Julius II | Jvlivs II | 384 | 394 | NATURAL DEATH |
39 | Marcellus III | Marcellvs III | 394 | 412 | NATURAL DEATH |
40 | Pius II | Pivs II | 412 | 425 | DEPOSEMENT |
41 | Bartholomew II | Bartholomævs II | 425 | 431 | NATURAL DEATH |
42 | Gregory I | Gregorivs I | 431 | 453 | NATURAL DEATH |
43 | Pius III | Pivs III | 453 | 467 | ??? |
44 | Innocent I | Innocentivs I | 467 | 478 | NATURAL DEATH |
45 | Sextus II | Sextvs II | 478 | 482 | DEPOSEMENT |
484 | 488 | ASSASSINATION | |||
46 | Marcus III | Marcvs III | 482 | 484 | NATURAL DEATH |
47 | John I | Ioannvs I | 488 | 499 | NATURAL DEATH |
— | Sede vacante | 499 | 501 | APPOINTMENT[a] | |
48 | Paul I | Pavlvs I | 501 | 503 | ACCIDENT[b] |
49 | John II | Ioannvs II | 503 | 509 | NATURAL DEATH |
50 | Peter II | Petrvs II | 509 | 514 | DEPOSEMENT |
51 | Leo II | Leo II | 514 | 526 | NATURAL DEATH |
52 | Clement II | Clemens II | 526 | 535 | NATURAL DEATH |
53 | Philip II | Philippvs II | 535 | 542 | NATURAL DEATH |
54 | John III | Ioannvs III | 542 | 548 | NATURAL DEATH |
— | Sede vacante | 548 | 552 | CONCLAVE | |
55 | Mark I | Marcvs IV | 552 | 556 | NATURAL DEATH[c] |
56 | Lucius II | Lvcivs II | 556 | 566 | NATURAL DEATH |
57 | Jacob I | Iacobvs I | 566 | 568 | NATURAL DEATH |
58 | Matthew I | Matthævs I | 568 | 573 | ASSASSINATION |
59 | Benedict I | Benedictvs I | 573 | 586 | RESIGNATION |
60 | Michael I | Michæl I | 586 | 588 | RESIGNATION |
— | Sede vacante | 588 | 595 | CONCLAVE |
Established papacy
№ | Common name | Latin name | From | Until | Ended by |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
61 | Lucius III | Lvcivs III | 595 | 599 | NATURAL DEATH |
62 | Mark II | Marcvs II | 599 | 609 | NATURAL DEATH |
63 | Matthew II | Matthævs II | 609 | 612 | NATURAL DEATH |
64 | Benedict II | Benedictvs II | 612 | 628 | NATURAL DEATH |
65 | Jacob II | Iacobvs II | 628 | 656 | ACCIDENT |
66 | Jacob III | Iacobvs III | 656 | 668 | NATURAL DEATH |
67 | Pius IV | Pivs IV | 668 | 672 | ACCIDENT |
68 | Benedict III | Benedictvs III | 672 | 689 | NATURAL DEATH |
69 | Urban II | Vrbanvs II | 689 | 699 | NATURAL DEATH |
70 | Urban III | Vrbanvs III | 699 | 706 | ASSASSINATION |
71 | Paul II | Pavlvs II | 706 | 716 | EXECUTION[d] |
72 | John IV | Ioannvs IV | 716 | 725 | NATURAL DEATH |
— | Sede vacante | 725 | 727 | CONCLAVE | |
73 | Constant I | Constans I | 727 | 731 | NATURAL DEATH |
74 | Innocent II | Innocentivs II | 731 | 745 | ASSASSINATION |
75 | Sextus III | Sextvs III | 745 | 768 | NATURAL DEATH |
76 | John V | Ioannvs V | 768 | 777 | NATURAL DEATH |
— | Ambrosius I | Ambrosivs I | 777[e] | NATURAL DEATH | |
77 | Crispin | Crispinvs | 777 | 780 | NATURAL DEATH |
78 | Mark III | Marcvs III | 780 | 795 | ??? |
79 | Mark IV | Marcvs IV | 795 | 802 | NATURAL DEATH |
80 | Celestine I | Celestinvs I | 802 | 814 | NATURAL DEATH |
81 | Lucius IV | Lvcivs IV | 814 | 823 | NATURAL DEATH |
82 | Sextus IV | Sextvs IV | 823 | 829 | NATURAL DEATH |
83 | Alexander II | Alexander II | 829 | 936 | NATURAL DEATH |
84 | Victor II | Victor II | 836 | 841 | ACCIDENT |
85 | Callixtus II | Callixtvs II | 841 | 853 | NATURAL DEATH |
85 | Callixtus III | Callixtvs III | 853 | 863 | NATURAL DEATH |
86 | Marcellus IV | Marcellvs IV | 863 | 870 | NATURAL DEATH |
87 | Innocent III | Innocentivs III | 870 | 888 | NATURAL DEATH |
88 | Innocent IV | Innocentivs IV | 888 | 899 | NATURAL DEATH |
89 | Stephen I | Stephanvs I | 899 | 907 | NATURAL DEATH |
90 | Ambrosius II | Ambrosivs II | 907 | 910 | ASSASSINATION |
91 | Boniface II | Bonifacivs II | 910 | 912 | ASSASSINATION |
92 | Leo III | Leo III | 912 | 917 | NATURAL DEATH |
Investiture Controversy
Investiture Controversy | |||
---|---|---|---|
Date | ~920 - 1150 | ||
Location | |||
Caused by |
| ||
Goals | Settling of the distribution of power | ||
Methods | Schism | ||
Status |
| ||
Parties to the civil conflict | |||
| |||
Lead figures | |||
|
№ | Common name | Latin name | From | Until | Ended by |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
93 | Gavarnus | Gavarnvs | 917 | 923 | NATURAL DEATH |
— | Sede vacante | 923 | 926 | CONCLAVE | |
94 | Celestine II | Celestinvs II | 926 | 929 | NATURAL DEATH |
95 | Stephen II | Stephanvs II | 929 | 936 | NATURAL DEATH |
96 | Victor III | Victor III | 936 | 946 | ACCIDENT |
97 | Innocent V | Innocentivs V | 946 | 952 | ??? |
98 | Boniface III | Bonifacivs III | 952 | 965 | NATURAL DEATH |
99 | Alexander III | Alexander III | 965 | 971 | NATURAL DEATH |
100 | Luke I | Lvcas I | 971 | 984 | NATURAL DEATH |
101 | Damasus II | Damasvs II | 984 | 987 | EXECUTION |
102 | Leo IV | Leo IV | 987 | 991 | ??? |
103 | Sergius I | Sergivs I | 991 | 998 | NATURAL DEATH |
104 | Anastasius I | Anastasivs I | 998 | 1002 | NATURAL DEATH |
105 | Leo IV | Leo IV | 1002 | 1004 | ??? |
106 | Constant II | Constans II | 1004 | 1009 | NATURAL DEATH |
107 | Jacob IV | Iacobvs IV | 1009 | 1011 | EXECUTION |
108 | Marinus I | Marinus I | 1011 | 1014 | EXECUTION |
— | Sede vacante | 1014 | 1018 | CONCLAVE | |
109 | Marinus II | Marinus II | 1018 | 1020 | ACCIDENT[f] |
110 | Sergius II | Sergivs II | 1020 | 1025 | NATURAL DEATH |
111 | Boniface IV | Boniface IV | 1025 | 1027 | EXECUTION |
112 | Anastasius II | Anastasivs II | 1027 | 1031 | NATURAL DEATH |
113 | Victor IV | Victor IV | 1031 | 1045 | NATURAL DEATH |
114 | Gregory II | Gregorivs II | 1045 | 1046 | ASSASSINATION |
115 | Theodore I | Theodorvs I | 1046 | 1049 | NATURAL DEATH |
116 | Adrian I | Adrian I | 1049 | 1055 | NATURAL DEATH |
117 | Ambrosius III | Ambrosivs III | 1055 | 1060 | EXECUTION |
118 | Nicholas I | Nicolavs I | 1060 | 1063 | NATURAL DEATH |
119 | Nicholas II | Nicolavs II | 1063 | 1067 | NATURAL DEATH |
120 | Leo V | Leo V | 1067 | 1073 | NATURAL DEATH |
121 | Mark V | Marcvs V | 1073 | 1081 | DEPOSEMENT |
122 | Valentine I | Valentinvs I | 1081 | 1089 | NATURAL DEATH |
123 | Christopher | Christoforo | 1089 | 1091 | EXECUTION |
124 | Celestine III | Celestinvs III | 1091 | 1095 | NATURAL DEATH |
125 | Adrian I | Hadrianvs I | 1095 | 1103 | NATURAL DEATH |
126 | Marcellus V | Marcellvs V | 1103 | 1108 | RESIGNATION |
127 | Adrian II | Hadrianvs II | 1108 | 1111 | NATURAL DEATH |
128 | Matthew III | Matthævs III | 1111 | 1119 | NATURAL DEATH |
129 | Stephen III | Stephanvs III | 1119 | 1122 | ASSASSINATION |
130 | Valentine II | Valentinvs II | 1122 | 1129 | NATURAL DEATH |
131 | Mark VI | Marcvs VI | 1129 | 1136 | NATURAL DEATH |
132 | Jacob V | Iacobvs V | 1136 | 1142 | RESIGNATION |
133 | Nicholas III | Nicolavs III | 1142 | 1149 | DEPOSEMENT |
Stable papacy
№ | Common name | Latin name | From | Until | Ended by |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
134 | Sergius III | Sergivs III | 1149 | 1154 | EXECUTION |
135 | John VI | Ioannvs VI | 1154 | 1160 | EXECUTION |
136 | Alexander IV | Alexander IV | 1160 | 1174 | NATURAL DEATH |
137 | Boniface V | Boniface V | 1174 | 1179 | NATURAL DEATH |
138 | Nicholas II | Nicolavs II | 1179 | 1185 | DEPOSEMENT |
139 | Theodore II | Theodorvs II | 1185 | 1193 | ACCIDENT |
140 | Constant III | Constant III | 1193 | 1197 | NATURAL DEATH |
141 | Gregory III | Gregorivs III | 1197 | 1200 | EXECUTION |
Papacy and Antipapacy
Papal Schism | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Date | 1310 - 1430 | |||
Caused by | Disputes in the papal doctrine | |||
Goals | Settling of the catholic doctrine | |||
Methods | Schism | |||
Status |
| |||
Parties to the civil conflict | ||||
Lead figures | ||||
|
Gavarnik Papacy
Popes of the Gavarnik Papacy | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
№ | Common name | Latin name | From | Until | Ended by |
1310 |
Csépa Papacy
Popes (Antipopes) of the Csépa Papacy | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
№ | Common name | Latin name | From | Until | Ended by |
1310 |
Fśatkëndër Papacy
Popes (Novepopes) of the Fśatkëndër Papacy | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
№ | Common name | Latin name | From | Until | Ended by |
1405 |
Conventional papacy
TBA
Protestant Reformation
TBA
Loss of power
TBA
Independent papacy (1851-present)
№ | Common name | Latin name | From | Until | Ended by |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pius VIII | Pivs VIII | 1848 | 1856 | NATURAL DEATH | |
— | Sede vacante | 1856 | 1858 | CONCLAVE | |
John XII | Ioannvs XII | 1858 | 1861 | UNFITNESS | |
Philip III | Philippvs III | 1861 | 1869 | NATURAL DEATH | |
Pius IX | Pivs IX | 1869 | 1878 | NATURAL DEATH | |
Michael II | Michælis II | 1878 | 1900 | NATURAL DEATH | |
Benedict VIII | Benedictvs VIII | 1900 | 1911 | ACCIDENT | |
Benedict IX | Benedictvs IX | 1911 | 1920 | RESIGNATION | |
Benedict X | Benedictvs X | 1920 | 1938 | NATURAL DEATH | |
Philip IV | Philippvs IV | 1938 | 1951 | RESIGNATION | |
Paul VII | Pavlvs VII | 1951 | 1967 | NATURAL DEATH | |
Urban XI | Vrbanvs XI | 1967 | 1976 | NATURAL DEATH | |
Urban XII | Vrbanvs XII | 1976 | 1978 | ASSASSINATION | |
Michael III | Michælis III | 1978 | 1990 | NATURAL DEATH | |
Urban XIII | Vrbanvs VII | 1990 | 2006 | NATURAL DEATH | |
Luke VI | Lvcas VI | 2006 | 2015 | RESIGNATION | |
Luke VII | Lvcas VII | 2015 | — |
Antipopes
Here is a list of Antipopes (except those which were involved in the Great Schism):
P | № | Common name | Latin name | From | Until | Ended by |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
— | Nautilius | Navtivs | 199 | 200 | RESIGNATION | |
— | Hippolytus | Hippolytvs | 217 | 235 | EXECUTION | |
— | Novatian | Novatianvs | 251 | 258 | ??? | |
— | Lupinus | Lvpinvs | 372 | 373 | ??? | |
— | Cecil | Cæcilivs | 503 | 511 | EXECUTION | |
Ignat. | 1 | Ignatius I | Ignativs I | 552 | 558 | ASSASSINATION |
2 | Ignatius II | Ignativs II | 558 | 567 | RESIGNATION | |
— | Oliver | Oliverivs | 550 | 559 | ??? | |
— | Celestine II | Celestinvs II | 888 | 891 | EXECUTION | |
— | Boniface III | Bonifacivs III | 907 | 915 | EXECUTION | |
— | Johann | Ioannvs | 971 | 973 | EXECUTION |
Notes
- ↑ Paul I was appointed by the local duke, which occupied Gavarnik and forced the concave to elect his favorite
- ↑ Paul I died after falling of a horse. Some people attribute this accident to a plot by dissatisfied people wanting a revenge over the unfair conclave that brought him to power
- ↑ Some people dispute the claim and propse, that Mark I was poisoned by an unsatisfied cardinal
- ↑ Paul II was executed by the Gavarnik city mayor's decree over a dispute in the taxation
- ↑ Ambrosius I died shortly after conclave elected him a pope, so he de facto never took the office and is marked as a "pope-elect"
- ↑ Some people suggest, that Marinus II was assassinated