Haydag language: Difference between revisions
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| Ӄ ӄ | | Ӄ ӄ | ||
| ӄӑ | | ӄӑ | ||
| / | | /q/ | ||
| q | | q | ||
| ყ | | ყ | ||
| | | When the conbination of ⟨кх⟩ occures it gets pronounced as /q/ as well. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Л л | | Л л |
Revision as of 17:57, 19 May 2021
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Mokhavian | |
---|---|
Khokht, Mokhshian | |
Мохшали нен | |
Pronunciation | [mɔx.ʃa.li nɛn] |
Native to | Qazhshava |
Region | Southern Thuadia |
Ethnicity | Mokhavics |
Native speakers | L1: - L2: - |
Paleo-Qazhshavan
| |
Standard forms | Mezhian
|
Dialects |
|
Govoric | |
Official status | |
Official language in | Qazhshava |
Recognised minority language in | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 | mh |
ISO 639-2 | mkh |
ISO 639-3 | - |
The Mokhavian language is the widely spoken of it's family, called Mokhavic, and the official language of the nation of Qazhshava. It is an ancient Thuadian tounge with no known ancestral conection to the surrounding Thuado-Thrismaran languages.
Classification
As of yet, any attempts to link the Mokhavian languages to any other languages in the world have failed, altough some still believe its a very old relative to the Thuado-Thrismaran languages, which is only backed up by similar features which have been speculated and some proven to have come due to influence from said languages, and some reconstructed-proto words and existign root words that seem to have been borrowod from early forms of the slavic and germanic languages.
Dialects
The standart form of the Mokhavian language is based on the mezhian dialect, also known as the Southern Hill dialect.
History
TBA
Phonology
Consonants
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m mʶ | n nʶ | |||||||
Plosive | voiceless | p pʶ | t tʶ | k | q qʶ~ɢ | ||||
voiced | b bʶ | d dʶ | ɣ~g | ||||||
Affricate | voiceless | t̬͡s t̬͡sʶ [a] | t̬͡ʃ t̬͡ʃʶ [b] | ||||||
voiced | |||||||||
Fricative | voiceless | f fʶ | s sʶ | ʃ ʃʶ | x~h | ||||
voiced | v vʶ | z zʶ | ʒ ʒʶ | ||||||
Aproximant | voiced | w wʶ | l lʶ | j | |||||
Tap & Trill | voiced | ɾ ɾʶ |
Vowels
Front | Back | ||
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Close-Mid | ɤ | ||
Open-Mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
Open | a~ɑ |
Stress
Stress in Mokhavian is pretty weak, there is no set rules to it and linguists disagree as to where stress occurs in words.
Writing System
Mokhavian is written using the Govoric script, which was adopted around the 11th century, and used ever sence
Govoric version:
А а | Ӑ ӑ | Б б | В в | Г г | Д д | Е е | Ж ж | З з |
И и | Й й | К к | Ӄ ӄ | Л л | М м | Н н | О о | П п |
Р р | С с | Т т | У у | Ў ў | Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч |
Ш ш | Ы ы | Ь ь | Ю ю | Я я |
However the government adapted a standartized Romanized form of the script in the late 20th century
Romanized version:
А а | Ӑ ӑ | B b | C c | Č č | D d | E e | F f | G g |
Ğ ğ | H h | I i | J j | K k | L l | M m | N n | O o |
P p | Q q | R r | S s | Š š | T t | U u | V v | W w |
X x | Y y | Z z | Ž ž |
In the late 18th cnetury Lakhian and Lakkathan traders and travlers coming back from the Qazhshavan colony in Encessia brought back the Mkhedruli script which was adopted for their languages, due to the area being hard to access at the time, literacy rates in the mountains were low compared to other regions and the Mkhedruli script started being tought by locals to locals, eventually becoming part of the culture there.
Mkhedruli version:
ა | ა́ | ბ | გ | დ | ე | ვ | ვ́ | ზ |
თ | ი | ი́ | ლ | მ | ნ | ო | ჟ | რ |
ს | უ | ფ | ქ | ღ | ყ | შ | წ | ჭ |
ხ | ჶ | ჾ |
Detailed table
Govoric | Name | IPA | Rom. | Mkhe. | ExpandNotes |
---|
Braille
Keyboard layout
TBA
Grammar
Syllable structure
Mokhavian's syllable structure is classed as complex.
- (C)(C)V(C2)(S)
- S - /s/, /ʃ/, (/f/)
- if C2 is a consonant of the (S) class, then the (S) consonant can be a stop
Morphology
Mokhavian is generally an agglutinative language, there are many suffixes going into a verb, for example 'йорхелӑчкемеченой' (we wern't going to drink it), the verb can be broken down into parts 'йор-хе-лӑ-чкем-еч-ен-ой' . Each morpheme here contributes to the meaning of the verb tense or the person who has performed the verb.
Number & Articles
Mokhavian has 2 numbers; Singular and Plural
Plurality | ||
---|---|---|
Multisyllabic | Monosyllabic | |
after C | -aр -ar |
-ӑби -ӑbi |
after V | -яр -yar |
-яби -yabi |
Mokhavian also has only a definite article
Defenitiness | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Type1 | Type2[a] | |||
Sing. | -(т)и -(t)i |
-я -ya | ||
Plur. | -тфи -tfi |
- ↑ Used when the word ends in an и/i
Inflection
Mokhavian has a very high count of noun cases, that being 20 (listed below), most of these being motion and location cases,
Case Name | Suffix | Question Words | Example |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | - | мо, рo (who, what; subject) | чам (a man; subject) |
Genitive | -(и)с | мос, рос (whose, what's) | чамис (of a man) |
Dative | -(а)по | мопо, ропо (to whom, to what/why) | чамапо (to a man) |
Accusative | -иц | моц, роц (whom, what; object) | чамиц (a man; object) |
Instrumental | -(а)но | моно, роно (with who, with what) | чамано (with a man) |
Comitative | -мах | момах, ромах (with whom, with what) | чаммах (with a man) |
Comparative | -бча | мобча, робча (like who, like what/how) | чамбча (like a man) |
Inessive | -(а)ш | мош, рош (in who[a],/what) | чамаш (in a man) |
Adessive | -ка | мока, рока (neer who, neer what) | чамка (neer a man) |
Postessive | -зи | мози, рози (Behind who,/what) | чамзи (Behind a man) |
Superessive | -ма | мома, рома (On top of who,/what) | чамма (on top of a man) |
Subessive | -сен | мосен, росен (Under of who,/what) | чамсен (under a man) |
Allative | -ле | моле, роле (towards who, where to) | чамле (towards a man) |
Ablative | -сао | мосао, росао, мсао (from who,/what/where) | чамсао (from a man) |
Lative | -шу | мошу, рошу (into who,/what) | чамшу (into a man) |
Elative | -епе | моепе, роепе (Out of who,/what) | чамепе (out of a man) |
Benefactial | -й/ижба | моижба, роижба (for who,/what) | чамижба (for a man) |
Vocative | -/о,-е[b] | - | чаме (man/dude!) |
Adjective | -(а)в | роав (like what-adj) | чамав (manly -adj) |
Adverbial | -дӑл | радӑл (how-adv) | чамдӑл (manly -adv) |
Mokhavian uses Comparison forms of Adjectives and Adverbs:
- Positive - Bassic form of the word- lovely - кьемев
- Negative - Negation of the word - "unlovely" - юкьемев
- Comparitive - Form for comparison relative to something - lovelier - гвекьемев
- Superlative - Form showing absolute relative to a group - loveliest - анбокьемев
- Augmentative - Form showing absolute position without a relative - ultimately happy - амӑнбокьемев
Pronouns
Mokhavian has a high number of inflected pronouns due to the number of cases it has.
Nom. | Gen. | Dat. | Acu. | Ins. | Com. | Compr. | Ine. | Ade. | Poste. | Supe. | Sube | All. | Abl. | Lat. | Ela. | Bene. | Voc. | Adj. | ExpandAdv. |
---|
Instead of using an auxiliary word for am/are/is the language instead has contracted forms of the pronouns and the word be
Past | Present | Future | Future in the past | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
-was | -NEG.was | -be | -NEG.be | -will.be | -NEG.will.be | -was.going.to | -NEG.was.going.to | |||
Singular | First | тех | ютех | вам | ювам | ўa | юўa | хелум | юлум | |
Second | цех | юцех | ци | юци | цўе | юцўе | хелуц | юлуц | ||
Third | proximal | ех | йех | ар | уюр | ўе | юўе | хелу | юлу | |
distal | ||||||||||
Plural | First | чех | ючех | веч | ювеч | ўач | юлуч | хелуч | юхелуч | |
Second | смех | юсмех | вемс | ювемс | сўем | юлумс | хелумс | юхелумс | ||
Third | proximal | сех | юсех | сер | юсер | ўес | юўес | хелус | юлус | |
distal |
The language also uses possessive sufixes, one could say my dog and another dog-my, the only diference being that using a pronoun brings more emphasis to it.
Suffix | Example | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | First | -й/им | кичим (my dog) | |
Second | -й/иш | кичиш (your dog - sin.) | ||
Third | Proximal | -(и)йо | кичийо (his/her dog) | |
Distal | -й/ия | кичия (his/her dog) | ||
Plural | First | -ен | кичен (our dog) | |
Second | -(е)сен | кичесен (your dog - plr) | ||
Third | Proximal | -(и)йоч | кичийоч (their dog) | |
Distal | -й/ияч | кичияйч (their dog) |
Verbs
Tenses
Mokhavian dosen't have conjunctions, if a verb dosen't fit into the template a filler affix -и- is incerted, and in the
бод - walk
Mood | Person | Number | Past | Present | Future | Future in the past | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Simple | Perfect | Simple | Simple | Perfect | Simple | Perfect | ||||
Indicative | 1st | Singular | бодвади | бодкфади | бодва | бодвани | бодкфани | брабодвани | брабодкфани | |
Plural | бодчади | бодбчади | бодча | бодчани | бодбчани | брабодчани | брабодбчани | |||
2nd | Singular | бодсди | боджди | бодс | бодсани | бодждани | храбодсани | храбодждани | ||
Plural | бодсемди | бодмзди | бодсем | бодсмани | бодмздани | храбодсмани | храбодмздани | |||
3d | Singular | бодиди | боддади | боди | бодини | боддни | залбодини | залбоддни | ||
Plural | боднди | боддинди | бодни | сбодно | сбоддини | залбодно | залбоддини | |||
Imperative | All | Singular | бодчи | бодчти | ||||||
Plural | бодчат | бодчтат | ||||||||
Direction
Mokhavian has a Polypersional agreement where a verb contains both the body doing the action and the body expiriencing the action.
Prefix Direct |
Prefix Possessive |
Example | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Self | Singular | то- | тас- | тобцесва (i drank myself - "i got drunk") | таскьемева кич(им) (i love my dog) |
Plural | тобцесча (we drank ourselves - "we got drunk") | таскьемеча кичар(ен) (we love our dogs) | |||
1st pers. | Singular | ме- | мис- | меможди (you hit me) | мискьемева кич(им) (i love my dog) |
Plural | че- | чис- | чеӄрехс (you peel us) | чискьемей (he/she loves us) | |
2nd pers. | Singular | ши- | сьи- | шимовади (i hit you) | сьикьемева ӄеда(иш) (i love your hair) |
Plural | мсе- | сне- | мсемовади (i hit you) | снебцесвади брицаяр(есен) (i drank your beer) | |
3d pers. | Singular | и- | из- | ипсесди (you kissed him/her) | изяӄжди пичар(ийо/ия) (you eat his/her food) |
Plural | ай- | ич | айпсесди (you hit them) | ичяӄжди пичар(йоч/иач) (you eat their food) |
Negatoin
For negation the prefix "ю(р)-" is added in singular, for example ибцесва(i drank it) and 'юрибцесва' (i didn't drank it).
Infinite
In Mokhavian there is the infinite prefix 'де-', for example: тоdeбцесва ((me) to get drunk)
Repetitive
There is also a repetitive suffix '-чки-' which conveys the meaning that the action happened multiple times and/or is repetitive, for example: бцесчкива (i am drinking/i drink multiple times/repetitivly)
Template
basic Noun Template | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Comparison | Noun | Plurality | Possessive suffix | Case suffix | Definite article |
basic Verb Template | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Negation prefix | Direction prefix | Infinite prefix | (Tense prefix) | Stem | Repetitive suffix | Tense/person/number | Question suffix |
Synatx
Mokhavian is a pro-drop SOV-S language where possessees come before possessors, adjectives before nouns and it has postpositions.
Example of pro-drop (verbs are formed in OVS):
- ме ше мекьева - i love you
- шимекьева - i love you
Questions
Yes or No Questions
To form yes or no questions the suffix -(а)ка is used: for example "did i drink" - бцесвака
Interrogatives
Mokhavian | English |
---|---|
ро роц |
what? |
мо моц |
who? |
рамдо | how much/many |
рое | which |
робча | how |
тао | why |
мао | where |
мой | when |
Vocabulary
Mokhavian uses a word-derivation system. By using a root, and adding some definite prefixes, suffixes and conbining words, one can derive many nouns and adjectives from the root. For example, from the root -мохш-, the following words can be derived: Мохшац (a Mokhavian person), Мохшали (the Mokhavian language) and Амохшфети (Mokhavia/Qazhshava), also сўан (word) + ача (book/read) becomes сўаняча (dictionary).
Numerals
The Mokhavian numberal system is decimal.
Cardinal numbers
Mokhavian | Lakhian | Zal | Tghok | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Цех | - | - | - |
2 | Кер | - | - | - |
3 | Сем | - | - | - |
4 | Ошт | - | - | - |
5 | Боўг | - | - | - |
6 | Алш | - | - | - |
7 | Швен | - | - | - |
8 | Рор | - | - | - |
9 | Цхет | - | - | - |
10 | Ен | - | - | - |
11 | Енцехсен | - | - | - |
12 | Енкерсен | - | - | - |
13 | Енсемсен | - | - | - |
14 | Еноштсен | - | - | - |
15 | Енбоўгсен | - | - | - |
20 | Керен | - | - | - |
21 | Керен де цех | - | - | - |
30 | Семен | - | - | - |
40 | Оштен | - | - | - |
50 | Боўген | - | - | - |
60 | Алшен | - | - | - |
70 | Швенен | - | - | - |
80 | Рорен | - | - | - |
90 | Цхетен | - | - | - |
100 | Ошӑр | - | - | - |
101 | Ошӑр де цех | - | - | - |
102 | Ошӑр де кер | - | - | - |
110 | Ошӑр де ен | - | - | - |
200 | Керошӑр | - | - | - |
500 | Боўгошӑр | - | - | - |
1000 | Витӑш | - | - | - |
1999 | Витӑш цхетшӑр де цхетен де цхет |
- | - | - |
2000 | Кервитӑш | - | - | - |
10000 | Енвитӑш | - | - | - |
Ordinal numbers
In mokhavian the circumfix
Mokhavian | Lakhian | Zal | Tghok |
---|---|---|---|
ту-NUMBER-не | --NUMBER-- | --NUMBER-- | --NUMBER-- |
Mingrelian | Laz | Georgian | Svan | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1st | Мартане | - | - | - |
2nd | Тукерне | - | - | - |
3rd | Тусемне | - | - | - |
4th | Туоштне | - | - | - |
5th | Тубоўгане | - | - | - |
Language examples
Category | English | Mokhavian |
---|---|---|
Basic expressions | yes | то (to) |
no | йо/ю (yo/yu) | |
hello | нагчи (nagči) (informal) | |
нагодчи ,нагодчат (nagodči, nagodčat) (formal) | ||
goodbye | ачао (аčao) (informal) | |
бере лей (bere ley) (formal) | ||
good morning | ӄачўав кайто (qačwav kayto) | |
good afternoon | ӄачўав антьеў (qačwav antyew) | |
good evening | ӄачўав йесўа (qačwav yeswa) | |
ӄачўав сисо (qačwav siso) | ||
Colours | black | шўӑца (šwӑca) |
blue | лушну (lušnu) | |
brown | кафев (kafev) | |
grey | тўеца (tweca) | |
green | магре (magre) | |
orange | оранӄe (oranqe) | |
pink | тўевўе (twevwe) | |
purple | липу (lipu) | |
red | савўе (savwe) | |
white | тўера (twera) | |
yellow | аӄа (aqa) |