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==Judiciary==
==Judiciary==
{{Main|Judiciary of Freice}}
The Freice judiciary consists of the Supreme Court, Court of Appeal, the High Court, the District Court, and the Summary Court. The judiciary is independent of the executive and legislative branches, maintaining links with the government and legislature through the Law Services Committee.<ref>Ralingsborough, Andrew P. (1999) ''Freician Law''.  Guri: University of Guri Press. p. 141. ISBN 192-4-12012-451-7.</ref>  
The Freice judiciary consists of the Supreme Court, Court of Appeal, the High Court, the District Court, and the Summary Court. The judiciary is independent of the executive and legislative branches, maintaining links with the government and legislature through the Law Services Committee.<ref>Ralingsborough, Andrew P. (1999) ''Freician Law''.  Guri: University of Guri Press. p. 141. ISBN 192-4-12012-451-7.</ref>  


Revision as of 16:28, 20 April 2023

Freice
Coat of arms of Freice.png
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Freice

The politics of Freice, a country and republic of the Riamese Federation, takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic country, whereby the Keomoru'lu serves as head of government, drawing cabinet ministers from amongst members of the legislature.[1] The largest party or coalition within the General Kiuva forms the government. Legislative power is vested in the government and the General Kiuva (parliament), the members of which are elected in multi-party elections. The judicial branch is independent of the executive and legislative branches.

Freice has full autonomy in near-all areas, with the federal Riamese government maintaining responsibility only for some foreign affairs, defence, and monetary and fiscal policy.[2] The Freician government, however, has assumed many foreign policy-related powers, and is recognised as having an independent personality in international relations.[2] The most recent constitution was enacted in April 2022.[3]

Offices

Office Name Party Since
Monarch Diana II N/A 8 January 1983
Representative of the Sovereign Ailu Apoka Semeia N/A 2 March 2023
Keomoru'lu Kana Tenqel Mulo Uahi ma pa Kiuoa 20 January 2023

The head of state is Diana II, Queen of Riamo, who is styled Sovereign of Freice. She is represented domestically by a locally-appointed Representative of the Sovereign.

The |Keomoru'lu is chief executive. They are directly elected alongside members of the General Kiuva, in which they are permitted to sit (but not vote) if they are not elected to the body itself, and lead the cabinet.[4]

The government officially operates on the basis of collegiality, with ministers collaborating with one another in the running of their departments rather than there being strict allocations of responsibility.[5] Ministers are nominated by the Keomoru'lu from amongst members of the General Kiuva and are appointed by the Representative of the Sovereign. The Keomoru'lu cannot remove ministers without the approval of the General Kiuva, enjoying the power only to allocate responsibilities.[5][4]

Constitution

The Constitution of Freice, enacted in April 2022, outlines Freice's political and economic system. It provides for a democratic representative state in a broadly republican form, in which a prime minister directly elected by the people is chief executive, held to account by a democratically-elected legislature.[6] It also provides for an independent judiciary, as well as the protection of a number of rights and freedoms.

Freice's first constitution - the Constitution Act - was enacted in 1972, with a number of subsequent amendments. In 2021, following the July coup d'état, the Schedules of Government was enacted, replacing the 1972 constitution. However, following the downfall of the government in December of that year, the 1972 constitution was restored. A number of constitutional amendments were subsequently made to provide for a new constituent assembly to draft a new document. These were the Constitution (Continuity and Confirmation) Act 2022, the Constitution (Amendment no.19) Act 2022, the Constitution (Draft) Act 2022, and the Island Meeting (President and Government) Act 2022.[7] The current constitution replaced the 1972 constitution on 11 April 2022.

The Freice Autonomy Act 1969 (amended in 1980) establishes Freice's relationship with Riamo and serves as a de facto constitutional document. It provides for continued Riamese sovereignty over Freice, whilst protecting Freice's right to self-government. The act defines the as a country within the federation, referring to the "right to autonomy and self-rule of independent nationalities."[8] The act also describes the Freician people as constituting a "sovereign personality", allowing for the right to self-determination.[9]

Legislative branch

Legislative power is vested in the unicameral General Kiuva, often known as the Meeting, which is composed of 21 members.[10] The General Kiuva was initially established as the Island Meeting through the Constitutional Reform (Assembly and Elections) Act 2021 and confirmed with the Constitution (Continuity and Confirmation) Act 2022, replacing the Nuejel as Freice's legislative branch.[11][12] It was renamed the General Kiuva by the 2022 Constitution of Freice.[3] It meets at the Kaimo Tehua'i (National House) in the Freician capital Sekapa, with the current General Kiuva elected on 16-17 January 2022.

The General Kiuva is responsible for making laws for any matter, subject to the Freician constitution and the Freice Autonomy Act. The Riamese federal government may override its decisions only in limited circumstances, subject to the Freice Autonomy Act.[13] The General Kiuva's powers are comparable to those found in other legislatures. It has the power to enact legislation, amend the constitution, approve the budget, and oversee the administration of government.[14] The courts provide judicial oversight.

The Speaker of the General Kiuva is the chief officer and highest authority of the assembly.[15] The speaker presides over debates within the assembly and determines who can speak and which bills can be put forward for debate. They are also responsible for maintaining order within the assembly and are empowered to sanction members (including expelling them from the sitting) if they breach its rules.[16]

Composition

The current membership of the General Kiuva, following the 2023 Freician general election, is as follows (after the merger between KTM and the MURO Alliance and the renaming of the Faio'i Senoka Party to Faio Ekaitaki’e ka Orpasa’e):[17]

Constituency Name Party Serving since
Dukorane Barqia Iege   Faio'se Ekaitaki'e ka Orpasa'e 2022-present
Kamoa Ielika   Faio'se Ekaitaki'e ka Orpasa'e 2022-present
Koimuke Taraqa Ieqol   Faio'se Ekaitaki'e ka Orpasa'e 2022-present
Oisa Tona   Faio'se Ekaitaki'e ka Orpasa'e 2022-present
Marana Pratsa Tanoma Malikina   Mulo Uahi ma pa Kiuoa 2023-present
Seime Etu   Mulo Uahi ma pa Kiuoa 2022-present
Tamalu Valapaima   Mulo Uahi ma pa Kiuoa 2023-present
Mopeta Pratsa Kiso Toma   Mulo Uahi ma pa Kiuoa 2023-present
Fuoa Kaleki   Mulo Uahi ma pa Kiuoa 2022-present
Peka Kana Tenqel   Mulo Uahi ma pa Kiuoa 2023-present
Mulone Uota   Mulo Uahi ma pa Kiuoa 2022-present
Ritora Iisa Kiama Nalosa   Mulo Uahi ma pa Kiuoa 2023-present
Eietu Mekapate   Mulo Uahi ma pa Kiuoa 2022-present
Roheo Radei Oratite Seuia Siotefe   Faio'se Ekaitaki'e ka Orpasa'e 2023-present
Sekapa Avama Siotefe   Mulo Uahi ma pa Kiuoa 2023-present
Taina Makama   Mulo Uahi ma pa Kiuoa 2023-present
Aniara Neileka   Mulo Uahi ma pa Kiuoa 2023-present
Ara Naganori   Mulo Uahi ma pa Kiuoa 2023-present
Sekapa Seiva Manuatamu Miane   Mulo Uahi ma pa Kiuoa 2023-present
Kuisa Saima   Mulo Uahi ma pa Kiuoa 2022-present
Neota Kaioni   Mulo Uahi ma pa Kiuoa 2022-present

Executive

Kaimo Potio'i, the residence of the Representative of the Sovereign

The Cabinet of Ministers (Freician: Pobui oe Maita'me), otherwise known as the cabinet, is the executive branch, consisting of members (unofficially known as ministers) who work for the implementation of the political, economic, social, cultural, and other such activities of the state.[5] It directs the activities of the state, oversees the management of the country's finances, and ensures the effectiveness of the administrative structure and bureaucracy.

The cabinet is headed by a the Keomoru'lu, who nominates ministers for appointment by the Representative of the Sovereign. Ministers of the cabinet are accountable, in law, only to the General Kiuva, with the Keomoru'lu unable to remove a member without the General Kiuva's approval.[18][19]

The Keomoru'lu may nominate a deputy from amongst the ministers, who chairs meetings of the cabinet in their absence. They serve rather as a principal advisor and chief organiser of government activity, and may serve as acting Keomoru'lu if appointed by the cabinet.[19]

Judiciary

Main article: Judiciary of Freice

The Freice judiciary consists of the Supreme Court, Court of Appeal, the High Court, the District Court, and the Summary Court. The judiciary is independent of the executive and legislative branches, maintaining links with the government and legislature through the Law Services Committee.[20]

The courts' system is regulated by the Constitution of Freice. The Supreme Court is at the apex of the Freice judicial system, hearing appeals from the Court of Appeal at their own discretion.[21] The Court of Appeal is responsible for dealing with appeals from lower courts and tribunals, which are bound to accept its rulings.[22]

The High Court is the main court for most serious criminal and matters of high importance to the law.[23] It also hears appeals from District and Summary Courts. Defendants may choose to be tried by either a jury or solely by a bench of three judges. Crimes such as murder and manslaughter, rape, treason, and arson must be tried before the High Court.[24]

District Courts are intermediate courts that deal with serious cases not requiring the attention of the High Court. These cases usually involve cases such as assault and certain driving offences. Cases are heard by a judge and jury.[25] Judgments made in District Courts may be appealed to the High Court and the Court of Appeal. Summary Courts are similar, hearing only low-level offences such as petty theft, criminal damage, and breach of the peace.[26]

Law enforcement is undertaken by Royal Freice Police Service, which primarily consists of officers that constitute the national police force.[27] The Freice Police Service is responsible to the government and to the General Kiuva.[28] The Commissioner is the agency executive, appointed by the prime minister on the advice of the General Kiuva.[29]

The continued problem of community justice outside of the court system has plagued the Freician legal system, and has been addressed with only limited success by successive governments.[30][31] Such high incidents of justice being administered outside of the court system have raised questions about the transparency of law enforcement and the equal application of human rights and other significant protections to all citizens.[32]

International relations

As a Riamese territory, Freice does not pursue full diplomatic relations in its own right, represented internationally by Riamo. However, since 1992 the island's government has been permitted to pursue an independent foreign policy. Consequently, the government has established a number of liaison offices in order to pursue economic, cultural, and certain political interests.[33] The offices, headed by a Representative, are not formal embassies but are granted extraterritoriality and its staff diplomatic status and the accompanying immunity. Freice also hosts a small number of permanent, full-time missions - from Riamo, Hoterallia and Gran Rugido.[33]

Staff working for liaison offices are answerable to the Freice government rather than the Riamese government. They are appointed by the Representative of the Sovereign in Freice in the name of the Queen on the recommendation of the Keomoru'lu. However, Freice's primary international relations remain with Riamo, with which is its governed by a common Federal Customs Area. In addition to Riamo, Freice-Hoterallia relations are particularly strong and serve as a cornerstone of Freice's own independent foreign policy.[34]

Despite not being a sovereign state, Freice is a member of the Saltstil Pact independent of Riamo.[35] The Freician government approved membership in July 2021, with membership widely hailed as an important step in Freice's political development.[36]

List of liaison offices

As of January 2022, the Freician government maintains representative offices in 4 countries:[33]

Country Representative Notes
Anáhuac Ekua Pika Anáhuac is Freice's closest Saltstil Pact neighbour. Anáhuac is an important trading partner; because of Riamo's distance from Freice, Gran Rugido imports most of Freice's food and energy supplies.
Hoterallia Tomasu Korel Hoterallia briefly occupied Freice for a decade, and a sizeable Hoterallian minority continues to reside in Freice. Hoterallia-Freice relations are considered particularly close, with Freice using the gen and adopting Hoterallian as an official language.
Riamo Anamo Ikenoka Freice is a Country of Riamo, with Riamo responsible for Freice's foreign policy and defence. The Queen of Riamo reigns as the Sovereign of Freice, serving as the key constitutional link between the island and Riamo proper..

Administrative divisions

The districts of Freice.

Freice is divided into nine districts, established by the Local Government Act 2022:[37]

  • Dukorane
  • Koimuke
  • Marana Pratsa
  • Mopeta Pratsa
  • Peka
  • Ritora Iisa
  • Roheo Radei Oratite
  • Sekapa
  • Sekapa Seiva

The districts are used for statistical and administrative purposes, with the national census coordinated separately in each region and national welfare provision (relief) organised and distributed through district relief exchanges.[38]

Local government

Each of the nine districts has their own local government bodies, called District Administrative Council's (Freician: Kauio Makrahore'ia Riseki; KMR). KMRs are elected by the electorate of a given district for a one-year term. The Local Government Act 2022 grants the KMRs the following key responsibilities:[37]

  1. to further economic development and regeneration;
  2. to oversee the management of local services;
  3. to promote employment;
  4. to safeguard health and safety;
  5. to implement national legislation;
  6. to encourage and contribute to sustainable development.

KMRs may pass local ordinances in areas determined by the Local Government Act, which are enforced like national laws but cannot conflict with them. Each authority is led by an atika'lu (lit. "Guard"; formerly Mayor), who is directly elected.

Authorities generally pass ordinances relating to housing, waste collection, local planning, certain licensing affairs, cemeteries and the care of the dead, and certain childcare provisions.[39]

Roheo Radei Oratite also functions as a regional area, enjoying fewer powers than other districts. This is because the district is home to the Sete Hills and a substantial part of Freice's protected natural environment, as well as having a small population. Consequently, the Freician government maintains a significant presence in the area, with more powers over planning and environmental management.[40]

Atikalu'me

District Atika'lu Party
Dukorane Neia Basima Faio'se Ekaitaki'e ka Orpasa'e
Koimuke Senapa Uiami Faio'se Ekaitaki'e ka Orpasa'e
Marana Pratsa Tamia Meinoa Mulo Uahi ma pa Kiuoa
Mopeta Pratsa Vemisa Tafugoa Mulo Uahi ma pa Kiuoa
Peka Kolau Matau Mulo Uahi ma pa Kiuoa
Ritora Iisa Boni Manapao Mulo Uahi ma pa Kiuoa
Roheo Radei Oratite Apia E. Umagarema Faio'se Ekaitaki'e ka Orpasa'e
Sekapa Ilipule Selaulo Mulo Uahi ma pa Kiuoa
Sekapa Seiva Kamea Tamoa Mulo Uahi ma pa Kiuoa

See also

Notes

References

  1. ↑ "Cabinet > Keomoru'lu". Government of Freice. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Federal relations with Freice". Federal Government of Riamo. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Meeting approves constitution draft". Radio and Television Freice. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Cabinet > Keomoru'lu". Government of Freice. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "Cabinet". Government of Freice. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  6. ↑ "Constitution of Freice" General Kiuva. 19 June 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  7. ↑ "Assembly votes for dissolution". Radio and Television Freice. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  8. ↑ "Freice-Riamo Relations". Government of Freice. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
  9. ↑ "Freice Autonomy Act 1969" (PDF). Federal Government of Riamo. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
  10. ↑ "About". General Kiuva. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  11. ↑ "Nuejel approves new assembly". Radio and Television Freice. Retrieved 6 December 2021
  12. ↑ "Assembly votes for dissolution". Radio and Television Freice. Retrieved 23 January 2022
  13. ↑ "What is the Island Meeting?". Radio and Television Freice. Retrieved 7 December 2021
  14. ↑ "Island Meeting > Procedure". Government of Freice. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
  15. ↑ "Island Meeting > President". Government of Freice. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
  16. ↑ Announcements on Provisions, December 19, 2021. Government of Freice. Retrieved 20 December 2021
  17. ↑ "Members". General Kiuva. 25 January 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  18. ↑ "Appointment of Officers (Executive Powers) Act 2022" (in Freician). Government of Freice. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Cabinet > Members" Government of Freice. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  20. ↑ Ralingsborough, Andrew P. (1999) Freician Law. Guri: University of Guri Press. p. 141. ISBN 192-4-12012-451-7.
  21. ↑ "Services > Judiciary > Supreme Court". Government of Freice. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
  22. ↑ "Services > Judiciary > Court of Appeal". Government of Freice. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
  23. ↑ "Services > Judiciary > High Court". Government of Freice. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
  24. ↑ Ralingsborough, p. 88
  25. ↑ "Services > Judiciary > Summary Court". Government of Freice. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
  26. ↑ "Services > Judiciary > Simmary Court". Government of Freice. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
  27. ↑ New police services inaugurated. Tama Adune oe Faio. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  28. ↑ "About". Freice Police Services. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  29. ↑ "About > Governance". Freice Police Services. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  30. ↑ Ferrant, Victor R. The Forgotten Island, p.304.
  31. ↑ Ralingsborough., p. 55.
  32. ↑ Report on the Administration of Justice in Freice (PDF). Government of Riamo. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 "Liaison Offices". Government of Freice. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
  34. ↑ "Govt signs agreement with Freice region".HHK. Retrieved April 8, 2016.
  35. ↑ "Member state governments welcome Freician" representative.Saltstil web portal. Retrieved July 9, 2021.
  36. ↑ "Saltstil membership "important next step".Radio and Television Freice. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 "Meeting passes local government reform". Radio and Television Freice. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  38. ↑ "Districts". Government of Freice. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  39. ↑ "Districts > Responsibilities". Government of Freice. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
  40. ↑ "Districts > Roheo Radei Oratite". Government of Freice. Retrieved 3 April 2022.

External links

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