Haydag language

Mokhavian
Khokht, Mokhshian
Мохшали нен
Pronunciation	[mɔx.ʃa.li nɛn]
Native to	Qazhshava
Region	Southern Thuadia
Ethnicity	Mokhavics
Native speakers	L1: - L2: -
Language family	Paleo-Qazhshavan Qoropo-Mokhavic(?) Mokhavic Khokhta Mokhavian
Standard forms	Mezhian
Dialects	Northern Hill Southern Hill (Mezhian) Meadow Transmountain Anravy-Basil Nashean
Writing system	Govoric
Official status
Official language in	Qazhshava
Recognised minority language in	Riamo Republic of Gomaya City of Nashe
Language codes
ISO 639-1	mh
ISO 639-2	mkh
ISO 639-3	-

The Mokhavian language is the widely spoken of it's family, called Mokhavic, and the official language of the nation of Qazhshava. It is an ancient Thuadian tounge with no known ancestral conection to the surrounding Thuado-Thrismaran languages.

Classification

As of yet, any attempts to link the Mokhavian languages to any other languages in the world have failed, altough some still believe its a very old relative to the Thuado-Thrismaran languages, which is only backed up by similar features which have been speculated and some proven to have come due to influence from said languages, and some reconstructed-proto words and existign root words that seem to have been borrowod from early forms of the slavic and germanic languages.

Dialects

The standart form of the Mokhavian language is based on the mezhian dialect, also known as the Southern Hill dialect.

History

TBA

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Post- alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	glottal
Nasal		m		n		(ɲ)
Plosive	voiceless	p	t				k
	voiced	b	d				ɣ (ɡ)
Affricate	voiceless			t̬͡s	t̬͡ʃ		k͡x~qʰ
	voiced
Fricative	voiceless	f		s	ʃ		x~h
	voiced	v		z	ʒ
Aproximant	voiced	w		l		j (ʎ)
Tap & Trill	voiced			ɾ

Vowels

	Front	Back
Close	i	u
Close-Mid		ɤ
Open-Mid	ɛ	ɔ
Open	a~ɑ

Stress

Stress in Mokhavian is pretty weak, there is no set rules to it and linguists disagree as to where stress occurs in words.

Writing System

Mokhavian is written using the Govoric script, which was adopted around the 11th century, and used ever sence
Govoric version:

А а	Ӑ ӑ	Б б	В в	Г г	Д д	Е е	Ж ж	З з
И и	Й й	К к	Ӄ ӄ	Л л	М м	Н н	О о	П п
Р р	С с	Т т	У у	Ў ў	Ф ф	Х х	Ц ц	Ч ч
Ш ш	Ы ы	Ь ь	Ю ю	Я я

However the government adapted a standartized Romanized form of the script in the late 20th century
Romanized version:

А а	Ӑ ӑ	B b	C c	Č č	D d	E e	F f	G g
H h	I i	J j	K k	L l	M m	N n	O o	P p
Q q	R r	S s	Š š	T t	U u	V v	W w	X x
Y y	Z z	Ž ž

In the late 18th cnetury Lakhian and Lakkathan traders and travlers coming back from the Qazhshavan colony in Encessia brought back the Mkhedruli script which was adopted for their languages, due to the area being hard to access at the time, literacy rates in the mountains were low compared to other regions and the Mkhedruli script started being tought by locals to locals, eventually becoming part of the culture there.
Mkhedruli version:

ა	ა́	ბ	გ	დ	ე	ვ	ვ́	ზ
თ	ი	ი́	ლ	მ	ნ	ო	ჟ	რ
ს	უ	ფ	ქ	ღ	ყ	შ	წ	ჭ
ხ	ჶ

Detailed table

Govoric	Name	IPA	Rom.	Mkhe.	Notes
А а	а	/a/	a	ა	/ɐ/ when reduced.
Ӑ ӑ	ӑ	/ɤ/	ă	ა́	/ə/ when reduced.
Б б	бӑ	/b/	b	ბ
В в	вӑ	/v/	v	ვ
Г г	гӑ	/ɣ/,/ɡ/	g	გ, ღ	Usually by 2L speakers, foreing loanwords, and in some dialects, it gets pronoucned as /ɡ/. In the Mkhedruli script, sometimes people use ⟨ღ⟩ instead of ⟨გ⟩ due to the sounds being the same in Mokhavian.
Д д	дӑ	/d/	d	დ
Е е	е	/ɛ/	e	ე	/e~ɪ/ when reduced.
Ж ж	жӑ	/ʒ/	ž	ჟ
З з	зӑ	/z/	z	ზ
И и	и	/i/	i	ი
Й й	йӑ	/j/	y	ი́	It's used only as a first letter, when it appears after a vowel.
К к	кӑ	/k/	k	ქ
Ӄ ӄ	ӄӑ	/k͡x/, /qʰ/	q	ყ	Some speakers pronounce it as /qʰ/, though the proper pronounciation is ment to be /k͡x/, which is becoming a more archaic and regional variant.
Л л	лӑ	/l/	l	ლ	In some dialects it can get pronounced /w/ after vowels.
М м	мӑ	/m/	m	მ
Н н	нӑ	/n/	n	ნ
О о	о	/ɔ/	o	ო
П п	пӑ	/p/	p	ფ
Р р	рӑ	/ɾ/, /r/	r	რ
С с	сӑ	/s/	s	ს
Т т	тӑ	/t/	t	თ
У у	у	/u/	u	უ
Ў ў	ўӑ	/w/	w	ვ́
Ф ф	фӑ	/f/	f	ჶ
х х	хӑ	/x~h/	h	ხ
Ц ц	цӑ	/t̬͡s/	c	წ	The language dosen't distinguish voiced/unvoiced versions of /t͡s~d͡z/ & /t͡ʃ~d͡ʒ/, usually the value of the sound is determined by the voiceness of the previous sound, but it the voiceness dosen't matter in practice.
Ч ч	чӑ	/t̬͡ʃ/	č	ჭ
Ш ш	шӑ	/ʃ/	š	შ
Ы ы	ӑ-паль, и-грек	/ɤ/	y	ა́ *	Only in loanwords.
Ь ь	йӑ-паль	/◌ʲ/	y	ი́ *	Used only after consonants, except in conbination with 'У у' for the govoric version of 'W w'.
Ю ю	ю	/ju/	yu	ი́უ
Я я	я	/ja/,/ɛ/	ya/е	ი́ა	In some dialects it geats read as /ɛ/ when its between consonants.
Ль ль	льӑ	/ʎ/	ly	ლი́	Linguist can't agree if the palatal variants of /l/ and /n/ are alophonic or phonemic in mokhavian.
Нь нь	ньӑ	/ɲ/	ny	ნი́
Кс кс	икс	/k͡s/	x	ქს	Only in foreign words

Braille

Аа - a	Ӑӑ - ӑ	Бб - b	Вв - v	Гг - g	Дд - d	Ее - e	Жж - ž
Зз - z	Ии - i	Йй - y1	Кк - k	Ӄ ӄ - q	Лл - l	Мм - m	Нн - n
Оо - o	Пп - p	Рр - r	Сс - s	Тт - t	Уу - u	Ўў - w	Фф - f
Хх - h	Цц - c	Чч - č	Шш - š	Ыы - y2	Ьь - y3	Юю - yu	Яя - ya

Keyboard layout

TBA

Grammar

Syllable structure

Mokhavian's syllable structure is classed as complex.

• (C)(C)V(C2)(S)
• S - /s/, /ʃ/, (/f/)
• if C2 is a consonant of the (S) class, then the (S) consonant can be a stop

Morphology

Mokhavian is generally an agglutinative language, there are many suffixes going into a verb, for example 'йорхелӑчкемеченой' (we wern't going to drink it), the verb can be broken down into parts 'йор-хе-лӑ-чкем-еч-ен-ой' . Each morpheme here contributes to the meaning of the verb tense or the person who has performed the verb.

Number & Articles

Mokhavian has 2 numbers; Singular and Plural

Plurality
	Multisyllabic	Monosyllabic
after C	-aр -ar	-ӑби -ӑbi
after V	-яр -yar	-яби -yabi

Mokhavian also has only a definite article

	Defenitiness
	Type1	Type2
Sing.	-(т)и -(t)i	-я -ya
Plur.	-тфи -tfi

Inflection

Mokhavian has a very high count of noun cases, that being 20 (listed below), most of these being motion and location cases,

Case Name	Suffix	Question Words	Example
Nominative	-	мо, рo (who, what; subject)	чам (a man; subject)
Genitive	-(и)с	мос, рос (whose, what's)	чамис (of a man)
Dative	-(а)по	мопо, ропо (to whom, to what/why)	чамапо (to a man)
Accusative	-иц	моц, роц (whom, what; object)	чамиц (a man; object)
Instrumental	-(а)но	моно, роно (with who, with what)	чамано (with a man)
Comitative	-мах	момах, ромах (with whom, with what)	чаммах (with a man)
Comparative	-бча	мобча, робча (like who, like what/how)	чамбча (like a man)
Inessive	-(а)ш	мош, рош (in who,/what)	чамаш (in a man)
Adessive	-ка	мока, рока (neer who, neer what)	чамка (neer a man)
Postessive	-зи	мози, рози (Behind who,/what)	чамзи (Behind a man)
Superessive	-ма	мома, рома (On top of who,/what)	чамма (on top of a man)
Subessive	-сен	мосен, росен (Under of who,/what)	чамсен (under a man)
Allative	-ле	моле, роле (towards who, where to)	чамле (towards a man)
Ablative	-сао	мосао, росао, мсао (from who,/what/where)	чамсао (from a man)
Lative	-шу	мошу, рошу (into who,/what)	чамшу (into a man)
Elative	-епе	моепе, роепе (Out of who,/what)	чамепе (out of a man)
Benefactial	-й/ижба	моижба, роижба (for who,/what)	чамижба (for a man)
Vocative	-/о,-е	-	чаме (man/dude!)
Adjective	-(а)в	роав (like what-adj)	чамав (manly -adj)
Adverbial	-дӑл	радӑл (how-adv)	чамдӑл (manly -adv)

Mokhavian uses Comparison forms of Adjectives and Adverbs:

• Positive - Bassic form of the word- lovely - кьемев
• Negative - Negation of the word - "unlovely" - юкьемев
• Comparitive - Form for comparison relative to something - lovelier - гвекьемев
• Superlative - Form showing absolute relative to a group - loveliest - анбокьемев
• Augmentative - Form showing absolute position without a relative - ultimately happy - амӑнбокьемев

Pronouns

Mokhavian has a high number of inflected pronouns due to the number of cases it has.

			Nom.	Gen.	Dat.	Acu.	Ins.	Com.	Compr.	Ine.	Ade.	Poste.	Supe.	Sube	All.	Abl.	Lat.	Ela.	Bene.	Voc.	Adj.	Adv.
Singular	First		ме	мейс	ми	йеmц	мено	мемах	менле	мейш	мека	мези	мема	мепша	меле	месао	мехк	мепе	мейжба	-	мейв	мейдӑл
	Second		шен	шес	ше	шейц	шено	шемах	шенле	шейш	шека	шези	шема	шепша	шеле	шесао	шехк	шепе	шейжба	ши!	шев	шедӑл
	Third	proximal	ой	ойс	йо	ойц	ойно	оймах	ойнле	ойш	ойка	ойзи	ойма	ойпша	ойле	ойсао	ойхк	ойпе	ойжба	-	ойв	ойдӑл
		distal	ая	аяс	айо	айц	аяно	аямах	аянле	аяш	аяка	аязи	аяма	аяпша	аяле	аясао	аяхк	аяпе	аяйжба	-	аяв	аявдӑл
Plural	First		чен	ченaс	че		ченно	ченмах	ченнле	ченaш	ченка	чензи	ченма	ченпша	ченле	ченсао	ченахк	ченпе	ченижба	-	ченав	чендӑл
	Second		смен	сменaс	сме		сменно	сменмах	сменнле	сменaш	сменка	смензи	сменма	сменпша	сменле	сменсао	сменахк	сменпе	сменижба	сме!	сменав	смендӑл
	Third	proximal	они	онис	нийо	ониц	онино	онимах	онинле	ониш	оника	онизи	онима	онипша	ониле	онисао	онихк	онипе	онийжба	-	онив	онидӑл
		distal	ана	анас	анао	анац	анано	анамах	ананле	анаш	анака	анази	анама	анапша	анале	анасао	анахк	анапе	анайжба	-	анав	анавдӑл
Self			тоф	тофaс	то		тофно	тофмах	тофнле	тофaш	тофка	тофзи	тофма	тофпша	тофле	тофсао	тофахк	тофпе	тофижба	-	тофав	тофдӑл

Instead of using an auxiliary word for am/are/is the language instead has contracted forms of the pronouns and the word be

			Past		Present		Future		Future in the past
			-was	-NEG.was	-be	-NEG.be	-will.be	-NEG.will.be	-was.going.to	-NEG.was.going.to
Singular	First		тех	ютех	вам	ювам	ўa	юўa	хелум	юлум
	Second		цех	юцех	ци	юци	цўе	юцўе	хелуц	юлуц
	Third	proximal	ех	йех	ар	уюр	ўе	юўе	хелу	юлу
		distal
Plural	First		чех	ючех	веч	ювеч	ўач	юлуч	хелуч	юхелуч
	Second		смех	юсмех	вемс	ювемс	сўем	юлумс	хелумс	юхелумс
	Third	proximal	сех	юсех	сер	юсер	ўес	юўес	хелус	юлус
		distal

The language also uses possessive sufixes, one could say my dog and another dog-my, the only diference being that using a pronoun brings more emphasis to it.

			Suffix	Example
Singular	First		-й/им	кичим (my dog)
	Second		-й/иш	кичиш (your dog - sin.)
	Third	Proximal	-(и)йо	кичийо (his/her dog)
		Distal	-й/ия	кичия (his/her dog)
Plural	First		-ен	кичен (our dog)
	Second		-(е)сен	кичесен (your dog - plr)
	Third	Proximal	-(и)йоч	кичийоч (their dog)
		Distal	-й/ияч	кичияйч (their dog)

Verbs

Tenses

Mokhavian dosen't have conjunctions, if a verb dosen't fit into the template a filler affix -и- is incerted, and in the
бод - walk

Mood	Person	Number	Past		Present	Future		Future in the past
			Simple	Perfect	Simple	Simple	Perfect	Simple	Perfect
Indicative	1st	Singular	бодвади	бодкфади	бодва	бодвани	бодкфани	брабодвани	брабодкфани
		Plural	бодчади	бодбчади	бодча	бодчани	бодбчани	брабодчани	брабодбчани
	2nd	Singular	бодсди	боджди	бодс	бодсани	бодждани	храбодсани	храбодждани
		Plural	бодсемди	бодмзди	бодсем	бодсмани	бодмздани	храбодсмани	храбодмздани
	3d	Singular	бодиди	боддади	боди	бодини	боддни	залбодини	залбоддни
		Plural	боднди	боддинди	бодни	сбодно	сбоддини	залбодно	залбоддини
Imperative	All	Singular			бодчи	бодчти
		Plural			бодчат	бодчтат

Direction

Mokhavian has a Polypersional agreement where a verb contains both the body doing the action and the body expiriencing the action.

		Prefix Direct	Prefix Possessive	Example
Self	Singular	то-	тас-	тобцесва (i drank myself - "i got drunk")	таскьемева кич(им) (i love my dog)
	Plural			тобцесча (we drank ourselves - "we got drunk")	таскьемеча кичар(ен) (we love our dogs)
1st pers.	Singular	-	мис-	-	мискьемева кич(им) (i love my dog)
	Plural	че-	чис-	чеӄрехс (you peel us)	чискьемей (he/she loves us)
2nd pers.	Singular	ши-	сьи-	шимовади (i hit you)	сьикьемева ӄеда(иш) (i love your hair)
	Plural	мсе-	сне-	мсемовади (i hit you)	снебцесвади брицаяр(есен) (i drank your beer)
3d pers.	Singular	и-	из-	ипсесди (you kissed him/her)	изяӄжди пичар(ийо/ия) (you eat his/her food)
	Plural	ай-	ич	айпсесди (you hit them)	ичяӄжди пичар(йоч/иач) (you eat their food)

Negatoin

For negation the prefix "ю(р)-" is added in singular, for example ибцесва(i drank it) and 'юрибцесва' (i didn't drank it).

Infinite

In Mokhavian there is the infinite prefix 'де-', for example: тоdeбцесва ((me) to get drunk)

Repetitive

There is also a repetitive suffix '-чки-' which conveys the meaning that the action happened multiple times and/or is repetitive, for example: бцесчкива (i am drinking/i drink multiple times/repetitivly)

Template

basic Noun Template
Comparison	Noun	Plurality	Possessive suffix	Case suffix	Definite article

basic Verb Template
Negation prefix	Direction prefix	Infinite prefix	(Tense prefix)	Stem	Repetitive suffix	Tense/person/number	Question suffix

Synatx

Mokhavian is a pro-drop SOV-S language where possessees come before possessors, adjectives before nouns and it has postpositions.

Example of pro-drop (verbs are formed in OVS):

• ме ше мекьева - i love you
• шимекьева - i love you

Questions

Yes or No Questions

To form yes or no questions the suffix -(а)ка is used: for example "did i drink" - бцесвака

Interrogatives

Mokhavian	English
ро роц	what?
мо моц	who?
рамдо	how much/many
рое	which
робча	how
тао	why
мао	where
мой	when

Vocabulary

Mokhavian uses a word-derivation system. By using a root, and adding some definite prefixes, suffixes and conbining words, one can derive many nouns and adjectives from the root. For example, from the root -мохш-, the following words can be derived: Мохшац (a Mokhavian person), Мохшали (the Mokhavian language) and Амохшфети (Mokhavia/Qazhshava), also сўан (word) + ача (book/read) becomes сўаняча (dictionary).

Numerals

The Mokhavian numberal system is decimal.

Cardinal numbers

	Mokhavian	Lakhian	Zal	Tghok
1	Цех	-	-	-
2	Кер	-	-	-
3	Сем	-	-	-
4	Ошт	-	-	-
5	Боўг	-	-	-
6	Алш	-	-	-
7	Швен	-	-	-
8	Рор	-	-	-
9	Цхет	-	-	-
10	Ен	-	-	-
11	Енцехсен	-	-	-
12	Енкерсен	-	-	-
13	Енсемсен	-	-	-
14	Еноштсен	-	-	-
15	Енбоўгсен	-	-	-
20	Керен	-	-	-
21	Керен де цех	-	-	-
30	Семен	-	-	-
40	Оштен	-	-	-
50	Боўген	-	-	-
60	Алшен	-	-	-
70	Швенен	-	-	-
80	Рорен	-	-	-
90	Цхетен	-	-	-
100	Ошӑр	-	-	-
101	Ошӑр де цех	-	-	-
102	Ошӑр де кер	-	-	-
110	Ошӑр де ен	-	-	-
200	Керошӑр	-	-	-
500	Боўгошӑр	-	-	-
1000	Витӑш	-	-	-
1999	Витӑш цхетшӑр де цхетен де цхет	-	-	-
2000	Кервитӑш	-	-	-
10000	Енвитӑш	-	-	-

Ordinal numbers

In mokhavian the circumfix

Mokhavian	Lakhian	Zal	Tghok
ту-NUMBER-не	--NUMBER--	--NUMBER--	--NUMBER--

	Mingrelian	Laz	Georgian	Svan
1st	Мартане	-	-	-
2nd	Тукерне	-	-	-
3rd	Тусемне	-	-	-
4th	Туоштне	-	-	-
5th	Тубоўгане	-	-	-

Language examples

Category	English	Mokhavian
Basic expressions	yes	то (to)
	no	йо/ю (yo/yu)
	hello	нагчи (nagči) (informal)
		нагодчи ,нагодчат (nagodči, nagodčat) (formal)
	goodbye	ачао (аčao) (informal)
		бере лей (bere ley) (formal)
	good morning	ӄачўав кайто (qačwav kayto)
	good afternoon	ӄачўав антьеў (qačwav antyew)
	good evening	ӄачўав йесўа (qačwav yeswa)
		ӄачўав сисо (qačwav siso)
Colours	black	шўӑца (šwӑca)
	blue	лушну (lušnu)
	brown	кафев (kafev)
	grey	тўеца (tweca)
	green	магре (magre)
	orange	оранӄe (oranqe)
	pink	тўевўе (twevwe)
	purple	липу (lipu)
	red	савўе (savwe)
	white	тўера (twera)
	yellow	аӄа (aqa)