Anáhuac

Federal Republic of Anahuac República Federal de Anáhuac (Spanish)
Flag Coat of arms
'Motto: 'In Unum Progredientes Progressing in Unity
Anthem: "¡Unidos por Anáhuac!"
Capital	San Jorge Xayacatlán
Official languages	Spanish De facto
Recognized languages	Spanish and 32 Olivancian languages
Ethnic groups	24 Olivancian and diverse foreign ethnic groups
Religion	88.9% Christianity —77.7% Catholic —11.2% Protestant 8.1% Irreligious 0.2% Others 2.5% Unaffiliated (believer)
Demonym(s)	Anahuaca/a, Anahuense, Anahuacian
Government	Federal presidential constitutional republic
• President of Anáhuac	Matías L. Torres
• Prime Minister of Anáhuac	Fernanda Hernández Alanis
• President of the Senate	Odilo Beltrones Leyva
Legislature	Congress
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	Chamber of Deputies
Independence from: Canter Empire
• Declaration of Independence	12 October 1808
• Consumated	15 September 1811
• First constitution	12 December 1824
• Second constitution	4 January 1856
• Current constitution	5 May 1917
• End of civil war.	25 September 1970
Area
• Total	1,257,343 km2 (485,463 sq mi)
Population
• 2020 census	112,095,000
• Density	89.1/km2 (230.8/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)	2022 estimate
• Total	2.06 trillion
• Per capita	20,266
GDP (nominal)	2020 estimate
• Total	$1.200 trillion
• Per capita	10,250
Gini (2016)	44.9 medium
HDI (2019)	0.790 high
Currency	Anahuaca peso ([[Wikipedia:ISO 4217|ISO 4217]])
Time zone	UTC+05:00 UTC+06:00
Date format	dd-mm-yyyy
Driving side	right
Calling code	+52
Internet TLD	.ana

Anáhuac, officially the Federal Republic of Anáhuac (Spanish: República Federal de Anáhuac) is a country in the southern portion of Olivacia. It is bordered by Riojania in the north; to the west by the Sunadic Ocean; and to the east by Zhiguryia and the Kaldaz Ocean. Anáhuac covers 1,257,343 square kilometers (485,462sq mi), with approximately 112,095,000 inhabitants . Anáhuac is organized as a federation comprising 13 states and San Jorge Xayacatlán, its capital and largest metropolis. Other major urban areas include Santa Elisa, Santiago de Lujambio, Hernández de Córdoba, Héroica Ciudad de Mendoza, Ixchel, San Agustín, Gran Rugido and Los Canas.

Human prescence in Anáhuac traces its origins to 8,000 BC and is identified as one of the many cradles of civilization; it was home to many advanced Mesolivacian civilizations, most notably the Tarascans and the Xalieca. In 1521, the Canter Empire conquered and colonized the region, establishing the colony of New Canteria. The Catholic Church played an important role in spreading Christianity and the Spanish language, while also preserving some indigenous elements. Native populations were subjugated and heavily exploited to mine rich deposits of precious metals. Over time, a distinct Anahuense identity formed, based on a fusion of Thuandian and indigenous customs; this contributed to the successful Anahuacan War of Independence.

Anáhuac's early history as an independent nation state was marked by political and socioeconomic upheaval, with liberal and conservative factions constantly changing the form of government. After the introduction of liberal reforms, a civil war between both factions broke out, and prompted Riamo to invade the country and install an kingdom, against the Republican resistance led by liberal Raymundo Vigil, which emerged victorious. The last decades of the 19th century were marked by the dictatorship of President Ángel Lenoci, who sought to modernize Anáhuac and restore order. The Lenociato era ended in 1910 with the seven year-long Anahuense Revolution, which killed approximately 10% of the population and after which the victorious Constitutionalist faction drafted an even more socially-oriented constitution, which remains in effect to this day. The revolutionary generals ruled as a succession of presidents until the assassination of Ignacio L. Dueñas in 1928. In the period of the Era of Civil Wars, tensions between the left and right spectrums over what destiny should the nation take, led to a fourth civil war. Since 1970, there has been a unprecedented economic growth and social progress.

Anáhuac is classified as a developed country ; it's economy and relatively large population, global cultural influence, and steady democratization makes Anáhuac a regional and middle power; it is often identified as an emerging power but is considered a newly industrialized state by several analysts. However, the country continues to struggle with social inequality, poverty and a rising crime problematic. It often ranks poorly in Global Peace Index, due in a large part to the low-intensity ongoing conflict between the government and drug trafficking syndicates, alongside sporadic guerrilla uprisings. These have led to an approximate 22,000-25,000 deaths since 1988.

Anáhuac is a prominent member of the Saltstil Pact, the Universal Peace Enforcement Organizaition, and the Canterian Commonwealth.

Etymology

Anáhuac signifies "country by the waters" in Xalieca language. The name usually refers to the location in which the city of Anáhuac-Jaltenco (modern day San Jorge Xayacatlán) was founded fulfilling the standards of Ometéotl, but also extended to the corresponding coastal area. It can be broken down like A(tl) + nahuac. Atl means "water" and nahuac, which is a relational word that can be affixed to a noun, means "close to."

Modern-day Xalieca groups called their lands Xalco (Sand place), given that most of the Xaliecan Empire lands were the hostile sands of the Jilachi Desert. Lands beyond the Xalieca speaking world are commonly known as the nic-anahuac, which meant "Anahuac reached this far", or "those who come from Anahuac came this far". These lands extended as far as to the north, bordering modern day Riojania , and Lakes Girón and Atitlán according to historians and anthropologists.

History

Main Article: History of Anahuac

Geography

With 1,257,343 km2 (485,463 sq mi), Anáhuac is located south the equator, between the meridians 75° east and 90° east and the parralels 15° south. It has coastlines with the Sunadic Ocean. Being a exit door to the Kaldaz Ocean, Isla Roca Roja compasses 15,086 km2 of the nation, while mainland Anáhuac is about 1,242,257 km2. Anáhuac is bordered to the north by Savane; to the northwest by Riojania; to the south by Iskamiya, to the east by lakes Girón, Anáhuac and Zhiguryia and with the Sunadic Ocean to the west.

Sand dunes of the Jilachi Desert

The Jilachi Desert divdes most of the center part of the nation, while the Steppes of Laura, Steppes of Fausto, the Valle de la Calma and the Northern Savanna completes the northern and southern parts of the country. San Jorge Xayacatlán was bulit in areas surrounding the Jilachi Desert and cities built in the coastal part of the desert and steppes of the area, have become green ever since.

Climate

Krauser-Von Schileffen climate classification map of Anáhuac.

Anáhuac has a semi-arid climate. Summers are generally hot, spring and fall temperate, and winters mild, with temperatures rarely below freezing in areas outside the Jilachi Desert. The average high in August is 35 °C (95 °F) and the average low is 23 °C (73 °F). The average January high is 21 °C (70 °F) and the average low in January is 8 °C (46 °F). Rainfall is scarce in winter, but more frequent during May through September.

Anáhuac frequently experiences extreme weather changes; for example, it can sometimes reaches 30 °C (86 °F) in the west in January and February, the coldest months. The most extreme weather changes in summer occur with rainfall in the steppes and savanna, which can reduce temperatures significantly, and the dust of the Jilachi Desert, which can lead to abnormally high temperatures and in some infamous cases, droughts. Seasons are not well defined; the warm season may start in February and may last until September while a brief cold season may start on November and last until January.

Given it's location and precarious climates, Anáhuac is recognized as a country vulnerable to many of the effects of climate change. These include increases in temperature and changes in precipitation. Climate change in these forms threatens food security and agricultural economy. While solutions such as greenhouses and several irrigation systems to farmers have been given, several rural peoples are now leaving their homes and travel to cities and in other cases, to other Olivacian nations. Since March 2019, he government has promoted Hermosa Nación, a development project that aims to reduce the negative effects of climate change – among other things – in the national cities.

Biodiversity

Axolotl (Ambystoma rugidanum) in captivity.

The desert, valleys and the savanna of the nation support a wide range of wildlife. Given the division of the Jilachi Desert, Anáhuac's wildlife varies depending on how far or closest the region is to the desert.

The Savana del Norte and Valle de la Calma are located in the northern part of Anáhuac, bordering Savane. The region consists principally of river valleys and plains located among small mountain ranges. The area is also home to large deposits of iron. It has large areas with grass, huizache, sabinos and poplar trees. There is a shallow wetland area called the Sabin, or Santiaguillo. It provides vital habitat for flocks of migrating birds in winter, especially cranes, geese and ducks. The region also provides habitat for coyotes, rabbits, squirrels, foxes, geese and ducks.

The region known as the Xalco covers the Jilachi Desert, the Steppes of Laura and the Steppes of Fausto. These areas are relatively flat with very rare mountain ranges and a slight incline towards the interior of the country. The vegetation consists of scrub, nopal cactus, maguey plants, barrel cactus and other arid zone plants. It is defined by two rivers: the Huasteca and the Indé. Animals that can be found on these areas include coyotes, gavilanes (sparrowhawks), various snakes, owls, chameleons, tarantulas and scorpions. Economically important natural resources come from mining, including deposits of gold, silver, iron and mercury. There are also large deposits of marble, oil and uranium (although these are untouched). There are eight types of desert vegetation, seven of which are native to the Jilachi Desert and one in the area that transitions to the Steppes of Laura. Most are scrubs or small bushes, which generally do not reach over 4 metres (13 ft) in height, most of the rest are cactus, with some mangroves and other halophile plants. Many plants are rainfall sensitive, with most trees and shrubs growing leaves and flowers just before or during the rainy season, then drop their leaves afterwards. However, there are plants in flower at one time or another throughout the year. Coastal plants receive less water stress due to lower evaporation rates, and substantial moisture from dew.

Most of southern and central Anáhuac suffers from one of the world's highest rates of desertification due to land degradation in arid and semi-arid areas, with the loss of biological and/or economic productivity, but the process is most severe in Senora as neighboring Córdoba or San Jorge. Land degradation occurs because of clearing land for agriculture, the planting of non-native buffelgrass for grazing, the cutting of forests, overgrazing of natural vegetation and soil salinization from irrigation. Anáhuac is also home to the critically endangered Ambystoma rugidanum, to the point that is the national animal. Relief efforts to increase the population of wild axolotls in San Jorge Xayacatlán and the shores of Lake Girón are still active as of 2021.

Waterways

Main Article: Anáhuac Circuit Canal

The Valley of Calm is home of suitable for farming, with irrigation from the Santa Catarina and Topo Chico rivers. Reservoirs for this purpose include the Refugio Saldivar, Sabin and Juan de los Lagos, out of which, only the Sabin and the Juan de Lagos are viable sources of hydroelectric power.

Apart from the Sunadic and Kaldaz oceans, Anáhuac obtains water supplies from two neighboring lakes: Lake Girón and Lake Anáhuac. Both are connected by a series of natural rivers and artificial straits. The straits of Mapími and Grijalva constitute a large contributor to the Anáhuac Circuit Canal, with the area that separates the lakes is currently known as the Isthmus of Petén. Girón, formely an endorheic lake has seen benefits of being connected to the ocean.

Government and Politics

Government

Main article: Federal government of Anáhuac

See also: List of heads of state of Anahuac

President of the Federal Republic of Anáhuac, Matías L. Torres.

The Federal Republic of Anáhuac is a federation whose government is representative, democratic and republican based on a presidential system according to the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Anáhuac. The constitution establishes three levels of government: the federal Union, the state governments and the municipal governments. According to the constitution, all constituent states of the federation must have a republican form of government composed of three branches: the executive, represented by a governor and an appointed cabinet, the legislative branch constituted by a unicameral congress and the judiciary, which will include a state Supreme Court of Justice. They also have their own civil and judicial codes.

Current prime minister of Anáhuac, Fernanda Hernández Alanis

The federal legislature is the bicameral Congress of the Union, composed of the Senate of the Republic and the Chamber of Deputies. The Congress makes federal law, declares war, imposes taxes, approves the national budget and international treaties, and ratifies diplomatic appointments.

The federal Congress, as well as the state legislatures, are elected by a system of parallel voting that includes plurality and proportional representation. The Chamber of Deputies has 500 deputies. Of these, 250 are elected by plurality vote in single-member districts (the federal electoral districts) and the remaining 250 are elected by proportional representation with closed party lists for which the country is divided into five electoral constituencies. The Senate is made up of 128 senators.

The executive is the President of the Federal Republic of Anáhuac, who is the head of state and government, as well as the commander-in-chief of the military forces. The second executive in command is the Prime Minister. The President also appoints the Cabinet and other officers, including the prime minister. The President is responsible for executing and enforcing the law, and has the power to veto bills.

The Halls of Justice, joint offices of the Supreme Court of Justice and the Ministry of Justice.

The highest organ of the judicial branch of government is the Supreme Court of Justice, the national supreme court, which has eleven judges appointed by the President and approved by the Senate. The Supreme Court of Justice interprets laws and judges cases of federal competency. Other institutions of the judiciary are the Federal Electoral Tribunal, collegiate, unitary and district tribunals, and the Council of the Federal Judiciary.

Politics

Main article: Politics in Anáhuac. See also: List of political parties of Anáhuac

Three parties have historically been the dominant parties in Anahuense politics: the Federal Institutional Party (PIF), a catch-all party that was founded in 1925 to unite the centrists that were nearly killed after the Anahuense Revolution; the National Democratic Union (UDN), a conservative party founded in 1919 and which has currently shifted to a less extreme right and held the nation's hegemony until 1954 and Recona , a left-wing party, founded in 2006 as the succesor of the guerrillas from the times of the civil war.

While new parties usually emerge locally, the nation has always contended with two coalitions: the center-right Republican Alliance and the leftist Noble Left Coalition. Both coalitions has always contested the presidency, governorships and municipalities since the early 1980s.

Foreign relations

Main Article: Foreign relations of Anáhuac

Dagoberto Khan, diplomat who proposed the Khan Doctrine

The foreign relations of Anáhuac are directed by the President of Anáhuac and managed by the Ministry of Foreign Relations. The principles of the foreign policy are constitutionally recognized in the Article 89, Section 10, which include: respect for international law and legal equality of states, their sovereignty and independence, trend to non-interventionism in the domestic affairs of other countries, peaceful resolution of conflicts, and promotion of collective security through active participation in international organizations Since the 1970s, the Khan Doctrine has served as a crucial complement to these principles.

Being a prominent member of the Saltstil Pact, Anáhuac is particulally close with nations of the East, such as ally Gavrilia, Vultesia, Wellsenfaille, historical ally Hoterallia, Riamo and neighboring Zhiguryia. While, Anáhuac is an essential supplier in Freice, being where most exports of food and energy usually go, it's influence can hardly be felt. Outside the Eastern hemisphere, Anáhuac maintains contact and relations to a few selected countries, such as Kentalis. In recent years, the country has decided to expand its relations to the West, begining talks with important countries and countries that might be beneficial to Anáhuac.

Currently, it is dispued whether Anáhuac should be considered a regional power within Olivacia, alongside Hoterallia.

Military

Main Article: Anahuaca Federal Forces See also: Military history of Anáhuac

The Anahuacan military "provides a unique example of a military leadership's transforming itself into a civilian political elite, simultaneously transferring the basis of power from the army to a civilian state." A reformation was brought about by revolutionary generals in the 1930s and 1980s, following the demise of the Federal Army following its complete defeat during the decade-long Anahuense Revolution and the Anahuense Civil War.

Female memebers of the Federal Forces marching on September 19, 2016. Note the ARX-5 Xiuhcoatl.

The Anahuacan Federal Armed Forces is divided in two branches: the Anahuaca Federal Army (which includes the Anahuacan Air Force), and the Armada de Anahuac. Anáhuac, thorught most of its military history has been supplied by nations such as Riamo, Vultesia and Hoterallia. Nowadays, the Army has been steadily modernising to become competitive with the armies of other Olivacian countries and have also taken certain steps to decrease spending and dependency on foreign equipment in order to become more autonomous such as the domestic production of the ARX-05 Xiuhocatl rifle designed in Anáhuac and the commitment to researching, designing and manufacturing domestic military systems such as military electronics and body armor. The Anahuaca Armed Forces have maintained significant infrastructure, including facilities for design, research, and testing of weapons, vehicles, aircraft, naval vessels, defense systems and electronics; military industry manufacturing centers for building such systems, and advanced naval dockyards that build heavy military vessels and advanced missile technologies.

Historically, Anáhuc has remained neutral in international conflicts. However, in recent years some political parties have proposed an amendment of the Constitution to allow the Army, Air Force or Navy to collaborate in peacekeeping missions, or to provide military help to countries that officially ask for it.

Even as a member of the Saltstil Pact, Anáhuac's society has doubted the need of military action, citing the remoteness of regular threats in the East and domestic issues. After the 2021 Anahuaca uprising, new reforms to increase the spending of Anáhuac to the level of similar nations in the Pact have been recieved with reluctance but with approval at the end. The proposals finally came to a realitzation after Proposal 4530, which removed the limits of army and navy needings.

Law Enforcement

Public security is enacted at the three levels of government, each of which has different prerogatives and responsibilities. Local and state police departments are primarily in charge of law enforcement, whereas the Federal Police of Anáhuac is in charge of specialized duties. All levels report to the Ministerio de Seguridad Pública (Ministry of Public Security). The General Attorney's Office (Fiscalía General de la Federación FGF) is a constitutional autonomous organism in charge of investigating and prosecuting crimes at the federal level, mainly those related to drug and arms trafficking, espionage, and bank robberies. The FGF operates the Ministerial Police (Policia Ministerial, PM) an investigative and preventive agency.

Political Divisions

Main article: Administrative divisions of Anáhuac

The Federal Republic of Anáhuac are a federation of 13 free and sovereign states, which form a union that exercises juridisction over San Jorge Xayacatlán.

Each state has its own constitution, congress, and a judiciary, and its citizens elect by direct voting a governor for a four-year term with the chance of reelection and representatives to their unicameral state congresses for two-year terms.

San Jorge is a special political division that belongs to the federation as a whole and not to a particular state. Known as the Federal District, its autonomy was limited relative to that of the states. It is expected to drop this designation in early 2022 and is in the process of achieving greater political autonomy by becoming a federal entity with its own constitution and congress.

The states are divided into municipalities, the smallest administrative political entity in the country, governed by a mayor or municipal president (presidente municipal), elected by its residents by plurality.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Anáhuac

See also: Economic history of Anáhuac

Headquarters of the Anahuense Stock Exchange building

As of 2020, agriculture has comprised 4% of the economy over the last two decades, while industry contributes 33% (mostly automotive, oil, and electronics) and services (notably financial services and tourism) contribute 63%. Currently, Anáhuac's GDP by Purchasing party parity is of $2.89 trillion ACU and $1,2 trillion on a nominal GDP. GDP annual average growth was 2.9% in 2017 and 2% in 2018. Anáhuac's GDP in PPP per capita was ACU $20,266. Many anaylists consider that the country is now firmly established as an 'upper middle-income country'. After a brief slowdown of 2002, the country has recovered and has grown 4.2, 3.0 and 4.8 percent in 2004, 2005 and 2006, even though it is considered to be well below Anáhuac's potential growth. It is expected that by 2050, Anáhuac could potentially become a powerhouse economy in Olivacia, and probably a Top 10 in Anteria.

Anáhuac has one of the highest degree of economic disparity between the extremely poor and extremely rich, although it has been falling over the last decade, being one of few countries in which this is the case. The bottom ten percent in the income hierarchy disposes of 1.36% of the country's resources, whereas the upper ten percent dispose of almost 36%. Daily minimum wages are set annually being set at $204.43 Anahuaca peso (ACU $10.00) in 2019. All of the indices of social development for the indigenous population are considerably lower than the national average, which is motive of concern for the government. According to the AOECD's own poverty line, at least 14% of Anáhuac's population lives in a situation of poverty.

The electronics industry of Anáhuac has grown enormously within the last decade. The national electronics industry is dominated by the manufacture and OEM design of televisions, displays, computers, mobile phones, circuit boards, semiconductors, electronic appliances, communications equipment and LCD modules. The Anahuense electronics industry grew 13% between 2010 and 2011, up from its constant growth rate of 7% between 2003 and 2009. Currently electronics represent 6-10% of Anáhuac's exports depending on the sources.

Communications

See also: Telecommunications in Anáhuac

The telecommunications industry is mostly dominated by Telefónica de Anáhuac, privatized in 1990 . Other players in the domestic industry are AnaCom, Telefonía General and Infintel. 82% of Anahuacans over the age of 14 own a mobile phone. Mobile telephony has the advantage of reaching all areas at a lower cost, and the total number of mobile lines is almost two times that of landlines, with an estimation of 53 million lines. The telecommunication industry is regulated by the government through the Comisión Nacional de Telecomunicaciones (Common: National Telecommunications Commission)

Telefónica de Anáhuac Tower, San Jorge Xayacaltán

The Anahuense satellite system is domestic and operates 120 earth stations. There is also extensive microwave radio relay network and considerable use of fiber-optic and coaxial cable. Satellites are operated by Satélites de Anáhuac and Servicios Satelitales Huasteca, a private company. Both offer broadcast, telephone and telecommunication services to all of Anáhuac. Through business partnerships both comapnies have agreed to provided high-speed connectivity to ISPs and Digital Broadcast Services. Satélites de Anáhuac and Servicios Satelitales Huasteca maintain their own satellite fleet with most of the fleet being designed and built in the nation and using San Calia as a launch base.

Major players in the broadcasting industry are Imevisión, one of the largest media company in the Spanish-speaking world, Televisión de Anáhuac and Imagen 5.

Energy

See also: Electric sector in Anáhuac

Energy production in Anáhuac is managed jointly by the state-owned companies National Commission of Electricityy and Petróleos de Anáhuac.

Petróleos de Anáhuac, the public company in charge of exploration, extraction, transportation and marketing of crude oil and natural gas, as well as the refining and distribution of petroleum products and petrochemicals, making ACU$43 billion in sales a year. Gran Rugido is the sixth-largest oil producer in the world, with 2.7 million barrels per day. In 1980 oil exports accounted for 61.6% of total exports; by 2000 it was only 7.3%.

The largest hydro plant in Anáhuac is the 2,400 MW Alexia Villarreal in Chicoasén, Senora, in the Topo Chico river.

Anáhuac is the country with the third largest solar potential in Olivacia. The country's gross solar potential is estimated at 5kWh/m2 daily, which corresponds to 50 times national electricity generation. Currently, there is over 1,8 million square meters of solar thermal panels installed, while in 2005, there were 115,000 square meters of solar PV (photo-voltaic). It is expected that in 2032 there will be 2,4 million square meters of installed solar thermal panels. The project named SEGH-CFE 1, located in the outskirts of Aztlán, Senora, in the east of Anáhuac, will have capacity of 46.8 MW from an array of 187,200 solar panels when complete in 2021. All of the electricity will be sold directly to the CNE and absorbed into the utility's transmission system for distribution throughout their existing network. Anáhuac is also currently experimenting with the bright sides of nuclear energy with the project of the Alto Lucero Nuclear Power Plant in Santa Lucía, Tectetánm with plans for more nuclear power plants on the later future.

Science and technology

Main article: History of science and technology in Anáhuac

Large Millimeter Telescope in Santa Elisa, Anáhuac

The National Autonomous University of Anahuac was officially established in 1834, and the university became one of the most important institutes of higher learning in Anáhuac. UNAA provides world class education in science, medicine, and engineering.Many scientific institutes and new institutes of higher learning, such as the Federal Polytechnic Institute (founded in 1916), were established during the first half of the 20th century. Most of the new research institutes were created within the UNAA. Twelve institutes were integrated into the UNAA from 1929 to 1973. In 1959, the Academy of Sciences was created to coordinate scientific efforts between academics.

In recent years, the largest scientific project being developed in Anáhuac was the construction of the Large Millimeter Telescope, one of the most sensitive single-aperture telescope in its frequency range. It was designed to observe regions of space obscured by stellar dust. Anáhuac was ranked 55th in the Global Innovation Index in 2020, up from 56th in 2019.

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Anáhuac

View of Los Canas from Isleta Rosa María

As of 2017, Anáhuac was the 10th most visited country in the world and had the 25th highest income from tourism in the world. The vast majority of tourists come to Anáhuac from fellow Olivacian and Astariaxian nations, followed by the Thismarian and Thuandian continents. In the 2017 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report, Anáhuac was ranked 23rd in the world, which was 2nd in Olivacia.

The coastlines of Anáhuac harbor many stretches of beaches that are frequented by sunbathers and other visitors. According to national law, the entirety of the coastlines are under federal ownership, that is, all beaches in the country are public. On the Girón coastline, one of the most popular beach destinations is the resort capital of Ixchel, especially among university students during spring break. Just offshore, in the Kaldaz Ocean, is the beach island of Isla Roca Roja. Ixchel is the center of the coastal strip called Riviera Tarascana which includes the beach town of Puerto Progreso and the ecological parks of Tekit and Tecoh. A day trip to the south of Puerto Progreso is the historic port of Hoctún. In addition to its beaches, the town of Hoctún is notable for its cliff-side Tarascan ruins.

On the Sunadic coast is the notable tourist destination of Tecapan. Once the destination for the rich and famous, the beaches have become crowded and the shores are now home to many multi-story hotels and vendors. Tecapan has a close competition with the beach city of San Jorge Xayacatlán on being the top visited site on the Sunadic coastline. While Tecapan has demonstrated modest progress in the touristic approach of universal classes, San Jorge has shown rapid expansion and new destinations to former Xalieca ruins in the interstate border of Lujambio, Senora and Xayacatlan.

In Isla Roca Roja, there is the resort town of Sonido de Tortuga, a town noted for its beaches and abundant turtle eggs. Further north, is the historical city of Los Canas, another beach town known for housing the Provisional Government during the civil war and numerous artificial wrecks made out of several aircraft that now homes several axolotls. Santa Elisa is the main city to visit in the Anepalco, a bay surrounding the northern tip of Anáhuac, the eastern part of Zaragoza and a portion of southeastern Savane.

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in Anáhuac

A FNA train arriving at Estación Dardanelos in Santa Elisa

The roadway network in Anáhuac is extensive and all areas in the country are covered by it. The roadway network in Anáhuac has an extent of 336,095 km (208,839 mi), of which 106,802 km (66,363 mi) are paved. Of these, 10,474 km (6,508 mi) are multi-lane expressways: 9,544 km (5,930 mi) are four-lane highways and the rest have 6 or more lanes.

Starting in the late nineteenth century, Anáhuac was one of the first Olivacian countries to promote railway development, and the network covers 28,952 km (17,989 mi). Ferrocarriles Nacionales de Anáhuac (FNA) serves as the state-owned company in charge of railway transportation across the country. Currently, FNR has proposed an in a high-speed rail link that will transport its passengers to essential cities of industrial, touristic and logistical interest. The train will depart from San Jorge to Santa Elisa, passing through Izalco, Aztlán, Ixchel, Puerto Progreso and Santa Fe. The project is expected to cost around $25 billion ACU and is being paid for jointly by the Mexican government and the local private sector. The governments of the states of Vizcaya and Pesquería are also funding the construction of a joint line connecting San Agustín to the port of Urbaneja and resuming in the port of Caño to end in Puerto Peñasco

Anáhuac has 213 airports with paved runways; of these, 35 carry 97% of the passenger traffic. The San Jorge Xayacatlán International Airport transports 35 million passengers a year.

Water supply and sanitation

Among the achievements is a significant increase in access to piped water supply in urban areas (96.4%) as well as in rural areas (69.4%) as of 2018. Other achievements include the existence of a functioning national system to finance water and sanitation infrastructure with a National Water Commission as its apex institution. The recent 2021 Anahuacan drought has exposed a new need for water and fears of scarcity have become an issue in essential parts of the Jilachi Desert. The solution for the government has required a extensive and consistent fluency of cloud seeding alongside relief from Vultesian engieneers.

Challenges that the CNA faces include water scarcity in the southern and central parts of the country; inadequate water service quality (drinking water quality; 11% of Anahuense receiving water only intermittently as of 2014); poor technical and commercial efficiency of most utilities (with an average level of non-revenue water of 43.2% in 2010); increasing the national percentage of fully sanitized water which at 57%, is considered to not be enough, as the country's theoretically available percentage of water per capita is 60% lower than it was 60 years ago; and the improvement of adequate access in rural areas. In addition to on-going investments to expand access, the government has embarked on a large investment program to improve wastewater treatment.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Anáhuac

Throughout the 19th century, the population of Anáhuac had barely doubled. This trend continued during the first two decades of the 20th century, and even in the 1921 census there was a loss of about 1 million inhabitants. The phenomenon can be explained because during the decade from 1910 to 1921 the Anahuense Revolution took place. The growth rate increased heavily between the 1930s and the 1980s, when the country registered growth rates of over 3% (1950–1980). The Anahuense population doubled in twenty years, and at that rate it was expected that by 2020 there would be 112 million Anahuenses. Life expectancy went from 31 years (in 1895) to 74 years (in the year 2000). According to estimations made by Anáhuac's National Geography and Statistics Ministry, as of March 2022, Gran Rugido has 52.3 million inhabitants. However, new reports suggest a stagnation of population due to the recent political climate.

Colonial casta painting of a Canter with an indigenous woman and a mestizo child.

Even though Anáhuac is a very ethnically diverse country, research about ethnicity has largely been a forgotten field, in consequence of the post-revolutionary efforts of Anáhuac's government to unify all non-indigenous Anahuenses under a single ethnic identity (that of the "Mestizos"). As a result, since 1930 the only explicit ethnic classification that has been included in modern censuses has been that of "Indigenous peoples". Even then, across the years the government has used different criteria to count Indigenous peoples, with each of them returning considerably different numbers ranging from 6.1% to 23% of the country's population.

It is not until very recently that the government began conducting surveys that consider other ethnic groups that live in the country such as Thuandian-Anahuenses who amount to .5% of the population or White Anahuenses who amount to 47% of Mexico's population (with the criteria being based on appearance rather than on self-declared ancestry). Less numerous groups in Anahuenses such as Astariaxians and Meredonians are also accounted for, with numbers of around <0.5-2% each.

As of 2017, it is estimated that 1.1 million foreigners have settled in the country. Many migrants come from Gavrilia (60,000), making Anáhuac one of the top destination for Gavrilian citizens abroad. The second largest group comes from neighboring ally Hoterallia (54,500), followed by Riamo (27,600). Other major sources of migration are fellow Eastern nations, which include Vultesia (20,600), Zhiguryia (19,200) and Freice (1,100). Historically, Hoterallian and Gavrilian diasporas and Vultesian-born worker migration have left a notorious impact in the country's culture, particularly in its cuisine and traditional music.

At the turn of the 21st century, several trends have increased the number of foreigners residing in the country such as the automotive industry boom led by Hoterallian and Zhiguryian investment.

Ethnicity and race

Regardless of ethnicity, most Anahuenses are united under the same national identity. This is the product of an ideology strongly promoted by Anahuense academics such as Ramón Sucre and Miguel Ángel known as mestizaje, whose goal was that of Anáhuac becoming a racially and culturally homogeneous country. The ideology's influence was reflected in the national censuses of 1921 and 1930: in the former, which was Gran Rugido’s first-ever national census that considered race, approximately 60% of Gran Rugido's population identified as Mestizos, and in the latter, the government declared that all Anahuenses were now Mestizos, for which racial classifications would be dropped in favor of language-based ones in future censuses.

In recent times, historians and academics have claimed that said results are not accurate, as in its efforts to homogenize the nation, the government inflated the Mestizo label's percentage by classifying a good number of people as such regardless of whether they were of actual mixed ancestry or not, pointing out that an alteration so drastic of population trends compared to earlier censuses is not possible and that the frequency of marriages between people of different ancestries in colonial and early independent Anáhuac was low. It is also observed that when asked directly about their ethno-racial identification, many Anahuenses nowadays do not identify as Mestizos, would not agree to be labeled as such, and that "static" ethnoracial labels such as "White" or "Indian" are far more prominent in contemporary society than the "Mestizo" one is, whose use is mostly limited to intellectual circles, a result of the label's constantly changing and subjective definition.

The total percentage of Anáhuac's indigenous peoples tends to vary depending on the criteria used by the government in its censuses: if the ability to speak an indigenous language is used as the criterion to define a person as indigenous, it is 6.1%, if racial self-identification is used, it is 14.9% and if people who consider themselves part indigenous are also included, it amounts to 23%. Nonetheless, all the censuses conclude that the majority of Anáhuac's indigenous population is concentrated in rural or remote areas of the center and eastern with the highest percentages being found in Tectetán (59% of the population), Senora (48%), Xayacatlán (39%), Huasteca (28%), and Lujambio (27%).

Languages

Spanish is the de facto national language spoken by most of the population, making Anáhuac one of the world's most populous Hispanophone country. Anahuense Spanish refers to the varieties of the language spoken in the country, which differ from one region to another in sound, structure, and vocabulary. In general, Anahuense Spanish does not make any phonetic distinction among the letters s and z, as well as c when preceding the vowels e and i, as opposed to Canterian. The letters b and v have the same pronunciation as well. Furthermore, the usage of vos, the second person singular pronoun, found in several varieties, is replaced by tú; whereas vosotros, the second person plural pronoun, fell out of use and was effectively replaced by ustedes. In written form, the Canter Academy serves as the primary guideline for spelling, except for words of Olivandian origin that retain their original phonology such as cenzontle instead of sinzontle. Words of foreign origin also maintain their original spelling such as "whisky" and "film", as opposed to güisqui and filme. The letter x is distinctly used in Anahuense Spanish, where it may be pronounced as [ks] (as in oxígeno or taxi); as [ʃ], particularly in Olivandian words (e.g., mixiote, Xola and uxmal); and as the voiceless velar fricative [x].

The federal government officially recognizes thirty-two linguistic groups and 182 varieties of indigenous languages. It is estimated that around 8.3 million citizens speak these languages, with Xalieca being the most widely spoken by more than 1.7 million, followed by Tarascan used daily by nearly 850,000 people. Tzeltal and Tzotzil, two other Tarascan languages, are spoken by around half a million people each, primarily in the southern west part of Tectetán. Teonul and Nigixio, with an estimated 500,000 native speakers each, are two other prominent language groups.

Aside from indigenous languages, there are several minority languages spoken in Anáhuac due to international migration such as Vultesian by the Idjota minority that settled in Anáhuac thought the nineteen-eighties. English is the most taught foreign language in Anáhuac. It is estimated that nearly 10.4 million, or around a fifth of the population, study the language through public schools, private institutions, or self-access channels. However, a high level of English proficiency is limited to only 5% of the population. Moreover, Hoterallian is the second most widely taught foreign language, as every year between 100,000 and 70,000 Anahuense students enroll in language courses, while Freician is the third most taught language in Anáhuac.

Health

Main Article: Health in Anáhuac

General Hospital of San Jorge

During the Reconstrucción and ever since, Anahuac has entered a transitional stage of health of its population and some indicators such as mortality patterns are identical to those found in highly developed. Anáhuac's medical infrastructure is highly rated for the most part and is usually excellent in major cities, but rural and remote communities still lack equipment for advanced medical procedures, forcing patients in those locations to travel to the closest urban areas to get specialized medical care. Programs such as the Doctor Vagón or the Salud Digna have managed to temporarily brough the urban infrastructure to these rural and remote communities.

State-funded institutions such as Anahuense Social Security Institute (IRSS) and the Anahuense Institute for Social Security and Services for State Workers (IRSSSTE) play a major role in health and social security. Private health services are also very important and account for 13% of all medical units in the country. Medical training is done mostly at public universities with many specializations done in vocational or internship settings.

As part of the undeclared Anahuense War on Drugs, the government’s Nuevo Enfoque, focused on making drug-related healthcare a basic right to every citizen in the country. Anáhuac’s rehabilitation and reinsertion program (Rompiendo Bien) have been praised due to high successes at large and help to former addicts to make a honest life without returning to crime or drug usage.

Central Library of the National Autonomous University of Anahuac

Education

Main Article: Education in Anáhuac

In 2004, the literacy rate was at 97% for youth under the age of 14, and 91% for people over 15. Nowadays, Anáhuac's literacy rate is high, at 94.86% in 2018, up from 82.99% in 1980, with the literacy rates of males and females being relatively equal.

The National Autonomous University of Anahuac ranks 93rd in the QS World University Rankings, making it the best university in Gran Rugido. After it comes the Santa Elisa Institute of Technology and Higher Education as the best private school in Anáhuac and 138th worldwide in 2019.

Culture

Main Article: Culture of Anáhuac

Anahuense culture reflects the complexity of the country's history through the blending of indigenous cultures and the culture of mainland Canteria, imparted during the nearly 300-year colonial rule of Anáhuac. Exogenous cultural elements have been incorporated into Anahuense culture as time has passed.

Textile design of wild flowers seen in a market in Zoquipan, Xayacatlán

The Lenociato era, in the last quarter of the XIX century and the first decade of the XX Century, was marked by economic progress and relative peace. After nearly sixty years of civil unrest, political instability and a sense of death, Anáhuac saw a redevelopment of philosophy and the arts, promoted by the administration following the Anahuacan Revolution and the Civil War respectively.

Since those times, cultural identity has had its foundation in the mestizaje, of which the indigenous (i.e., Olivandian) element is the core. Considering the various ethnicities that formed the Anahuense people, Miguel Ángel in his book, La Unificación de la Raza Anahuense (The Unification of the Anahuense Race) (1925) defined Anáhuac to be the melting pot of all races (thus extending the definition of the mestizo) not only biologically but culturally as well. Other Anahuacan intellectuals grappled with the idea of Lo Anahuense, which seeks "to discover the national ethos of Anahuense culture.

Painting

Palace of Fine Arts in San Jorge Xayacatlán

Main article: Art of Anáhuac

Painting has been the oldest art and method of expression in Anáhuac. Cave paintings in Anahuense territory is about 7500 – 7000 years old and has been found in the Steppes of Laura or in the Valle de la Calma. Pre-Canterian Anáhuac is present in buildings and caves, in Xalieca codices, in ceramics, in garments, etc.; examples of this are the Tarascan mural paintings of Xlapak, or those of Chalco and Itzatlán.

Maya Nieto in 1932

Mural painting with religious themes had an important blossoming during the 16th century. Most art in the colonial era was religious but starting in the late seventeenth century and most prominently in the eighteenth century, secular portraits and casta painting appeared. Important painters of the late colonial period were Miguel Santos, Francisco Madrigal and Severiano Cabrera. Nineteenth-century painting had a marked romantic influence; landscapes and portraits were the greatest expressions of this era. Eugenio Robles Parda is one of the most appreciated painters of the historiography of Anahuense art. Other painters include Andrés Parra, Esteban Gutierrez, Porfirio Reyna and landscape artist, Juan Carlos Obleda.

Anahuense painting of the 20th century has achieved world renown with figures such as Pepe Toño Siqueiros, Alfredo Orozco Ruiz, David Klauser, Maya Nieto and Donato Renteria, a generation of idealists who marked the image of modern Anáhuac in the face of strong social and economic criticism. The Zaragoza School of Arts quickly gained fame and prestige, diffusion of ancestral and modern culture. Freedom of design is observed in relation to the color and texture of the canvases and murals as a period of transition between the 20th century and the 21st century. Flavio Cantú Guerrero and Reinaldo Trujillo are also important artists. Some of Renteria’s murals are displayed at the National Palace and the Palace of Fine Arts.

Architecture

Main Article: Architecture of Anáhuac

Chalco, State of Xayacatlán

While it’s a mystery why cultures such as the Xalieca or the Tarascan decided to settle in Anahuense territory, it has left important archaeological findings of great importance for the explanation of the habitat of primitive man and contemporary man. The Mesolivacian civilizations managed to have great stylistic development and proportion on the human and urban scale, the form was evolving from simplicity to aesthetic complexity; in the north of the country the adobe and stone architecture is manifested, the multifamily housing as we can see in Tzintzuntzan. Urbanism had a great development in Pre-Canterian cultures, where we can see the magnitude of the cities of Chalco and Anáhuac-Jaltenco, within the environmentalist urbanism highlight the Tarascan cities to be incorporated into the monumentality of its buildings with the thickness of the savannah and complex networks of roads called sakbés.

Canter Colonial architecture is marked by the contrast between the simple, solid construction demanded by the new environment and the Baroque ornamentation. Due to the process of evangelization, when the first monastic temples and monasteries were built, their own models were projected, such as the medicant monasteries, unique in their type in architecture. The interaction between Canterians and natives gave rise to artistic styles such as the so-called tequitqui (from Xalieca: worker). Years later the baroque and mannerism were imposed in large cathedrals and civil buildings, while rural areas are built haciendas or stately farms.

Castle of Quetzaltepeque, San Jorge Xayacatlán

In the 19th century, the neoclassical movement arose as a response to the objectives of the republican nation, one of its examples are the Hospicio Benavides where the strict plastic of the classical orders is represented in their architectural elements, new religious buildings also arise, civilian and military that demonstrate the presence of neoclassicism. The art nouveau, and the art deco were styles introduced into the design of the Palacio de Bellas Artes to mark the identity of the Anahuense with Thismarian, Thuandian and Pre-Canterian symbols.

The development of a Anahuense modernist architecture was perhaps mostly fully manifested in the mid-1950s construction of the Ciudad Universitaria, the main campus of the National Autonomous University of Anahuac. Designed by the most prestigious architects of the era, including Emmanuel Saenz and Enrique Ferreira, the buildings feature murals by artists Donato Renteria, Alfredo Orozco Ruiz, and Maya Nieto.

Anahuense architecture is a cultural phenomenon born of the ideology of nationalist governments of the XXth century, which was shaping the identity image by its colorful and variegated ornamental elements inherited from ancestral cultures, classical and monumental forms and, subsequently, the incorporation of modernism and cutting-edge international trends.

Literature

Main Article: Literature of Anáhuac

Catalina Raquel de San Marino in a painting in 1772

Miguel Ángel Martínez in 2003

Anahuense literature has its antecedents in Mesolivacia. Poetry had a rich cultural tradition in Pre-Canterian Anáhuac, being divided into two broad categories –popular and religious. Xalieca poetry was often sung, chanted, or spoken with the accompaniment of a drum or a harp. While Jaltenco was the political capital, Acolman was the cultural center; the Xalieca language variation in Acolman was considered the most melodious and refined.

Literature in colonial times were mostly dominated by Canterian conquests, and most writers came from the Canter mainland. True Anahuense-born writers would arise throught the XVII – XVIII century with figures such as Juan Francisco de Zaragoza attaining renown over his piece La Grandeza en Xalco (Grandeur in Xalco). Influential writers and poets such as Catalina Raquel de San Marino and Javier Torres de Mante would write and produce works that are still read in Anáhuac. The XVIII and early XIX centuries gave us Diego Escobar de Farenzia, whose novel Las Montañas en Thuandia, is considered the truly first Anahuense novel.

Other prominent writers include Jean Mario Nuñez, Salvador Carreiro, Edgar Bolaños, Miguel Ángel Martínez, César Labrador, Alonso Caballero, Valentina García, Ainoa Lujambio (Los funerales de Anastasio Müller), Abraham Azucena and Enzo Alférez. Miguel Ángel Martínez is often credited as being the father of magic realism in Olivacian literature. His notable works such as Fourteen Years of Loneliness, How Not to Drown and Emptiness have inspired authors such as José Manuel Teixidó and Fátima Carranza.

Cinema

Main Article: Cinema of Anáhuac

Actress María Ilen

Alongside Hoterallian films, Anahuense films from the Golden Age in the 1940s and 1950s are the greatest examples of Olivacian cinema, with a huge industry comparable to the mainstream Western industry of those years. Several Anahuense films were exported and exhibited in all Olivacia, Astariax, Meredonne and Thuandia. Famous actors and actresses from this period include María Ilen, César Val, Teresa Halconero, Eloy Cueva, and the comedian Cantinflas.

After the civil war, cinema went through a Renaissance with films such as Alas Doradas (1989), Destino (1992), Sexo monótono (1999), Agua de Lluvia (2001) and Todos aman el atardecer (2002) have been successful in creating universal stories about contemporary subjects and were internationally recognized. Anahuense directors such as Jorge Serrano (El Rugir del Paraíso, La Mano Peluda), Julián Duque (Doscientos pesos, El fin de la infancia, John el Esquizofrénico), Guillermo Navarra (Escrache, Dreams of a Beldam, The Devil in My Skin & Gils), screenwriter Gonzalo Santander and photographer Lupita Ordóñez. Numerous Anahuense actors have achieved recognition as media stars.

Media

Statue of El Morro, the lead character of the eponymous 1972 sitcom starring comedian Chespirito

Further Information: Television of Anáhuac, Newspapers in Anáhuac

Three major television companies in Anáhuac own the primary networks and broadcast covering all nation, Imevisión, TV del Rugido, and Imagen Cinco. Imevisión is also one of the largest producers of Spanish-language content in the world and also the world's largest Spanish-language media network.

Media company Grupo Imagen Cinco is another national coverage television broadcaster in Anáhuac, that also owns the newspaper Reforma. The telenovelas are very traditional in Anáhuac and are translated into many languages and seen all over the world with renowned names like Pilar Castrillón, Diana Cueva, and Yasmin.

Cuisine

Main Article: Cuisine of Anáhuac

Tacos from the three common steaks in the Republic.

The genesis of the current Anahuense cuisine was established during the Canter colonial era, with a mixture of the foods of Canteria with native indigenous ingredients. Foods indigenous to Anáhuac include corn, pepper vegetables, calabazas, avocados, sweet potato, turkey turkey, many beans, and other fruits and spices. Similarly, some cooking techniques used today are inherited from Pre-Canterian peoples, such as the nixtamalization of corn, the cooking of food in ovens at ground level, and grinding in molcajete and metate. With the Canterians came the pork, beef, and chicken meats; peppercorn, sugar, milk and all its derivatives, wheat and rice, citrus fruits, and another constellation of ingredients that are part of the daily diet of the Anahuense.

From this meeting of millennia-old two culinary traditions, were born pozole, mole sauce, barbacoa, and tamales tamale is in their current forms, the chocolate, a large range of breads, tacos, and the broad repertoire of Anahuense street foods. Beverages such as atole, champurrado, milk chocolate, and aguas frescas were born; desserts such as acitrón and the full range of crystallized sweets, rompope, cajeta, jericaya and the wide repertoire of delights created in the convents of nuns in all parts of the country.

Music

Main Article: Music of Anáhuac

Recognized mariachi performer Ignacio Obregón

Modern-day Anahuense society enjoys a vast array of music genres, showing the diversity of its culture. Traditional music includes mariachi,banda, norteño, ranchera and corridos; on an everyday basis most Anahuenses listen to contemporary music such as pop, rock, etc. in both English and Spanish. Anáhuac has one of the largest media industries in Olivacia, producing national artists who are famous in the Eastern Hemisphere and a few parts of the Western world, particularly Kentalis. Elements from the Indigenous peoples of Anáhuac have deeply influenced the music at large, distinguishing it from other parts of the world.

The Bolero, Cha-cha-cha and Mambo invaded the radio of the 40s and 50s mimicking the idiosyncrasy of the average Anahuense. During the Reconstrucción, the music sphere saw a new influx of artists and genres coming over to the country. The Vultesian diaspora and the “Idiota” subculture created and gave chance to Vultesian music to be mixed with traditional Anahuense music.

Sport

Xalieca Stadium, San Jorge Xayacatlán

El Santo, one of the most iconic Anahuacan luchadores

Main Article: Sports in Anáhuac

Further reading: Anáhuac National Football Team, Anáhuac Women's National Football Team

Organized sport in Anáhuac largely dates from the late nineteenth century, with only bullfighting having a long history dating to the early colonial era. Once the political turmoil of the early republic was replaced by the stability of the Lenociato did organized sport become public diversions, with structured and ordered play governed by rules and authorities. After the Anahuense Revolution, the government sponsored sports to counter the international image of political turmoil and violence.

Anahuac's most popular sport is association football. The country has hosted the IFA World Cup on three separate ocassions: in 1962, 1986 and 2022.

Other sporting activities include bullfighting, boxing, and lucha libre (freestyle professional wrestling). Bullfighting (Spanish: corrida de toros) came to Anáhuac 500 years ago with the arrival of the Leogrians. Despite efforts by animal rights activists to outlaw it, bullfighting remains a popular sport in the country, and almost all large cities have bullrings. Freestyle professional wrestling is a major crowd draw with national promotions such as AAA, CMLL and others.

Anáhuac is an international power in professional boxing, as thirteen Olympic boxing medals have been won by Anáhuac.

See Also

• Flag of Anáhuac

• Saltstil Pact

• Politics of Anáhuac

• List of political parties of Anáhuac

• Anahuaca Federal Forces