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{{WIP}}
{{WIP}}
{{Infobox country
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name      = Republic of Tengaria
|conventional_long_name      = Tengaria
|native_name                = Република Tангария <br> Republika Tangaraiya
|native_name                = Ⱅⰵⱀⰳⰰⱃⰹⰰ, Tенгариa
|common_name                = Tengaria
|common_name                =  
|image_flag                  = TengariaFlag.png
|image_flag                  = TengariaFlag.png
|alt_flag                    =
|alt_flag                    =
|image_coat                  = Trump_coa.svg
|image_coat                  = TengariaCoA.png
|alt_coat                    =  
|alt_coat                    =  
|symbol_type                =  
|symbol_type                =  
|national_motto              = "Нация, ред, единство" <br> "Natsiya, Red, Edinstvo"<br />{{raise|0.1em|{{small|"Nation, Order, Unity"}}}}
|national_motto              = "[[Empire of Tengaria#UOIEA|UOIEA]]" or "UOIEA" <br> "Unitas Obtulit Iustitiam et Armoniam" <br />{{raise|0.1em|{{small|"Unity offers Justice and Concord"}}}}
|national_anthem            = "[[How Admirable is Thy Name in the Whole Earth|Колко е превъзходно Твоето име по цялата земя]]"<br />{{raise|0.1em|{{small|"How Admirable is Thy Name in the Whole Earth!"}}}}<br>[[File:MediaPlayer.png|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wY8ona3c-dQ]]
|national_anthem            = "[[How Admirable is Thy Name in the Whole Earth|Колко е превъзходно Твоето име по цялата земя]]"<br />{{raise|0.1em|{{small|"How Admirable is Thy Name in the Whole Earth!"}}}}<br>[[File:MediaPlayer.png|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wY8ona3c-dQ]]
|royal_anthem                =  
|royal_anthem                =  
|other_symbol_type          =  
|other_symbol_type          =  
|other_symbol                =  
|other_symbol                =  
|image_map                  = Tengariaregional.png
|image_map                  = Tengariaglobemap.png
|map_width = 275px
|map_width = 275px
|alt_map                    =  
|alt_map                    =  
|map_caption                = Location of Tengaria (dark green) in Euclea (light green & light grey) and in Samorspi (light green)
|map_caption                = Location of Tengaria (dark green) in Euclea (light green & light grey) and in [[Samorspi]] (light green)
|image_map2                  =  
|image_map2                  =  
|alt_map2                    =  
|alt_map2                    =  
|map_caption2                =  
|map_caption2                =  
|capital                    = {{flagicon image|TengariaFlag.png}} [[Lenovo]]
|capital                    = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Narnia_(New_Dynasty).svg}} [[Lenovo]]
|largest_city                = {{flagicon image|TengariaFlag.png}} [[Lenovo]]
|largest_city                = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Narnia_(New_Dynasty).svg}} [[Lenovo]]
|official_languages          = {{wp|Bulgarian language|Tengarian}}
|official_languages          = [[Tengarian language|Tengarian]]
|national_languages          = {{wp|Hungarian language|Savader}}
|national_languages          = {{wp|Hungarian language|Savader}} <br> [[Calian language]]
|regional_languages          =  
|regional_languages          = {{wp|Romanian language|Amathian}}
|languages_type              = <!--Other type of languages -->
|languages_type              = <!--Other type of languages -->
|languages                  = <!--Other languages list-->
|languages                  = <!--Other languages list-->
|ethnic_groups              = Tengarian- 91.5% <br> [[User:Kakletron/Sandbox4|Svoboda]]- 3.4% <br> Other- 5.1%
|ethnic_groups              = Tengarians- 77.8% <br> [[Savaders]]- 8.5% <br> {{wp|Thracians|Calians}}- 6.9% <br> {{wp|Greeks|Piraeans}}-1.8% <br> [[Amathian|Amathians]]-1.7% <br> Other- 3.3%
|ethnic_groups_year          = <!--Year of ethnic data (if provided)-->
|ethnic_groups_year          = <!--Year of ethnic data (if provided)-->
|religion                    = 95.7% Episemialist <br> 1.9% Irreligious <br> 1.5% Other Sotirian <br> 0.9% Other
|religion                    = 95.7% [[Episemialist Church|Episemialist]] <br> 1.9% Irreligious <br> 1.5% Other [[Sotirianity|Sotirian]] <br> 0.9% Other
|demonym                    = Tengarian
|demonym                    = Tengarian
|government_type            = {{wp|Unitary state|Unitary}} {{wp|dominant-party}} {{wp|Presidential Republic}}
|government_type            = {{wp|Unitary state|Unitary}} {{wp|dominant-party}} {{wp|Presidential Republic}}
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|leader_title4              =  
|leader_title4              =  
|leader_name4                =  
|leader_name4                =  
|legislature                = [[Grand Assembly of Tengaria]]
|legislature                = [[Senate (Tengaria)|Senate]]
|upper_house                = [[Senate of Tengaria]]
|upper_house                = [[Senate (Tengaria)#State Council|State Council]]
|lower_house                = [[National Assembly (Tengaria)|National Assembly]]
|lower_house                = [[Senate (Tengaria)#Chamber of Deputies|Chamber of Deputies]]
|sovereignty_type            = History
|sovereignty_type            = History
|sovereignty_note            =  
|sovereignty_note            =  
|established_event1 = [[Grand Principality of Tengaria]]
|established_event1 = Diocese of Tengaria
|established_date1 =  c.1000-1385
|established_date1 =  492-1121
|established_event2 = [[Empire of Tengaria]]
|established_event2 = [[Vicariate of Tengaria]]
|established_date2 =  1385-1930
|established_date2 =  1121-1385
|established_event3 = Fall of Lenovo
|established_event3 = [[Empire of Tengaria]]
|established_date3 = September 6, 1930
|established_date3 = 1385-1935
|established_event4 = Resistance Movement
|established_event4 = Fall of Lenovo
|established_date4 = 1930-1935
|established_date4 = September 6, 1929
|established_event5 = Republic Established
|established_event5 = Resistance Movement
|established_date5 = 1935
|established_date5 = 1929-1933
|established_event6 = [[Tengarian Civil War]]
|established_event6 = [[Tengarian Republic|First Republic]]
|established_date6 = 1955-1957
|established_date6 = 1935-1947
|established_event7 = [[Constitution of Tengaria|Current Constitution]]
|established_event7 = [[Constitution of Tengaria|Current Constitution]]
|established_date7 = 15 March, 1958
|established_date7 = 15 March, 1948
|area_rank                  =  
|area_rank                  =  
|area_magnitude              =  
|area_magnitude              =  
|area                        =  
|area                        =  
|area_km2                    = 305,981
|area_km2                    = 373,811
|area_sq_mi                  = 118,140
|area_sq_mi                  = 144,329
|area_footnote              =  
|area_footnote              =  
|percent_water              =  
|percent_water              =  
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|area_label2                =  
|area_label2                =  
|area_dabodyalign            =  
|area_dabodyalign            =  
|population_estimate        = {{Increase}} 22,359,980
|population_estimate        = {{Increase}} 27,288,217
|population_estimate_rank    =  
|population_estimate_rank    =  
|population_estimate_year    = 2020
|population_estimate_year    = 2022
|population_census           = 21,870,991
|population_census           = 22,305,991
|population_census_year     = 2014
|population_census_year      = 2012
|population_density_km2     = 73.08
|population_density_km2      = 73.01
|population_density_sq_mi    = 189.27
|population_density_sq_mi    = 189.07
|population_density_rank    =
|population_density_rank    =
|GDP_PPP                    = {{Increase}} 682.65 billion ([[List of countries by GDP (Kylaris)|21st]])
|GDP_PPP                    = {{Increase}} 833.11 billion ([[List of countries by GDP (Kylaris)|21st]])
|GDP_PPP_rank                =  
|GDP_PPP_rank                =  
|GDP_PPP_year                = 2020
|GDP_PPP_year                = 2020
|GDP_PPP_per_capita          = {{Increase}} 30,530 ([[List of countries by GDP (Kylaris)|14th]])
|GDP_PPP_per_capita          = {{Increase}} 30,530 ([[List of countries by GDP (Kylaris)|14th]])
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank    =  
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank    =  
|GDP_nominal                = {{Increase}} 334.26 billion ([[List of countries by GDP (Kylaris)|22nd]])
|GDP_nominal                = {{Increase}} 401.33 billion ([[List of countries by GDP (Kylaris)|22nd]])
|GDP_nominal_rank            =  
|GDP_nominal_rank            =  
|GDP_nominal_year            = 2018
|GDP_nominal_year            = 2018
Line 93: Line 93:
|Gini_change                = decrease
|Gini_change                = decrease
|Gini_category              =  
|Gini_category              =  
|HDI                        = 0.859
|HDI                        = 0.871
|HDI_rank                    =  
|HDI_rank                    =  
|HDI_year                    = 2020
|HDI_year                    = 2020
|HDI_change                  = increase
|HDI_change                  = increase
|HDI_category                =
|HDI_category                =
|currency                    = Lev
|currency                    = [[Tengarian solidus]] (Ꞩ)
|currency_code              = TL
|currency_code              = TNS
|time_zone                  =  
|time_zone                  =  
|utc_offset                  = -1
|utc_offset                  = -1
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|utc_offset_DST              =  
|utc_offset_DST              =  
|drives_on                  = right
|drives_on                  = right
|cctld                      = [[.tng]]
|cctld                      = .tn
|iso3166code                =  
|iso3166code                =  
|calling_code                = +9
|calling_code                = +9
|patron_saint                = [[Saint Vasil I, Emperor of Tengaria|Saint Vasil]] <br> [[Saint Mihail of Tengaria|Saint Mihail]]
|patron_saint                = [[Saint Vasil I, Emperor of Tengaria|Saint Vasil]] <br> [[Saint Mihail of Tengaria|Saint Mihail]] <br> [[Simeon Kovachev|Saint Simeon]]
|image_map3                  =
|image_map3                  =
|alt_map3                    =
|alt_map3                    =
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}}
}}


Tengaria (''Tengarian: '''Tангария''' or '''Tangaraiya'''''), officially the '''Republic of Tengaria''' (''Tengarian: '''Република Tангария''' or '''Republika Tangaraiya''''') is a sovereign nation situated in Western [[Euclea]] in the world of [[Kylaris]]. It is bordered by [[Amathia]] to the East, [[Ravnia]] to the West, and [[Vynichia]] to the North. Tengaria is located along the warm coastal plains and has a warm {{wp|Temperate Climate}}, and shares both a border with [[Lake Min]] to the northeast and the [[Achelonian Sea]] to the south. The country's geography features fertile plains for farming, thick forests, coastal beaches and cliffs, and rolling hills. The wide outlet of Lake Min, the historic [[River Len]], flows through the central valley of Tengaria, and along it is where the capital of [[Lenovo]] is located, as well as the ancient Piraean city of [[Istros]].
'''Tengaria''' (''[[Apsinthian Alphabet|Apsinthian Script]]:'' '''Ⱅⰵⱀⰳⰰⱃⰹⰰ''', ''{{wp|Cyrilic Script|Soravian Script}}:'' '''Tенгариa''') is a sovereign country situated in alternatively in Southern and Western [[Euclea]]. It is bordered by [[Amathia]] to the East, [[Ravnia]] to the West, and [[Bistravia]] to the North, and shares both a border with [[Lake Min]] to the northeast and the [[Achelonian Sea]] to the south. Tengaria has a predominantly {{wp|temperate climate}}, and has an area of 373,811 km<sup>2</sup> (144,329.31 sq mi), and a population of 22 million. Tengaria is the 9th largest country in Euclea, and is the second most populous country in [[Samorspi]]. The wide outlet of Lake Min, the historic [[River Len]], flows through the central valley of Tengaria, and along it is where the capital of [[Lenovo]] is located, as well as the ancient Piraean city of [[Istros]] and the third largest city of [[Visnagrad]]. The fertile Len River Valley is the central region of Tengaria's development and is considered the heartland of the country.  


The ancient home of the Tengar tribes straddled the borders of the Solarian Empire. Soon after its fall, the tribes were conquered and Sotrianized by the [[Empire of Arciluco]], and later became an independent [[Grand Principality of Tengaria|Grand Principality]] when the Empire's authority declined. Following the collapse of the Empire to the [[Realm of Thorns (Amathia)|Realm of Thorns]] in 1385, the Grand Prince was named [[List of Tengarian Monarchs|Vladetel]] by the exiled Ecumenical Patriarch, founding the [[Empire of Tengaria]]. The Empire was the intellectual center of Western Eculea for several centuries, but Tengaria began to lose its influences, eventually falling into the sphere of [[Soravia]]. During the [[Great War (Kylaris)|Great War]], the Empire was invaded and occupied by the Amathians. A resistance movement, led by [[Simeon Kovachev]], fought against the occupation, and successfully restored sovereignty after the war with Soravian support. After the war a Presidential Republic was created, although it was was plagued by instability, factionalism and a rough economy, which eventually culminated in the [[Tengarian Civil War]]. After the War, Kovachev took over on a platform of National Unity and Order. Since Kovachev's reforms, Tengaria has been a {{wp|Unitary state|Unitary}} {{wp|Presidential Republic}}, well known for its strong presidential powers and centralized authority under a {{wp|dominant-party}} system with the [[National Rally]] dominating Tengarian politics under the leadership of the [[Kovachev family]].  
The ancient home of the {{wp|Thracians|Kaloí}} and {{wp|Proto-Uralic language|Armonic}} peoples, Tengaria straddled the borders of the Solarian Empire. The great Marolevic migrations saw the Tengar tribes dominate the region largely and displace and assimilate the other peoples. Soon after the migrations, the Tengar tribes were conquered and Sotrianized by the [[Empire of Arciluco]], and later became an autonomous vassal known as the [[Vicariate of Tengaria]] when the Empire's authority declined. Following the collapse of the Empire to the [[Realm of Thorns (Amathia)|Realm of Thorns]] in 1385, the Vicarius was named [[List of Tengarian Monarchs|Emperor]] by the exiled Ecumenical Patriarch and the [[Council of Lenovo]], founding the [[Empire of Tengaria]], which saw itself as the legitimate successor to the Solarian Empire through Arciluco. The Empire was the spiritual and intellectual center of Western Eculea for several centuries, but eventually began to lose its influence, falling into the sphere of [[Soravia]]. During the [[Great War (Kylaris)|Great War]], the Empire was invaded and occupied by the Amathians. A resistance movement, led by [[Simeon Kovachev]], fought against the occupation, and successfully restored sovereignty after the war with Soravian support. After the war the nationalist [[Tengarian Republic]] was created, although it was was plagued by instability, factionalism and a rough economy, which eventually culminated in a coup attempt, which was prevented by Kovachev. After the War, Kovachev took over on a platform of unity and political stability. Since Kovachev's reforms, Tengaria has been a {{wp|Unitary state|Unitary}} {{wp|Presidential Republic}}, well known for its strong presidential powers and centralized authority under a {{wp|dominant-party}} system with the [[Patriotic Union (Tengaria)|Patriotic Union]] dominating Tengarian politics.  


Tengaria is well known for its strong patriotism and sense of national identity, highly centralized government and economy, strong infrastructure and a low crime rate. In addition, it has a rich tradition in both philosophy and literature, being considered often the beacon of Western Euclean thought. Although this reputation suffered in the later centuries, Tengaria's intellectual scene has prospered under the Kovachev family. Tengaria's unique educational system and emphasis of philosophy make it distinct and unique from other countries, although critics say that it focuses too much on outdated and antiquated philosophy. Critics have also labeled the country as "undemocratic and authoritarian", strong governmental control and use of underhanded means to keep power, including alleged incarceration and elimination of political opponents. Although Simeon's son [[Dimitri Kovachev]] loosened some of the systems in order to modernize the state, including becoming a member of [[Samorspi]] in 1984, Simeon's authoritarian system remains entrenched and strongly in control. The current President, [[Teodora Kovacheva]], has taken measures to improve the public image and to lower abuses while maintaining the incumbent system and supporting her grandfather's ideas. Tengaria is a member of the [[Community of Nations]] and [[Samorspi]].
Tengaria is known for its strong historic influence as the beacon of Western Euclean thought and a rich tradition in both philosophy and literature, as well as having a prominent and unique education system. Tengaria is also known for its authoritarian patriotism and moralistic and religious values, highly centralized government and economy, strong infrastructure and a low crime rate. However, critics and foreign scholars have consistently labeled the country as undemocratic and authoritarian, including alleged incarceration and elimination of political opponents. The country is also cited as nepotistic and corrupt, although measures to improve the international image and to lower abuses have been prominent in recent decades. Tengaria is a founding member of the [[Community of Nations]], a member of [[Samorspi]], and an observer to the [[Association of Solarian Nations]].


==Etymology==
==Etymology==


The first recorded name of the land currently known as Tengaria was ''κᾰλοία'' or ''Kaloia'' named by the Piraean settlers when they first discovered the region. This is derived from the Piraean word ''κᾰλός'', meaning "beautiful" or "noble", on account of the beauty and the mildness of the the of the people they met there. The tribes in the region came to be known as the ''Kaloí'', a name which carried through most of the Solarian period, and the Solarians used the Piraean name for the region when dealing with the peoples, calling it ''Caloia''. The current name, ''Tengaria'' is derived from the Marolev Tengar tribes who have occupied the region after the fall of the Kaloí tribes, and is the name given to the region by the late Solarians referring to the "Land of the Tengars". The name of the Tengars is based upon the word ''Tenger'' in the native to the tongue of the Tengars, and comes from an ancient word for sea, in reference to them being the Marolev tribes which were located closest to the southern Achelonian sea. This may also have to do with the fact that the Tengars were across the other side of the largest inland body of water in [[Lake Min]] from the north Marolevs, or perhaps also in reference to their settlement around the River Len and the Coastal Plains which connected them to the Sea.
The first recorded name of the land currently known as Tengaria was ''κᾰλοία'' or ''Kaloia'' named by the Piraean settlers when they first discovered the region. This is derived from the Piraean word ''κᾰλός'', meaning "beautiful" or "noble", on account of the beauty and the mildness of the area and of the people they met there. The tribes in the region came to be known as the ''Kaloí'', a name which carried through most of the Solarian period, and the Solarians used a modification of the Piraean name for the region when dealing with the peoples, calling it ''Calia''.  


==History==
The current name, ''Tengaria'', is most likely derived from the Marolevic Tengar tribes who have occupied the region after the fall of the Kaloí tribes, and is the name given to the region by the late Solarians referring to the "Land of the Tengars". This was the name for the region under the [[Empire of Arciluco]], although properly referring to the central part of the current country, which eventually gained influence over the other regions. The most prominent theory is that the name of the Tengars is based upon the word ''Tengar'', with "ten" coming from [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/tъ|tъ]] ('this, that') and "gar" from [[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷʰer-|gʷʰer]] ('warm', 'hot'). It is speculated that the name comes from the spiritedness or eagerness of the original tribe ("those hot [ones]"), but such account remains just as speculation.


===Early History (before the 5th century)===
Until 1935, the country was officially known as the "Empire of the Solarians", although "Tengaria" was a common {{wp|Endonym and exonym|exonym}}. From 1935 until 1948, the country was called the '''"Tengarian Republic"''' or and was also called "Republic of Tengaria". Since the ratificaiton of the 1948 constitution, the country is officially known as '''Tengaria''', without any other title, which is what it is called internally. However, Tengaria is still sometimes called the ''Republic of Tengaria'' in foreign sources.
[[File:Peltaste.JPG|200px|right|thumb|A Evgenikoí {{wp|Peltast}} from the 5th century BC.]]
Archeological records of settlement around the Len River Valley date back thousands of years. The earliest known records for the region was originally inhabited by a group of tribes known as the ''Kaloí'', who were related to other tribes of Dytikoí and Satrio-Euclean origin, a name first recorded by the Piraean settlers. Little is known about the Kaloí outside of the artifacts they had left behind and accounts given by the Piraeans and later the Solarians. They were described by such as a mostly peaceful people, and were well known for their music and their fair features. They kept mostly to rural farming communities, however, the tribes were known to still wage war against one another or against migratory groups. Although they left no written records, they did have their own language, worship their own gods, and had a common culture, leaving behind burial chambers, settlements, and religious artifacts. They are also credited with developing the fighting style of the {{wp|Peltast}}, which spread through Istros to the rest of the Piraean world. Piraean settlers settled in the southwest region, and also the city of independent city state of [[Istros]] along the central Southern Coast in the seventh century BCE. This first coastal city first exposed the Kaloí to the civilization of the Piraeans, and was the largest city in the region for many years.


The Piraean language and system of writing did spread to some of the southern tribes, but the did not reach most of the tribes. Around 450 BC, many various tribes of the Kaloí were united under one King, Peirous, who formed the Kingdom of Kaloia. This Kingdom only encompassed the southern and central region of modern Tengaria, focused around the Len River Valley and the Coastal Plains. To the Northwest the linguistically related but geographically seperated Armonic culture began to grown and thrive, and eventually city states formed the [[Armonic League]] in the region of [[Visoclesia]]. Although there were kings who had knowledge of Piraean civilization, very few cities were built, save for a city on the banks of the Len which eventually came to be [[Lenovo]]. Other distinct Kaloí tribes remained outside of the Kingdom as well, especially upon the Western hills. When the Solarians first conquered Amathia, some of the Priedan tribes fled to Kaloia as a means of escape. Now the realms of the Kaloí were located at the far borders of the Solarian Empire, and occasionally engaged in warfare with the Empire. The Empire did make several incursions into the Kaloí lands and even for a time controlled a slight portion of eastern marches of Tengaria. For the most part however, this border territory was often the center of many conflicts between the Solarians and the Kaloí, and as disputed territory saw conflict and warfare between the two. Several settlements and border forts in the East of Solarian origin have been discovered, but they are sparse.
==History==
''Main article: [[History of Tengaria]]''
===Early History (before 495)===
''Main article: [[Kaloí Civilization]], [[Armonic Civilization]], [[Marolevic Migrations]]''
[[File:Antique-theater-plovdiv.jpg|300px|left|thumb|Ruins of the Piraean Theatre in [[Istros]].]]
[[File:Antique-theater-plovdiv.jpg|300px|left|thumb|Ruins of the Piraean Theatre in [[Istros]].]]
While the Tengarians were exposed to Solarian culture, it did not become widespread as of that time. However, Sotrianity is regarded as spreading to Istros in the region in the first few centuries. Despite being in conflict with the Solarian Empire in the initial centuries, the Kaloí eventually began to make alliances with the Solarians, hiring themselves as mecenaries. When Marolevs eventually invaded the land from the West and North, the Evgenikoí were driving either towards the Sea, into the Visoclesian Hills, or into Solaria itself. The remaining Evgenikoí became ''foederati'' of the Amathians. Many Marolevs passed through the land on their way to Solaria. The ones which stayed in the region were known as the ''Tengars''. Once they had come dominate the region during the waning days of the Empire, the Solarians first called the region "Tengaria", which the region was referred to as henceforth. Eventually the Western Empire collapsed in 426, but the [[Empire of Arciluco]] continued to hold on in the East. The Tengars assimilated the remaining Evgenikoí into their peoples, and came to dominate the region.
Archeological records of settlement around the Len River Valley date back thousands of years. The earliest known records for the region was originally inhabited by a group of tribes known as the ''Kaloí'', who were related to other tribes of Dytikoí and Satrio-Euclean origin, a name first recorded by the Piraean settlers. Piraean settlers settled in the southwest region, and also the city of independent city state of [[Istros]] along the central Southern Coast in the seventh century BCE. In addition to the Kaloí and the Piraeans, Tengaria was also home to another civilization, that of the {{wp|Proto-Uralic language|Armonic}} peoples, who lived in the northwestern and western portions of the country.


===Rule by the Empire of Arciluco and Principate (5th century-1385)===
In later antiquity, the realms of the Kaloí were located at the far borders of the Solarian Empire, and occasionally engaged in warfare with the Empire. The Empire did make several incursions into the Kaloí lands and even for a time controlled a slight portion of current eastern marches of Tengaria. Sotrianity is regarded as spreading to Istros in the region in the first few centuries, and {{wp|John the Apostle}} was said to be exiled there during his final days. During the Marolevic migrations in the 4th century, Marolevs eventually invaded the land from the North, the Kaloí and Armonians were forced elsehere or assimilated.  The Marolevs which stayed in the region were known as the ''Tengars''. Once they had come dominate the region during the waning days of the Empire, the Solarians first called the region "Tengaria", which the region was referred to as henceforth. Eventually the Western Empire collapsed in 426, but the [[Empire of Arciluco]] continued to hold on in the East. The Tengars assimilated much of the remaining Kaloí and Armonic peoples.
''Main Article: [[Grand Principality of Tengaria]]''


After the Marolevic invasions of Solaria began to cease, the Tengars slowly began to take the land which had once been theirs again. However, the power to the East, the [[Empire of Arciluco]], looked to expand its borders Westward. Over the next two centuries, Arciluco conquered most of current day Tengaria, barring Visoclesia, into the Empire. The Tengar tribes were incorporated into the Empire over time, and at the end of the sixth century [[Saint Mihail of Tengaria]], a missionary from Arciluco, brought [[Sotrianity]] to the Tengar tribes, becoming the first Archbishop of Istros. In addition, soon civilization and written language to the Tengarians by the Amathians. The Piraean and Vulgar Solarian languages were spread to a certain exten, but the Tengarians still largely spoke their own tongue although some did learn Vulgar Solarian for official buisness with the Empire. Eventually, the walled villages of the Tengarians developed into towns, and Tengaria flourished and developed under the Empire of Arciluco for several centuries. However, as Tengaria developed, its language and heritage put it at odds with the Amathian state. In addition, the Empire kept on waning in power around the turn of the first millennium; and around the turn of the century, the authority of the Empire had dwindled. The borders of Tengaria were sorely beset by the Visoclesians, and by the tenth century, things were looking difficult.
===Rule by the Empire of Arciluco and Vicariate (495-1385)===
''Main Article: [[Empire of Arciluco]], [[Vicariate of Tengaria]]''
[[File:Płowce_1331_Juliusz_Kossak.jpeg|300px|right|thumb|Forces of the Vicariate victorious over the defeated Marolevs.]]
Soon following the Marolevic invasions and the collapse of Western Solaria, its successor state [[Empire of Arciluco]], conquered most of current day Tengaria into the Empire following a successful series of campaigns lasting from 480 to 495. The Tengar tribes were incorporated into the Empire first as ''foederati''. The Arcilucan colony, called ''Colonia Lenis'' and later ''Urbs Lenis'', became an important border city, and would eventually become [[Lenovo]]. Over time, the Tengars became assimilated into Imperial culture, coming under heavy Solarian influences both linguistically and culturally, adopting Sotirianity, and even considering themselves as ethnically Solarian.  


A Tengarian nobleman by the name of Vasil Silen was a general for the border forces of the Empire during the eleventh century. During this period Visoclesian invasions were particularly fierce, and Vasil managed to hold them off and win battle after battle, eventually turning the tide of the war and himself conquering the tribes of [[Visoclesia]] under his rule. His victorious army threatened to proclaim him Emperor of Arciluco, and the Emperor, his authority already weakened, decided instead to establish the [[Grand Principality of Tengaria]] and name Vasil as the first [[List of Tengarian Monarchs|Grand Prince]], which would give de facto Independence to Tengaria, while still acknowledging the authority of and paying tribute to the Amathian Emperor. This arrangement proved satisfactory for Vasil, and now he could govern his people and yet be removed from the dangerous Imperial politics taking place in Arciluco. Thus in about 1000 AD (although scholars contest that this was the exact date, saying it might be a few years off), Tengaria finally became unified under a Prince, although it was still subject to Arciluco.
The region of Tengaria became an integral part of the Empire, and grew and developed. Following centuries of gradual weakening of Amathian rule, in 1121 the Western regions of the Empire were consolidated under the more autonomous [[Vicariate of Tengaria]] in an attempt to better provide protection against increasing threats outside of the Empire's borders. The leaders, known as ''[[List of Tengarian Monarchs|Vicarius et Comes]]'', was hereditary under the rule of the a cadet branch of the [[List of Amathian monarchs|Cyriacan Dynasty]]. They became one of the most important military and political positions within the Empire of Arciluco, competing with the ''Magister Utriusque Militiae'' and the Eastern ''Vicarius et Comes'', and were major players in Imperial politics.  


Over the next few centuries, Tengaria began to develop, as it continued to grow under the Empire yet in its own unique ways. Although Istros was the historic city of prominence, growth began to prosper around the central valley of the River Len. Around 1300, the capital was transferred to the city of [[Lenovo]], and it remained the capital ever since. Tengaria grew in strength, although it was still part of the Empire, and could not shake out of its control; a revolt by [[Geto II, Grand Prince of Tengaria|Geto II]] ended in disaster for the Prince when Imperial loyalists betrayed it in 1199. Tengaria first began to centralize into a single power during this time period, beginning to become gradually culturally distinct from Amathia, yet still assisting it in its wars and struggles.  
Eventually, the Empire would face its greatest internal crisis in centuries- the [[Iconoclast Wars#Iconoclast Crisis|Iconoclast Crisis]]. Although the Vicariate supported the iconodules the Iconoclastic Order of Thorns revolted and captured of the city of Arciluco in 1385, sparking the collapse of Imperial institutions in the capital into the [[Realm of Thorns]], leaving a power vaccum throughout most of the Empire. Many exiled iconodules, including the Ecumenical Patriarch and much of the Imperial court, fled to Lenovo. Vasil was able to consolidate control of the vast majority of western Imperial territory. Upon the confirmation of the Patriarch and the [[Domnitor_(Arciluco)#Succession|Marea Adunare]], was elected and crowned the next [[List of Tengarian Monarchs|Emperor]], thus translating the Empire from Amathia to Tengaria and resulting in the creation what historians call the [[Empire of Tengaria]].


===Imperial Era (1385-1927)===
===Imperial Era (1385-1927)===
''Main Article: [[Empire of Tengaria]]''
''Main Article: [[Empire of Tengaria]]''
[[File:Manuel_II_Paleologus.jpg|200px|right|thumb|[[Saint Vasil I, Emperor of Tengaria|St. Vasil the Great]], First [[List of Tengarian Monarchs|Emperor]] of Tengaria.]]
[[File:Tengariagreatestextent2.png|250px|left|thumb|Tengaria's greatest territorial extent in the mid to late 16th century.]]
The Grand Principality supported the iconodule Emperor during the Amathian Civil War which resulted in the collapse of the Empire of Arciluco and the establishment of the [[Realm of Thorns]]. The exiled iconodule Ecumenical Patriarch and the royal family fled to Tengaria. After crowning the Grand Prince, [[Saint Vasil I, Emperor of Tengaria|Vasil V]], as the next [[List of Tengarian Monarchs|Emperor]] (''Vladetel'') and marrying him to the daughter of the last impaled Emperor, the [[Empire of Tengaria]] was formed. With the new prestige, Vasil the Great consolidated Tengarian control over the surrounding region. His reign marked the beginning of the [[Tengarian Renaissance]], a period of intellectual and philosophic flourishing and cultural renewal. Tengaria became the major intellectual centre of Western Euclea, with the establishment the [[University of Lenovo]] as the first University in Western Euclea in 1405. The thought {{wp|Aristotle|Xenagoras}} became widespread and united with {{wp|Orthodoxy|Orthodox}} [[Episemialist_Church|Episemialist]], leading to Tengaria becoming the prominent source of Iconodule theology at the time. A great deal of philosophical and theological writings, as well as literature and stage plays, date to this time period.  
Because Vasil was unable to recapture Arciluco, he instead rebuilt or reformed the Imperial institutions to the city of Lenovo, which became the new Imperial Capital and the seat of power. His reign marked the beginning of the [[Tengarian Golden Age]], a period of intellectual and philosophic flourishing and cultural renewal, and also saw a rapid expansion of territory to the west and north, firmly placing the Empire as the dominant political state of Western Euclea. The Empire became involved in the [[Iconoclast Wars]] in 1408 supporting the [[Duchy of Pavatria]] against the [[Ravnia|Kingdom of Ravnia]], the Realm of Thorns, and rebellious iconoclastic Bistravians. The war ultimately was a stalemate, but the Empire's political, cultural and intellectual power in Western Euclea continued. The Empire reached its greatest territorial extent by the middle of the 16th century.


As its position as nominal leader of the Episemialist world, Tengaria became involved in the [[Iconoclast Wars]] in 1408 supporting the [[Duchy of Pavatria]] against the [[Ravnia|Kingdom of Ravnia]] and the Realm of Thorns. During the war, it invaded Amathia and was able to conquer the western marches from the iconoclasts. However, it was never able to capture [[Arciluco]], and it lost the lands it did gain when the iconodule [[Unio Trium Nationum]] came into power. The Ravnians were able to take the western marches of the Empire. With Ravnia's iconoclasm still remaining, the iconclasts had scored a victory, discrediting Tengaria's role as leader and causing the political decline of Tengaria's power. The Duchy of Pavatria became the prominent political power in Western Euclea, and although the Emperor of Tengaria kept his title, the title lost its old authority in the eyes of the West. However, Tengaria continued to remain a regional power and an intellectual centre for the next few centuries.
Eventually, the rising power of the [[Soravian Empire]] saw much of the prominence turn from Lenovo to Samistopol, and as Soravia's political power began to grow, Tengaria was displaced as a hegemeon. Gradually Tengaria lost territory during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to Ravnia, Soravia and the [[Kingdom of Amathia]]. Despite facing major territorial losses, Tengaria was strong enough to keep from being conquered but not enough to make itself a preminent power like it had been before. In the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Empire began to fall into the sphere of Soravia, becoming an ally and influenced by it. In 1868, in the wake of the failed Republican [[Green Revolution]], the country underwent a series of gradual modernisation and industrialisation over the next few decades. The very end of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries saw a time of economic prosperity and cultural rebirth, leading up to the outbreak of the Great War in 1927.


Overtime, the the power of the Empire began to diminish and decline, with gradual territorial losses to Ravnia. With the arising of the [[Soravian Empire]], Tengaria became a minor power relegated to the sidelines. The rising power [[Kingdom of Amathia]] also saw Tengaria hemmed in other side of three great powers. Tengaria was strong enough to keep from being conquered but never enough to make itself a prominent power. Eventually, the Empire began to fall into the sphere of Soravia, and the Tengaria intellectual life began to decline and Eastern Euclean and Soravian thought began to dominate the intellectual circles. The Pavaric script became the norm, replacing the old Amathian script in official usage. The Empire began to stagnate economically and politically after the reign of Vasil IV. The economic situation continued to worsen, which created worsening unrest, kept in check by the Imperial Army. In 1848 the [[Simeon III, Emperor of Tengaria|Simeon III]] came to the throne, and in after repressing several revolts instituted a noiminal constitution in several Imperial Acts from the dates of 1851 to 1855, as well as other amendments from later in his reign. Among other things, these acts included codifying the [[Senate of Tengaria]], a historic body of Nobility which met upon occasion previously, into a permanent body; and establishing the [[National Assembly of Tengaria]] as a popular assembly, creating the two as the [[Grand Assembly of Tengaria]]. He first began to bring modern elements to Tengaria, and commissioned the completion of the famous Tengarian Assembly Building in Lenovo. He worked to bring in modern infrastructure and industrialization from Eastern Euclea, and laid the groundwork for much of Tengaria's later achievement.  
At the outbreak of the [[Great War (Kylaris)|Great War]], Tengaria was initially neutral. However, Tengaria's neutrality was violated in 1929 by the [[Entente]] in order to open a new front and provide reinforcements from Eastern Euclea. Amathian forces broke through and swept over most of Tengaria, capturing the city of Lenovo and forcing the government to go into exile in Soravia, although the Emperor was captured and later executed by Amathian forces. [[Simeon Kovachev]], a young general, gathered what remnants of the army that he could into the Visoclesian hills to wage {{wp|guerrilla war}} against the Amathians with a resistance force known as the [[Tengarian Army#Free Solarian Army|Free Solarian Army]]. The Amathians annexed much of Tengaria and formed the puppet collaborationist {{wp|rump state}} called the [[Tengarian State (1930-1933)|Tengarian State]]. Eventually, wwith significant Soravian support and a faltering Entente war effort, the Free Solarian Army was able to push back and drive back the Amathian forces.  


All of this laid the groundwork for a renewal which began to emerge during the reign of [[Saint Hristofor, Emperor of Tengaria|St. Hristophor "the Holy"]], which saw a kind of rebirth in Tengarian civilization and national identity and economic prosperity. As it began to modernize, Hristofor's promotion of the faith and works of charity and kindness made him widely popular among the lower classes; however, the intellectual elite and some of the nobility despised him for his charity and generosity, or simply for his power as monarch. During the reign of his nephew, [[Dragomir II, Emperor of Tengaria|Dragomir II]], the [[Znaniya School]] of Philosophy and Literature arose and became widely popular and began to change the intellectual atmosphere of the country against the influence of the more progressive thought of the contemporary {{wp|Intelligentsia}}. In addition, during the reigns of these monarchs, a rebirth of architecture and music was seen in Tengaria, especially focusing on the ideals of beauty and order. Dragomir II's policies also helped avert some of the damage of the Great Collapse, and Tengaria fared better than most countries, but still suffered somewhat. Resentment among the intellectual community and like minded people began to grow, however, and the period of growth and rebirth was cut short by the outbreak of the Great War in 1927.
===Republican era (1935-)===
[[File:Horthy_the_regent.jpg|175px|right|thumb|[[Simeon Kovachev]], hero of the Great War an architect of the second constitution.]]
''Main Article: [[Tengarian Republic]]''


===The Great War (1927-1935)===
In 1935, following the Great War, Soravia imposed a new republic, preventing a restoration from occuring. Political interest in the new republic was very low, and a plurality of parties in the legislature meant that goverments proved extremely difficult to form and to keep running. Lingering economic issues from the war quickly plagued the early republic, with no formed government from the legislature being adequitely able to deal with the issue, and was very politically unstable. In 1947, President [[Vasil Stoychev]], after having lost an election, attempted {{wp|self-coup}} to prevent the All-Solarian Union from taking power and to silence opposition. Simeon Kovachev waged a counter-coup backed by supporters called "patriots", allowing for the elected President [[Constantin Atheodosi]] to take office.  
[[File:Pehota_preminavane.jpg|350px|left|thumb|Soldiers of the National Army during the Great War]]
The Empire entered into the [[Great War (Kylaris)|Great War]] on the side of the Grand Alliance and [[Soravia]]. From the beginning of the war, Tengaria faced two enemies on two fronts- [[Ravnia]] to the West and [[Amathia]] to the East. Tengaria's army was relatively well trained and well supplied, and was composed of two major kinds of forces- a well trained force of mobile light infantry skilled in fighting in rough terrain, as well as its more poorly trained traditional infantry. Seeing Ravnia is the larger threat, the Imperial Army committed most of its forces to the Western Front, especially around Lake Min. It established a defensive front to keep out any Amathian incursions from the East. The War began quite well for the Tengarians, with the well trained light infantry gaining several key victories in the early part of the war against Ravnia. Ravnia's preoccupation with the Soravian Front made this possible in part, but also the spectacular victories of [[Simeon Kovachev]], who quickly rose through the ranks despite his age.


However, the front against Amathia fared very poorly, with the Amathians breaking through the Imperial lines at several points, making significant gains. The Tengarian army was slowly but surely pushed back, and by 1929, the situation was dire. Most of the resources put on the Western front were called back to face the problems in the East. This caused the gains made in the West to be indefinsible and subsequently lost back to Ravnia. The Amathians kept on defeating the Tengarian forces, pushing them further and further back. Ravnian advances along the coast began to spell the death knell for Tengaria as the forces encroached closer and closer to Lenovo. On the 6th of September in 1930, the Amathians were finally able to sieze the city of Lenovo. By this point, the Emperor had already fled the city, and the Imperial family was divided. Some fled to Soravia, some joined with Simeon Kovachev's forces, and some stayed behind during the occupation. Empreror [[Dragomir III, Emperor of Tengaria|Dragomir III]] himself fled to the Imperial Navy, which attempted to sail to Soravia to get further support for Tengaria; however, the Ravnians intercepted the Tengarian Battle Fleet and destroyed it, taking the Emperor prisoner. The few remnants of the Imperial government who stayed behind capitulated, and the Amathians declared the Empire to be over.  
In the aftermath of the counter-coup, Kovachev and Atheodosi founded the [[Patriotic Union (Tengaria)|Patriotic Union]] with the goals of establishing political stability and order while ending partisanship and political conflict, and the government held a {{wp|referendum}} on adopting a new constitution, which passed with an overwhelming majority. The new constitution, in which the Presidency was stronger and had more ability to prevent the issues which had happened in the first republic, was written to minimize the effects of civil strife and factionalism. The constitution was approved by referendum in 1948, and soon after Kovachev was elected as the new President of Tengaria and the Patriotic Union took power. Under Kovachev's economic policies, Tengaria saw an economic boom over the next two decades, and worked to fix many of the probelms the republic had faced. After being elected 6 times and holding the position of president for over 34 years, Simeon finally passed away in 1983.


Kovachev still was in control of Tengaria's best forces, and he retreated to the Northernmost hills of Tengaria, close to the border of Soravia and the shores of Lake Min. Many fragments of the defeated portions of the Imperial Army and volunteers joined him, forming the [[Tengarian National Army]]. Simeon by this point had already been named as {{wp|Regent}} by Emperor Dragomir III and was the effective [[President of Tengaria|Head of State]] of Tengaria for the next five years while the Emperor was imprisoned. The National Army was able to fight a {{wp|Guerrilla War}} against the Amathian forces. With strategic support from Soravia, local support and Kovachev's leaderhsip eventually the National Army was able to recapture key positions and pushing back the Amathians and Ravnians from Tengarian territory. Tengaria's orginal borders were restored at the conclusion of the war.
Following Simeon's death, his party, the Patriotic Union, has continiously held power by wide margins, although it adapted over time to adress particular issues. The country was beset with a financial crisis soon after Simeon's death, and has undergone further development. Tengaria remained geopolitically close to Soravia in the wake of the [[Dissolution of the UPSR]] and brought Tengaria into the diplomatic bloc of [[Samorspi]] in 1984. In 2012, Simeon's grandaughter [[Teodora Kovacheva]] was elected the Presidency.


===The Early Republic (1935-1955)===
==Geography==
[[File:House_of_Magnates_1894.jpg|250px|right|thumb|A session of the Senate of Tengaria in 1937.]]
After the war's conclusion, Kovachev continued to function as the Regent for a short duration after the war. He worked to repair the damages caused by the war, give compensation for wartime destruction, and punished those who had a major role in promoting the Amathian occupation. These processes reunified Tengaria but put the country in debt to Soravia. Repeated attempts to negotiate for the return of Emperor Dragomir from the Ravnians were rebuffed, and eventually the Emperor was handed over to Soravian hands. Soravia refused to let him return, and demanded that Tengaria should become a Republic, although they suggested that Kovachev could easily become dictator. Kovachev, an ardent monarchist, refused to take power, and instead oversaw a transition phase into the new Republic. Without Kovachev's leadership, members from Tengaria's academic field instead wrote the constitution. There were two major opposing schools, those who wanted a conservative and authoritarian regime and were heavily pro-Soravian, and those who wanted to build a democracy reflective of Eastern Euclea. In the end, a compromised was reach, and the writers decided on a Presidential Republic with the legislative and executive being separate. The post of Minister-President would be abolished, but the legislative would still have the legislative control over laws. The Grand Assembly was maintained, although it dropped its Imperial titles and replaced them with National instead. The first elections of the new Republic were held in August of 1935, with the conservative pro-Soravian [[Tengarian Nationalist and Revivalist Party|TNVP]] sweeping the elections, with the prominent academic [[Gregori Ervo]] becoming Tengaria's first President entering office in November of the same year.


Many of the old parties from before the collapse of the Empire remained, although the TNVP had taken most of the support from the old Conservative and Centre parties. The main opposition party was the pro-East Euclean [[Liberal Progressive Party of Tengaria|Liberal Progressive Party]], along with two leftist parties, the [[Social Democrat Party of Tengaria|Social Democrats]] and the [[Tengarian Section of the Worker's Internationale|TSMR]]. On the fringes of the political scene, the [[Restoration Party of Tengaria|Restoration Party]] advocated for the return of the Empire, but failed to gain much support in the first twenty years of the republic. During the first five years of the republic, the TNVP managed to finish many of the things which Kovachev had started, but still struggled with finances. However, although the TNVP had initially held together to accomplish its aims, it soon became apparent that the party's big tent nature was becoming a problem as the factions grew worse. In 1939, several parties split off from the TNVP, included the [[Episemialist Democratic Party of Tengaria|Episemialist Democrats]], the [[Federalist Party|Federalists]] and [[Svoboda Rights|Svoboda Rights]]. The Republic would not again have a united government until 1955; and the National Assembly always relied on large and unstable coalitions. In the 1940 elections, the Liberal Progressives won the Presidency under [[Vasil Stoychev]] and were able to form a majority in the Assembly with TSMR and the Social Democrats. However, without having control of the Senate and being part of a contentious coalition, the government was able to achieve very little. The economic situation, which had shown signs of improvement in the first few years, began to lose all the progress that had been made. Party squabbles and Stoychev's weak Presidency only further served to weaken the situation. In 1943, tensions had reached the point where the Liberal Progressives suffered a fracture into the Republican Party, bringing most legislative work to a standstill. During this time, there arose tensions between Kovachev's national army and the government. Kovachev attempted to keep the army outside of politics, allowing it to become a {{wp|State within a state}}, however, Stoychev and his successor hated the popularity and influence which Kovachev wielded, seeing him as an opponent and his attempts to insulate the army as a potential takeover. For this reason Kovachev and some of his staff were sent to the [[Kabu Civil War]] to act as advisors.
Tengaria is located in Southern [[Euclea]], and has a variety of geographical features and diversity. Tengaria borders two major bodies of water, the [[Acheloian Sea]] to the south, and [[Lake Min]] to the north. The country shares land borders with [[Ravnia]] to the West and [[Amathia]] to the East. Through Lake Min, the country also shares a maritime border with [[Radushia]]. The country has a land area of 305,981 kilometers squared (or 118,140 square miles), making it larger than [[Estmere]] but smaller than [[Amathia]], and the second largest in land area in [[Samorpsi]]. Tengaria on the whole is considered as part of the {{wp|Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests}} {{wp|biome}}, although not all of the country is forested. Common trees in Tengaria include oaks, beeches, and birches, while some of the higher altitude forests include more pines and firs. Some areas in Tengaria more closely approach an alpine biome or {{wp|steppe}}.
[[File:Kossuth_Lajos_utca_a_Ferenciek_tere_felől_nézve._1956._október_25-e_délután,_-_Fortepan_24652.jpg|300px|left|thumb|Anti-goverment protesters in a parade in Istros in 1953.]]
The economic downturn and the increasing incompetency of the government caused resentment in the general populace. Using the people's frustration to his advantage, [[Vladmir Vasilov]], a TSMR politician, was elected as President in 1945, on the platform of reforming the system under a socialist banner. The TSMR did not win enough seats, however, and were forced to rely on a very tenuous four party coalition in the Assembly. While the TSMR found it hard to compromise on legislation with their coalition counterparts, the TNVP led opposition in the Senate maintained a strong check upon anything which the Assembly did manage to overcome. The situation did not change with the 1950 elections, and so Vasilov found it increasingly difficult to do anything, especially with an uncooperative military he could not enforce any extreme measures. Due to the political gridlock of the time, the economy declined significantly, legislation reached a standstill, and partisan infighting only increased. Popular resentment of the government reached dangerously high levels. As the economic situation worsened, many citizens began to consider that the Republic had been a failure, and that the time had come to bring back prosperity by bringing back the Empire. Socialism, which had been seen as the first alternative, largely came to be associated with the failure of the TSMR and so declined in popularity. Political tensions began to rise as the people began to look for an end to the current troubles.


===Tengarian Civil War (1955-1957)===
Tengaria is divided into two major geographical regions, the ''Visocine'' ( highlands) and the ''Nizine'' or Lowlands). The ''Visocine'' are located in the north of the country, and is characterized by hills, mountains, valleys, and forests. This region also includes the coast of Lake Min, which is a popular resort destination. Most of the country's {{wp|Wilderness}}, designated parks and protected lands are located in this region. The ''Nizine'' are located in the south of the country, and feature arable plains, grasslands, marshes, and the coastlands. This region is more populated on a whole than the north, but population is contained mostly in coastal cities or along rivers through the southern regions. This region also contains the majority of the nation's agricultural land. The ''Nizine'' also have grasslands which are used for {{wp|Pasture}}, and have historically been used by the Savader peoples.
''Main Article: [[Tengarian Civil War]]''
[[File:Üllői_út_a_Nagykörút_felől_a_Vajdahunyad_utca_felé_nézve._Fortepan_24768.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Rubble after the failed coup attempt in Lenovo in 1955.]]
In the elections of 1955, [[Dimitri Denov]], former second in command to Kovachev and a war hero of the Great War in his own right, ran on a campaign with the Restoration Party, promising to bring stability, to end the political squabbles, and to restore the Tengarian Empire, calling the Tengarian Republic a political failure. The people, sick with the failure of the Republic and the other parties, followed this message, and so Denov and his party won the election soundly, with the Restoration Party won a plurality of seats in the National Assembly and the Senate, controlling then the whole Grand Assembly and Presidency with a coalition with the sympathetic Episemialist Democrat Party. This did not please most of the left-leaning parties, who despite internal disputes were furious over the loss of the Assembly. Immediately after the election took place in August, the feuding left-leaning parties began to protest the new results, refusing to accept the outcome as legitimate, and called themselves "Republicans", protesting that the new government would restore the tyranny of the Monarchy. With them went several right-leaning politicians of a strong republican bent, but the newly elected government worked out an agreement with the TNVP for a political alliance. Tensions began to grow as the Labour unions began to strike against the new regime in the intervening months. President Vasilov and his administration promoted the agitation and division, furthering the chaos. Soon riots and violent lynchings of prominent Restorationists and Nobles began happening in the streets However, against the President's wishes, Kovachev's forces worked to keep order and to ensure the peaceful transition. This proved the final straw between Vasilov and Kovachev, and he tried to dismiss him from his post. Kovachev, seeing the political chaos that would ensue, refused to resign his post, and he was supported by the majority of the army. And so the transition continued and a semblance of order was restored, however, the tensions still grew worse as the instillation of the new government took place.


On the first day the new government was to be sworn in, the incumbent members of the National Assembly attempted to bar the doors from the newly elected members of the Restoration and other right-leaning parties, and Vasilov refused to leave the Presidential Mansion. National Army forces however entered into Lenovo to oversee the transition happened. No shots were fired and none were killed, but the army had to break down the doors of the Assembly and were forced to arrest and detain the Assemblymen whose term had been completed. Vasilov himself was imprisoned on the charge of treason. The new government was able to come to power, and the army retained its hold around Lenovo. However, news soon spread around Tengaria, bringing mixed messages: most who had voted for Restoration had seen it as an unjust usurpation by the left to hold onto its power in the government, while many also said that the Army had committed a {{wp|Coup d'état}}. Many wished for there to be no violence, which was encouraged by the first pronouncements of the government. Denov immediately called for order and peace to be preserved, and even pardoned Vasilov and the resisting members of the National Assembly, but by this point the Republican faction was ready to carry the fight to open conflict.
Flowing from Lake Min to the sea and through both regions, the [[River Len]] is a major geographic feature and an important body of water, being the only outlet river of Lake Min. The Len River valley is very fertile, and divides the ''Visocine'' in Tengaria into the regions of the Visoclesian Hills and the Radon Hills. The Len River valley is also the center of settlement and development in Tengaria, and the river has three of the most populous cities located along it, from [[Visnagrad]], a popular resort city located on Lake Min, through the capital city, [[Lenovo]], and its surrounding metro area, and flows out near [[Istros]], Tengaria's oldest city and historic centre. The Len River is a wide river and has a deep water flow, and has a significant geographic feature throughout Tengaria's history.
[[File:Jack_Metzger_–_Ungarischer_Freiheitskampf,_1956_(Com_M05-0448-0001).jpg|250px|left|thumb|Tengarian Loyalist militia during the Civil War.]]
There were eleven days of relative peace after the government assumed office, under the careful eye of Kovachev and his forces. However, Kovachev left the city on November 25th to attend a developing crisis in the south. That day, several prominent military officers under Kovachev's command, claiming that they were "saving the republic", launched a coup which they had been planning in conjunction with Republican politicians. Forces stormed the Presidential and mansion and President Denov was brutally slaughtered, along with his wife and children, with their bodies displayed on the lawn as a warning. His Deputy President, [[Simeon Radez]], was able to escape along with some of the prominent officials. However, attempts to enter into the National Assembly were foiled by forces loyal to Kovachev and the new government, and soon open fighting began to break out the streets of Lenovo. The Republican army forces, outmatched and lacking in strategic objectives, were dispatched by nightfall, and the treasonous officers put to death. In the confusion, however, many of the assemblymen and senators had fled the city, most heading to the city of Avren, where support for the Republicans was highest. Some were captured by National Army forces, but most fled towards the south. Radez took control as President, and tried to call for peace, but it was too late. On the 28th of November the new [[People's Republic of Tengaria]] was proclaimed with [[Rumen Santov]] as its president, declaring that they were the legitimate government of Tengaria, and that Radez's administration was unconstitutional and illegitimate. Not a few members of the National Army defected for the People's Republic, although most stayed loyal to Kovachev, who was in turn loyal to the Restoration government.


The War would last a little under two years. Due to the Republican's overall lack of the degree of an organized military that the Radez government possessed, as most of the skilled officers remained with Kovachev, the Radez government had the upper hand on the military front. The republicans often resorted to militias and guerilla warfare to fight against the government, committing acts of terror both against Loyalist forces and any known Loyalist sympathisers. In addition, the anti-clerical Republican forces attacked, looted and destroyed churches, killing priests and religious. This only served to alienate some of the remaining neutrals into siding with the government. Many civilians were killed by Republican actions, although others were killed collateraly by Loyalist artillery and military action. These tactics only prolonged a losing war, and the Republican military forces were soundly beaten by the loyalist forces in nearly every single full battle. However, in 1956 Radez was assasinated by a Republican, throwing the Loyalist government into chaos and slowing down the war effort. Leaving behind no clear successor, Simeon Kovachev took over as head of the government until the crisis was over and declared a state of national emergency, and founded the [[National Rally]] to foster national unity, focused on healing the wounds of the war and unifying Tengaria against partisan infighting. This effort proved massively popular by many, and the Republicans soon found themselves both beaten back and without support. After just under two years of fighting, the Republicans capitulated in November of 1957.
{{Gallery
|title=Gallery
|align=center
|height=150
|width=200
|lines=2
|File:The_Village_Of_Beden_2.jpg|Autumn hillside in [[Lenovo]].
|File:Cape-emine-dinev.jpg|Seaside view in [[Krasiv]]
|File:Evening_at_Danube_gorge.jpg|The Len flowing through the Silver Gates, [[Visoclesia]]
|File:Слънчеви_лъчи.JPG|Radomin Arches, [[Silenya]].
|File:Белоградчишки_скали_07.JPG|Borinev Rocks, [[Deipara]].  
|File:20140624_between_Veliko_Tarnovo_and_Rousse_07.jpg|Agricultrual fields in [[Zŭrno]].
|File:Bixby_Creek_Bridge_2013.jpg|Hills along the coast of Lake Min, [[Visoclesia]].
}}


===Post Civil War Tengaria (1957-present)===
===Climate===
[[File:Sergěj_Vojcechovský_1938.png|200px|left|thumb| [[Simeon Kovachev]], military commander, war hero, and statesman, in formal portrait in 1958.]]
[[File:Kuklite_IMG_3696.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Snowfall is common in the northern hills.]]
In the wake of the Civil War, Simeon Kovachev was left in charge of the government as provisional head. It was clear that the first system of the Republic was a failure. He could not restore the monarchy like he wanted, due to the international backlash that would no doubt arise, especially from Tengaria's main backer and ally, [[Soravia]]. At the same time, he realized that leaving it as it was would only make things worse. To create a solution, he wrote a new constitution for the Republic, in which the Presidency was stronger and had more ability to prevent the issues which had happened in the early republic. The Constitution was based on a strong government to preserve order and unity, and to minimize the effects of civil strife and factionalism. In order to achieve this, he began actively promoting his campaign, the [[National Rally]]. The Rally was a non-partisan movement, running on a platform of establishing national stability, order, and ending partisanship. After decades of political chaos and a Civil War, the idea was massively popular. Kovachev and National Rally swept the elections under the new constitution in 1958, and he began to make reforms and to stabilize the country. Under his economic policies, Tengaria saw an economic boom over the next two decades, overcoming the debt the republic had wracked up and making a surplus by 1970. He revitalized Tengarian education, making it one of his chief priorities to do so.
Tengaria is divided into two climates roughly corresponding to the main geographic divisions to the country. The entire ''Visocine'' and the northern part of the ''Nizine'' have a {{wp|Humid continental climate}}, which covers most of the country. The hills to the north of the country block the warm fronts from the south, and so this part of the country is cooler and has more snowfall. The summers are warm, and generally see less rainfall than the cold winter, but there is not enough of a distinction to make the summers dry. The remaining part of the country along the coast has a {{wp|Humid subtropical climate}}, and is much more exposed to the warm air currents from the south. This part of the country sees hot and humid summers with rain and thunderstorms, and does not have a freezing month.  
 
[[Dimitri Kovachev]], Simeon's son, was elected as President after the death of his father in 1983. Less of an idealist than his philosopher and more of a pragmatist, he did not continue to develop many of the projects his father had laid the foundation for, instead trying to modernize Tengaria more and to ensure the survival of the National Rally throughout the next decades. He instituted six year terms for the Presidency, and also brought Tengaria into [[Samorspi]]. However, Dimitri was never as popular as his father, and during his Presidency corruption began to develop within the Rally and government. His reign also saw political repression of opposition groups.


==Geography==
Tengaria's average rainfall is 703 mm, but differs on the area of the country. The highest rainfall in the ''Visocine'' comes during the winter, while it is usually in the early summer months fro the ''Nizine''. The ''Nizine'' also tend to receive more rainfall than the South, due to the higher elevation and precipitation from Lake Min. {{wp|Lake-effect snow}} comes from Lake Min, and snowfall is abundant in the North; however, the southern parts will usually receive snow during the winter, although it is less common. The snow cover usually lasts anywhere from 20 days in the lowlands to up to 7 months in the higher hills. The average temperature of Tengaria is 12.4 °C, usually ranging from an average of 15.2 °C in the ''Visocine'' to 8.3 °C in the ''Nizine''. The highest ever recording was taken in July of 1941 in [[Krasiv]], with a recording of 45.4 °C, while the lowest recording was taken in January of 2016 in upper [[Silenya]], with a recording of −36.1 °C.


Tengaria is located in Southern [[Euclea]], and has a variety of geographical features and diversity. Tengaria borders two major bodies of water, the [[Acheloian Sea]] to the south, and [[Lake Min]] to the north. The country shares land borders with [[Ravnia]] to the West and [[Amathia]] to the East. Through Lake Min, the country also shares a maritime border with [[Radushia]]. The country has a land area of 305,981 kilometers squared (or 118,140 square miles), making it larger than [[Estmere]] but smaller than [[Amathia]], and the second largest in land area in [[Samorpsi]].
{{Weather box
|location = Tengaria (records from all meteo stations)
|collapsed =
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan record high C = 26.1
|Feb record high C = 26.8
|Mar record high C = 36.9
|Apr record high C = 37.5
|May record high C = 39
|Jun record high C = 42.4
|Jul record high C = 45.4
|Aug record high C = 44.9
|Sep record high C = 42.3
|Oct record high C = 38.9
|Nov record high C = 37.1
|Dec record high C = 26.5
|year record high C = 45.4


Flowing from Lake Min to the sea, the [[River Len]] is a major geographic feature and an important body of water, being the only outlet river of Lake Min. The Len River valley is very fertile, and divides the major ranges of hills in Tengaria into the Visoclesian Hills and the Radon Hills. The Len River valley is also the center of settlement and development in Tengaria, and the river has three of the most populous cities located along it, including the capital, [[Lenovo]]. The Len River is wide and has a deep water flow.
|Jan record low C = −36.1
|Feb record low C = −34
|Mar record low C = −31.3
|Apr record low C = −20.6
|May record low C = −15.6
|Jun record low C = −11.3
|Jul record low C = −6.4
|Aug record low C = −9.8
|Sep record low C = −13.2
|Oct record low C = −17
|Nov record low C = −25.5
|Dec record low C = −32.9
|year record low C = −36.1
|source 1 =
|date=February 2020
}}


Tengaria is considered as part of the {{wp|Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests}} {{wp|biome}}, although not all of the country is forested. Tengaria has a variety of terrains, from coastal plains, rugged hills, deep valleys, and even some smaller mountains located within the hills. Much of Tengaria is still rural, with most of the population being concentrated within the more settled areas, such as along the southern coast or in the Len River Valley. Tengaria also has land set aside for preservation and public use.
===Biodiversity and Enviroment===
[[File:016_Wild_Golden_Eagle_in_flight_at_Pfyn-Finges_(Switzerland)_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg|200px|left|thumb|An {{wp|Golden eagle|''Aquila Chrysaetos''}}, a symbolic bird for the country.]]


===Climate===
Tengaria is home to a variety of wildlife, most of which are common to Southern and Western Euclea. Tengaria also has various species of birds, such as the {{wp|partridge}}, mammals, such as {{wp|European Bison|bison}} insects, and other aquatic life. The most prominent and prestigious animal is the {{wp|Eagle}}, especially the {{wp|Golden eagle|''Aquila Chrysaetos''}} and the more rare {{wp|Eastern Imperial Eagle|''Aquila Heliaca''}} varieties. The eagle, seen as a symbol of {{wp|Saint John the Apostle}}, is also considered the country's animal, having a rich history of Imperial and Solarian imagery. The coast off of Tengaria as well as the rivers also have a rich abundance of fish and other marine life. In addition to animal and marine life, Tengaria also has many species of plants, especially in the forested regions of the north. {{wp|Oak tree|Oak}} and {{wp|Birch tree|Birch}} are the most common trees, although coniferous species exist as well.


Tengaria has two major climates, {{wp|Humid subtropical climate}} {{wp|Humid continental climate}}.
Tengaria has 13 designated parks, 18 nature reserves, and many more protected areas, set aside by the government to protect the natural wildlife and the enviroment. Most of these are in the rural areas of the country, especially in the north. Most of these areas are also forested and protected from human development. These parks are home to much of Tengaria's wildlife, and also serve as popular attractions, both for tourists and citizens. The government has done certain developments in the parks and reserves, such as the construction of trails and shelters, to provide better access to these places. However, certain protected areas are completely untouched so as not to disturb the ecosystem. Tengaria is generally considered environmentally-friendly, has comparatively little air pollution, but is still working to prevent water and soil pollution, which mostly comes from the use of pesticides and outdated sewage.


===Biodiversity===
===Urbanization===


===Major Cities===
Most of Tengaria's population is located in the cities. Almost seven million people, or roughly 30% of the population, live in the country's twenty largest cities. Of these, the four largest, [[Lenovo]], [[Istros]], [[Visnagrad]] and [[Magnalia]], have populations over a three hundred thousand people people. Much of the urban spread is concentrated along the [[Len River]] valley, the southern coast, or the coast of [[Lake Min]]. In addition, the metropolitan area of each of these cities is larger than the numbers given. However, certain cities on the list, such as [[Rhun]] and [[Isen]], fall into the metropolitan area of another city, in this case, Lenovo.


{{Largest cities
{{Largest cities
Line 222: Line 260:
|city_2 = Istros
|city_2 = Istros
|div_2 = Istros
|div_2 = Istros
|pop_2 = 1,343,120
|pop_2 = 463,120
|img_2 = Roman_Theatre_Plovdiv_2.jpg
|img_2 = Roman_Theatre_Plovdiv_2.jpg


|city_3 = Visnagrad
|city_3 = Visnagrad
|div_3 = Visoclesia
|div_3 = Visoclesia
|pop_3 = 1,232,459
|pop_3 = 352,459
|img_3 = Varna_Plage.JPG
|img_3 = Varna_Plage.JPG


|city_4 = Drangovo
|city_4 = Magnalia
|div_4 = Ustata
|div_4 = Gura
|pop_4 = 974,309
|pop_4 = 313,309
|img_4 = Burgas_Juni2012_Hafen_Burgas.jpg
|img_4 = Burgas_Juni2012_Hafen_Burgas.jpg


|city_5 = Garna
|city_5 = Garna
|div_5 = Visoclesia
|div_5 = Visoclesia
|pop_5 = 932,209
|pop_5 = 303,209


|city_6 = Rodev
|city_6 = Rodev
|div_6 = Ustata
|div_6 = Gura
|pop_6 = 845,544
|pop_6 = 285,544


|city_7 = Vasilgrad
|city_7 = Agnita
|div_7 = Vasilya
|div_7 = Vasilya
|pop_7 = 844,321
|pop_7 = 262,321


|city_8 = Rhŭn
|city_8 = Rhun
|div_8 = Lenovo
|div_8 = Lenovo
|pop_8 = 735,162
|pop_8 = 245,162


|city_9 = Vihren
|city_9 = Vihren
|div_9 = Zŭrno
|div_9 = Zŭrno
|pop_9 = 714,256
|pop_9 = 225,256


|city_10 = Plastina
|city_10 = Plastina
|div_10 = Bogorodista
|div_10 = Deipara
|pop_10 = 695,299
|pop_10 = 213,299


|city_11 = Brestovo
|city_11 = Hobita
|div_11 = Zŭrno
|div_11 = Zŭrno
|pop_11 = 626,124
|pop_11 = 201,124


|city_12 = Avren
|city_12 = Avren
|div_12 = Dostiga
|div_12 = Dostiga
|pop_12 = 573,122
|pop_12 = 193,122


|city_13 = Bogorodista
|city_13 = Deipara
|div_13 = Bogorodista
|div_13 = Deipara
|pop_13 = 543,210
|pop_13 = 174,210


|city_14 = Isen
|city_14 = Isen
|div_14 = Lenovo
|div_14 = Lenovo
|pop_14 = 506,344
|pop_14 = 169,344


|city_15 = Silen
|city_15 = Silen
|div_15 = Silenya
|div_15 = Silenya
|pop_15 = 310,326
|pop_15 = 168,326


|city_16 = Drenta
|city_16 = Corbeni
|div_16 = Visoclesia
|div_16 = Visoclesia
|pop_16 = 304,715
|pop_16 = 156,715


|city_17 = Elena
|city_17 = Elena
|div_17 = Krasiv
|div_17 = Krasiv
|pop_17 = 273,911
|pop_17 = 145,911


|city_18 = Osina
|city_18 = Osina
|div_18 = Dostiga
|div_18 = Dostiga
|pop_18 = 234,902
|pop_18 = 141,902


|city_19 = Dimovsti
|city_19 = Alba Florina
|div_19 = Krasiv
|div_19 = Krasiv
|pop_19 = 144,748
|pop_19 = 132,748


|city_20 = Cosmingrad
|city_20 = Cosmingrad
|div_20 =  Khŭlm
|div_20 =  Khŭlm
|pop_20 = 132,862
|pop_20 = 113,862
}}
}}


Line 303: Line 341:


===Government===
===Government===
''Main Article: [[President of Tengaria]], [[Grand Assembly of Tengaria]], [[List of political parties in Tengaria]]''
''Main Article: [[President of Tengaria]], [[Senate (Tengaria)]], [[List of political parties in Tengaria]]''
{{multiple image
{{multiple image
|align=right
|align=right
Line 313: Line 351:
|width2=181
|width2=181
|caption2='''[[Imre Király]]'''<br>{{small|[[Deputy President of Tengaria]]}}<br>since 2018}}
|caption2='''[[Imre Király]]'''<br>{{small|[[Deputy President of Tengaria]]}}<br>since 2018}}
Tengaria is a {{wp|Unitary state|Unitary}} {{wp|Republic}} that uses a {{wp|Presidential System}} of government, with heavy powers being granted to the nation's President. The First [[Constitution of Tengaria#First_Constitution|Constitution]] of the Republic, which was in place from 1935 until 1958, was overturned after issues with its structure of government and political division caused the rise in the [[Tengarian Civil War]] in 1955. [[Simeon Kovachev]] authored the Second Constitution after the Civil War, and it was approved by referendum and promulgated on the 15 of March, 1958. The Second Constitution of Tengaria is considered the prime legal document of the Nation, and was meant to provide a strong government to fix the problems with the nation under Kovachev's supervision. [[Dimitri Kovachev]] instituted several reforms to the Constitution in 1999, approved by referendum.  
Tengaria is a {{wp|Unitary state|Unitary}} {{wp|Republic}} that uses a {{wp|Presidential System}} of government. The First [[Constitution of Tengaria#First_Constitution|Constitution]] of the Republic, which was in place from 1935 until 1948, was more parliamentary but was replaced after years of serious political issues, partisan infighting and infighting within the executive branch. [[Simeon Kovachev]] authored the Second Constitution, which was meant to provide a strong government to fix the problems of the first. This Constitution is considered the prime legal document of the Nation, and it outlines the basis, purpose, and particular system of government. Notably, the constitution draws its foundational principles primarily from the Sotirian and {{wp|Aristotleanism|Teleological}} ideas of the [[Istina School]].  
 
The [[President of Tengaria|President]] is both the {{wp|head of state}} and the {{wp|head of government}}. The President is the {{wp|Commander-in-Chief}} of the Tengarian Armed Forces, appoints the members of the State Council, can submit or {{wp|veto}} legislation, appoints cabinet members and justices with approval of the Senate, is responsible to determine and to implement {{wp|domestic policy}} and {{wp|foreign policy}}, and in addition has all of the ceremonial duties of a {{wp|head of state}}. The President serves six-year terms, but there is no term limit in the Constitution. The President is the most powerful and influential figure in the Tengarian government. The President appoints the [[Deputy President of Tengaria|Deputy President]], who functions as both deputy head-of-state and deputy head-of-government, serves as speaker of the Chamber of Deputies, and becomes the President if the President dies in office. In addition, the President also appoints the [[Cabinet of Tengaria]] to assist them in affairs of state. The current President is [[Teodora Koacheva]], who was elected to office in 2014 after the death of her father and re-elected in 2018; upon her second term, she appointed [[Imre Király]] as her Deputy President.
[[File:Tengaria Assembly.svg|thumb|250px|left|{{legend|#FFD931|Patriotic Union: 330 seats}} {{legend|#A1FDFF|Democratic Front: 12 seats}} {{legend|#97222D|Social Reform Front: 5 seats}} {{legend|#BFBFBF|Independent: 33 seats}}]]
 
During the first Republic, the President was elected through a popular {{wp|direct election}}. Under the 1948 Constitution, Tengaria uses an {{wp|electoral college}} to {{wp|Indirect election|indirectly elect}} the President. The College, called the Aduna Mala, is comprised of 150 eligible electors, although there may be fewer depending on the circumstances, at least 101 electors (two-thirds of eligible members) are needed to form a quorum. All sitting State Councilors, the sitting prefects from the six prefectures, the twenty-seven provincial praetors, and twenty-two representatives selected from the Chamber of Delegates are permitted to be part of the Aduna. The election is overseen by the previous Deputy President, who may cast the deciding vote in the case of a tie. Prior to the vote, the first sessions of the electoral college are meant as periods of deliberation and discussion before finally arriving at a chance to vote. A two-thirds majority of votes from the present electors is necessary for the President to be selected, and the Aduna may take many ballots as necessary until this is reached.  


The [[President of Tengaria|President]] is both the {{wp|head of state}} and the {{wp|head of government}}, and wields broad executive powers. The President is the {{wp|Commander-in-Chief}} of the Tengarian Armed Forces, appoints the members of the Tengarian Senate, can submit or {{wp|veto}} legislation, appoints cabinet members and justices with approval of the Senate, to determine and to implimate {{wp|domestic policy}} and {{wp|foreign policy}}, and has all of the ceremonial duties of a {{wp|head of state}}. Under the original constitution, the President served for life; however, President [[Dimitri Kovachev]] reformed the limit to unlimited six-year terms as part of his constitutional reforms to bring it into more compliance with modern governments. The President is the most powerful and influential figure in the Tengarian government. The President also appoints the [[Deputy President of Tengaria|Deputy President]], who serves as speaker of the National Assembly and becomes active President if the President dies in office. In addition, the President also appoints the [[Cabinet of Tengaria]] to assist them in affairs of state. The current President is [[Teodora Koacheva]], who was elected to office in 2014 after the death of her father and re-elected in 2018; upon her second term, she appointed [[Imre Király]] as her Deputy President.
Legislative power is invested in the [[Senate (Tengaria)|Senate]], which is a {{wp|bicameral}} legislature, consisting in the upper house, the [[Senate (Tengaria)#State Council|State Council]], and the lower house, the [[Senate (Tengaria)#Chamber of Deputies|Chamber of Deputies]]. The Senate is officially a non-partisan legislature, and neither house has any group majority functionalities, instead operating on a system of {{wp|consensus government}}. The State Council focuses on judicial oversight, presidential appointments, and cultural and ceremonial affairs of Tengaria. Councilors serve for life terms or until they resign, and are appointed by the President. There are 95 seats in the State Council. Members of the State Council are expected by the Constitution to have communal importance and high moral standing. The Chamber of Deputies is the house which deals more actively in legislative affairs, and can create legislation, declare war, has {{wp|power of the purse}}, approves treaties, and other legislative prerogatives. There are 380 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, and members serve six year terms. Seats are divided among the eleven Provinces by population.
[[File:Tengaria Assembly.svg|thumb|250px|left|{{legend|#FFD931|National Rally: 330 seats}} {{legend|#A1FDFF|Democratic Front: 12 seats}} {{legend|#97222D|Social Reform Front: 5 seats}} {{legend|#BFBFBF|Independent: 33 seats}}]]
Legislative power is invested in the [[Grand Assembly of Tengaria]], which is a {{wp|bicameral}} legislature, consisting in the upper house, the [[Senate of Tengaria]], and the lower house, the [[National Assembly of Tengaria]]. The Senate of Tengaria focuses on judicial oversight, presidential appointments, and cultural and ceremonial affairs of Tengaria. Senators serve for life terms or until they resign, and are appointed by the President. There are 50 seats in the Senate, and all are considered independent politicians in {{wp|Consensus government}}. One can still be a member of the National Rally, but all Senators are encouraged to function as independents. Several clergy and noblemen are granted seats in the Senate, including the claimant to the [[List of Tengarian Monarchs|defunct throne]] of Tengaria, [[Vasil VI, Emperor of Tengaria|Vasil VI]]. The National Assembly is the house which deals more actively in legislative affairs, and can create legislation, declare war, has {{wp|power of the purse}}, approves treaties, and other legislative prerogatives. There are 380 seats in the National Assembly, and Assembly members serve six year terms. Seats are divided among the 11 Provinces by population.


The government has been dominated by the [[Kovachev family]], who have controlled the powerful Presidency for sixty years, and the political movement they lead, the [[National Rally]], which is socially conservative and explicitly anti-partisan, has consistently dominated the legislature by huge margins.  Although ''de jure'' a {{wp|non-partisan democracy}}, National Rally's dominance of the Presidency and Legislature makes it a ''de facto'' {{wp|Dominant-party state}}. Tengaria and its constitution is considered by most Eastern Euclean sources as undemocratic and authoritarian. Questions about the veracity of election results, combined with the promotion of the National Rally in media, literature and education, and rumors of suppression of other political movements, give it a low ranking on many international democracy listings. In 2020, Tengaria scored 46 out of 100 on the ''International Freedoms and Civil Liberties'' Report in 2020, and is tied for lowest in [[Euclea]] with [[West Miersa]], and is classified as an "Obstructed Democracy". It was the lowest in Euclea for some time, only recently being tied with West Miersa.
The government has been dominated by the [[Kovachev family]], who have controlled the powerful Presidency for sixty years, and the political movement they lead, the [[Patriotic Union (Tengaria)|Patriotic Union]], which is socially conservative and explicitly anti-partisan, has consistently (but unofficially) dominated the legislature by huge margins.  Although ''de jure'' a {{wp|non-partisan democracy}}, the Union's dominance of the Presidency and Legislature makes it a ''de facto'' {{wp|dominant-party state}}. Tengaria and its constitution is considered by most Eastern Euclean sources as undemocratic and authoritarian. Questions about the veracity of election results, combined with the promotion of the Patriotic Union in media, literature and education, and rumors of suppression of other political movements, give it a low ranking on many international democracy listings.  


===Foreign Relations and International Institutions===
===Foreign Relations and International Institutions===
''Main Article: [[Foreign Relations of Tengaria]]''  
''Main Article: [[Foreign Relations of Tengaria]]''  
[[File:Gabriel,_Mariya-2605.jpg|200px|right|thumb| [[Violeta Bogdaneva]], current Minister of Foreign Affairs.]]
[[File:Gabriel,_Mariya-2605.jpg|200px|right|thumb| [[Violeta Alba]], current Minister of Foreign Affairs.]]
Tengaria's Foreign Policy is overseen by the President, who designates much of the responsibility and administration of this to the executive department of the [[Cabinet of Tengaria|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] , which is headed by the {{wp|Foreign Minister|Minister of Foreign Affairs}}. This ministry has been headed by [[Violeta Bogdaneva]], the former ambassador to [[Soravia]], since 2018. Ambassadors are appointed to their positions by the President and serve at the President's pleasure. Tengaria has established diplomatic relations with many states across the world; it has diplomatic embassies in over 40 countries, while many countries have embassies or diplomatic missions in the city of [[Lenovo]].
Tengaria's Foreign Policy is overseen by the President, who designates much of the responsibility and administration of this to the executive department of the [[Cabinet of Tengaria|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] , which is headed by the {{wp|Foreign Minister|Minister of Foreign Affairs}}. This ministry has been headed by [[Violeta Alba]], the former ambassador to [[Soravia]], since 2018. Ambassadors are appointed to their positions by the President and serve at the President's pleasure. Tengaria has established diplomatic relations with many states across the world; it has diplomatic embassies in over 40 countries, while many countries have embassies or diplomatic missions in the city of [[Lenovo]].
 
Tengaria has historically been an ally and supporter of [[Soravia]] since the early 19th century. Although it previously was a part of and had closer kinship with [[Amathia]], relations were greatly damaged after the [[Iconoclast Wars]]. In the early 20th century, as Ravnia and Amathia became more powerful, Tengaria fell under the sphere of influence of Soravia, which it has remained under. It was Soravia's ally during the [[Great War (Kylaris)|Great War]], and became indebted to Soravia during its occupation and rebuilding. Tengaria was one of the first non-former [[All-Soravian Union of Republics|UPSR]] countries to join [[Samorspi]] in 1984. Tengaria is the only member of Samorspi which was never a part of the Soravian Empire or Republic, and is also the second most populous and powerful state in the alliance. Despite being closely aligned with Soravia in foreign policy, Tengaria has also made it a priority to maintain its sovereignty.


Tengaria has historically been an ally and supporter of [[Soravia]] since the early 19th century. Although it previously was a part of and had closer kinship with [[Amathia]], relations were greatly damaged after the [[Iconoclast Wars]], and never fully recovered. In the early 20th century, as Ravnia and Amathia became more powerful, Tengaria fell under the sphere of influence of Soravia, which it has remained under. It was Soravia's ally during the [[Great War (Kylaris)|Kylaris]], and became indebted to Soravia during its occupation and rebuilding. It initially supported the government during the [[Sostava War]], however, Dimitri Kovachev reversed this policy and supported the Patriot's Front instead after the war's conclusion, and led Tengaria to join [[Samorspi]] in 1984. Tengaria is the only member of Samorspi which was never a part of the Soravian Empire or Republic, and the second most populous and powerful state in the alliance. Despite being closely aligned with Soravia, Tengaria has also made it a priority to maintain its national soveriegnty.
Tengaria is a founding member of the [[Community of Nations]], joining the organization in 1935 along with its ally Soravia. Tengaria has usually supported its ally Soravia in CN decisions, although it has acted against it in particular decisions. Tengarian has fielded one [[Secretary-General of the Community of Nations]], [[Theodosii Istina]], from 1984 until 1988. Istina promoted global educational programs across the world, as well as for the protection of culture and world religions, which Tengaria has always supported. Tengaria has complicated relationships with its neighbors. In addition, Tengaria's status on the global scale is mixed. The country is a popular tourist destination, but is criticized by many for its undemocratic government and authoritarianism.


Tengaria is a founding member of the [[Community of Nations]], joining the organization in 1935 along with its ally Soravia. Tengaria has usually supported its ally Soravia in CN decisions, although it has acted against it in particular decisions. Tengarian has fielded one [[Secretary-General of the Community of Nations]], [[Theodosii Istina]], from 1984 until 1988, a controversial pick in regards to Tengaria's government but an important decision in the wake of the Sostava War. Istina promoted global educational programs across the world, as well as for the protection of culture and world religions, which Tengaria has always supported. Tengaria has complicated relationships with its neighbors. Tensions have not been fully healed with Amathia and Ravnia on account of tensions from the Great War, or Amathia's support of the Republicans during the Civil War. In addition, Tengaria's status on the global scale is mixed. The country is a popular tourist destination, but is criticized by many for its undemocratic government and authoritarianism.
Because of Amathian occupation during the [[Great War]] and opposition to [[Equalism]], tensions with Amathia persisted for many years but has greatly improved since the fall of the [[South Euclean People's Republic]]. This is due to the fact that the Tengarian government has stressed the common Solarian heritage of both nations and have sought increased political and economic cooperation after the fall of Equalism in Amathia. On account of this emphasis, it became an observer of the [[Association of Solarian Nations]] in 1982, barred full membership on account of the fact that Tengarian is generally considered a Marolevic rather than Solarian language, and participates enthusiastically with the programs as much as they are permitted. Internationally, Tengaria promotes itself as a country with strong Solarian heritage with Marolevic elements, working with both Southern and Western Euclean countries.


===Judiciary and Law Enforcement===
===Judiciary and Law Enforcement===
''Main Article: [[Tengarian Judiciary]], [[Tengarian National Guard]]''
''Main Article: [[Tengarian Judiciary]], [[Tengarian Home Guard]]''
[[File:Gendarmerie_members.JPG|300px|left|thumb| Members of the National Guard in Lenovo.]]
[[File:Budapest,_Lipótváros,_1054_Hungary_-_panoramio_(96).jpg|250px|left|thumb|The [[Tengarian Judiciary#High_Court|High Court]] building in [[Lenovo]].]]
Tengaria uses a {{wp|Civil_law_(legal_system)|Civil Law System}}, which relies on a {{wp|Civil code|set code}} of laws. Under the second Constitution of Tengaria, this code has been the ''[[Обнародвания]] (Obnarodvaniya)'', or the ''Promulgations'', which was codified and established by Emperor [[Vasil III, Emperor of Tengaria|Vasil III]] in 1785. This is one of the oldest set of civil codes which are still in use; and is a through compilation of four hundred years Imperial Tengarian law, which is in turn derived from the old {{wp|Roman law|Solarian law}} and its successor {{wp|Byzantine law|Arcilucan law}} which were brought to Tengaria during the rule of the [[Empire of Arciluco]]. During the early republic, the Republicans introduced a new legal code which conformed more to Eastern Euclean legal practices, but Kovachev reintroduced it in 1958 when he took power. There have been changes since them and modifications to adapt to recent developments, but the fundamental basis of the code has remained the same and largely unaltered. As such, Tengaria's legal system is one of the most unique in the world, although it bears similarities to its neighbors as well as those which are influenced by Solarian law. Unlike other civil-law systems which use inquisitorial systems, Tengaria uses an {{wp|adversarial system}}, but without a jury. There is also a distinct system of {{wp|military justice}} which applies to members of the National Forces, which is overseen by the Minister of Defense.
Tengaria uses a {{wp|Civil_law_(legal_system)|Civil Law System}}, which relies on a {{wp|Civil code|set code}} of laws. Under the second Constitution of Tengaria, this code has been the ''Promulgani'' (originally titled ''Promulgationes'' in Solarian, signifying the word "Promulgations"), which was codified and established by Emperor [[Vasil III, Emperor of Tengaria|Vasil III]] in 1785. This is one of the oldest set of civil codes which are still in use; and is a through compilation of four hundred years Imperial Tengarian law, which is in turn derived from the old {{wp|Roman law|Solarian law}} and its successor {{wp|Byzantine law|Arcilucan law}} which were brought to Tengaria during the rule of the [[Empire of Arciluco]]. There have been changes since them and modifications to adapt to recent developments, but the fundamental basis of the code has remained the same and largely unaltered. As such, Tengaria's legal system is one of the most unique in the world, although it bears similarities to its neighbors as well as those which are influenced by Solarian law. Unlike other civil-law systems which use inquisitorial systems, Tengaria uses an {{wp|adversarial system}}, but without a jury.  


In the days of the Empire, the Emperor was considered the highest legal authority, however, in practice the Emperor designated judges to determine cases. Even still, a few exceptional cases were still tried before the Emperor. Reflecting this, Tengaria, the court system is overseen by the President and the {{wp|Justice minister|Minister of justice}}, currently [[Tihomir Todorov]], which by custom is chosen from a political independent and not a full member of the Rally. The Second Constitution of Tengaria establishes the highest judicial power is given to the High Court, comprised of three High Judges, with the most senior judge presiding over the case. Given the importance which Tengaria places on its legal code, the High Court does not practice {{wp|Judicial review}}, but rather is the court of last appeal. Below the High Court are the National Courts, Provincial Courts, and Municipality Courts, which differ in degrees of authority and appeal. The President nominates all High and National Judges, all of which are approved through the Senate, while provincial judges are appointed by provincial governments and municipal juges by municipal authorities. Judges may be removed by the President with the approval of the Senate, however, this only happens rarely, and many judges serve for life. Due to the heavy influence of the executive in judicial affairs, Tengaria has one of the lowest rankings of {{wp|Judicial independence}} in Euclea.
In Tengaria, the court system is overseen by the President and the {{wp|Justice minister|Minister of justice}}. The Constitution of Tengaria establishes the highest judicial power is given to the [[Tengarian Judiciary#High Court|High Court]], comprised of three High Judges, with the most senior judge presiding over the case. Given the importance which Tengaria places on its legal code, the High Court does not practice {{wp|judicial review}}, but rather is the court of last appeal. Below the High Court are the Civil Courts, Prefectural Courts, and Provincial Courts, which differ in degrees of authority and appeal. The President nominates all High and Civil Judges, all of which are approved through the Senate, while prefectural judges are appointed by Prefects and provincial juges by the Pretors. Judges may be removed by the President with the approval of the Senate, however, this only happens rarely, and many judges serve for life. Due to the heavy influence of the executive in judicial affairs, Tengaria has one of the lowest rankings of {{wp|judicial independence}} in Euclea.


The law is enforced jointly by the [[Tengarian National Guard]] and the [[Tengarian National Police]]. The primary of these, the National Guard, is a {{wp|Gendarmerie}} force which is dedicated to maintaining order in Tengaria, as well as being able to protect government officials, respond to interior threats and emergencies. As it is a branch of the [[Tengarian National Forces]], it is overseen by the President and the [[Defense Minister|Minister of Defense]], although it does also work in cooperation with the Minister of the Interior and the Minister of Justice. The National Guard is equipped to deal with emergency situations, and also have specialized forces which can respond to anything, including being trained in anti-terrorism measures, especially against the [[Tengarian Republican Army]]. The National Police are overseen by the Minister of the Interior, and have responsibility for more mundane policing tasks, such as traffic policing, crime investigation. The National Police are more commonly seen in cities and larger towns, and each municipal police force is overseen at the provincial level and ultimately at the national level.  
In addition to the civil courts, Tengaria also has military and ecclesiastical courts. The military courts have distinct system of {{wp|military justice}} which applies to members of the Armed Forces, which is overseen by the Minister of Defense. Court-martials and crimes related to military service or property are dealt with by these courts, although usually only with the. The {{wp|ecclesiastical court}} deals with crimes committed by clergy, against church property, or crimes against {{wp|canon law}}. The authority and jurisdiction of these courts were greater in the Imperial era before the establishment of the Tengarian Republic, and were never completely dismantled. Most notably, Tengaria's ecclesiastical courts deal with almost all issues pertaining to marriage and divorce, except barring non-Episemialists who recieve a special civil-marriage recognition.
[[File:Gendarmerie_members.JPG|300px|right|thumb|Members of the [[Tengarian Home Guard|Home Guard]] in Lenovo.]]
The law is enforced jointly by the [[Tengarian Home Guard]] and the [[Tengarian Police]]. The primary of these, the Home Guard, is a {{wp|gendarmerie}} force which is dedicated to maintaining order in Tengaria, as well as being able to protect government officials, respond to interior threats and emergencies. As it is a branch of the [[Tengarian Armed Forces]], it is overseen by the President and the {{wp|defense Minister|Minister of Defense}}, although it does also work in cooperation with the Minister of the Interior and the Minister of Justice. The Home Guard is equipped to deal with emergency situations, and also have specialized forces which can respond to anything, including being trained in anti-terrorism measures. In addition, the Home Guard also has branches which oversee {{wp|border control}} and {{wp|intelligence agency|intelligence operations}}. The Police are overseen by the Minister of the Interior, and have responsibility for more mundane policing tasks, such as traffic policing and crime investigation. The Police are more commonly seen in cities and larger towns, and each municipal police force is overseen at the provincial level and ultimately at the country-wide level.  


Tengaria has a relatively low crime rate, with fairly low homicide rates, and the majority of crime being related to transport, drug usage or theft. Recreational drug use is illegal in Tengaria, and excessive use of alchohol is also punishable by fine. Tobacco products are legal, but heavily taxed and discouraged by the government. Under the Presidency of [[Dimitri Kovachev]], government officials became increasing involved in cases of economic {{wp|polticial corruption}}, such as bribery or misuse of public funds. Since Teodora took office in 2014, economic corruption has been severely cut back upon by her anti-corruption policies; however, international institutions accuse Tengaria of still practicing {{wp|nepotism}} and rewarding loyalists rather than competent members.  
Tengaria has a relatively low crime rate, with fairly low homicide rates, and the majority of crime being related to transport, drug usage or theft. Recreational drug use is illegal in Tengaria, and excessive use of alcohol is also punishable by fine. Tobacco products are legal, but heavily taxed and discouraged by the government. In previous decades, government officials became increasing involved in cases of economic {{wp|polticial corruption}}, such as bribery or misuse of public funds. Since Teodora took office in 2014, economic corruption has been severely cut back upon by her anti-corruption policies; however, international institutions accuse Tengaria of still practicing {{wp|nepotism}} and rewarding loyalists rather than competent members.  


===Military===
===Military===
''Main Article: [[Tengarian National Forces]], [[Tengarian National Army]]''
''Main Article: [[Tengarian Armed Forces]], [[Tengarian Army]], [[Tengarian Navy]], [[Tengarian Air Force]]''
[[File:2nd_Army_Brigade_Combat_Team_final_attack_in_Combined_Resolve_XIII_200202-Z-KY097-7288.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Members of the National Army in the {{wp|BMP-23|BLK-7 Istrov}} during a training exercise.]]
[[File:2nd_Army_Brigade_Combat_Team_final_attack_in_Combined_Resolve_XIII_200202-Z-KY097-7288.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Members of the Army in the {{wp|BMP-23|BLK-7 Istrov}} during a training exercise.]]
 
Tengaria has a long military tradition which dates from the [[Empire of Arciluco]], with a heritage from the [[Solarian Empire]]. The military of Tengaria, known as the [[Tengarian Armed Forces]], are divided into four major parts, the [[Tengarian Army]], the [[Tengarian Navy]], the [[Tengarian Air Force]], and the Home Guard. Tengaria has a medium sized armed force, with over 90,000 {{wp|active duty}} personnel and 60,000 {{wp|Military reserve force|reservists}}. Historically, the army has always been the principal branch of service, and receives most of the manpower and funding. The President is the {{wp|Commander-in-Chief}} of the Armed Forces and still retains a great deal of influence than most other countries. However, most practical matters of defense are handled by the {{wp|Defense Minister|Minister of Defense}}, currently [[Angel Aclementi]], in conjunction with the Chief of Staff.


The military of Tengaria, or the [[Tengarian National Forces]], are divided into three main parts, the [[Tengarian National Army]], the [[Tengarian National Navy]], and the [[Tengarian National Air Force]], although the National Guard are also a part branch. Tengaria has a medium sized armed force, with over 90,000 {{wp|active duty}} personnel and 60,000 {{wp|Military reserve force|reservists}}. Historically, the army has always been the principal branch of service, and recieves most of the manpower and funding. The President is the {{wp|Commander-in-Chief}} of the Armed Forces and still retains a great deal of influence than most other countries. However, most matters of defense are handled by the {{wp|Defense Minister|Minister of Defense}}, currently [[Angel Zlatanev]], in connjuction with the Chief of Staffs. Since 1958, Defense Ministers have been drawn from the active and high ranking officers of the military, and is not held to be a political position. There is a strong martial culture within Tengaria since the beginning of Kovachev's regime, and the military is routinely presented as being necessary for the defense and well-ordering of the Republic. Public holidays such as Army Day and Liberation Day celebrate the armed forces, and military parades are held annually.
As a member of [[Samorpsi]], Tengaria is a participant in the [[Tsivebi Military Agreement]], and its armed forces work and train in close conjunction with its ally [[Soravia]]. In addition, Soravia has several military bases around the country, and Soravia provides most of Tengaria's heaviest military equipment and practically all of its naval and aviation resources. Unlike other members of Samorpsi, Tengaria's military is all-volunteer, although all male citizens must register for {{wp|conscription}} and may be called up for service upon the President's request and the Chamber of Deputies' consent. This means that Tengaria's forces are smaller than even some smaller countries, such as [[West Miersa]]. This has been a deliberate choice since the end of the Great War, when [[Simeon Kovachev]] introduced {{wp|professionalization}} to focus on a smaller but more professional army due to major funding issues with the early republic. Tengaria fulfills its strategic role within Samorpsi by specializing its forces for specific uses of highly-trained soldiers, including {{wp|special operations}}.  


As a member of [[Samorpsi]], Tengaria is a participant in the [[Tsivebi Military Agreement]], and its armed forces work and train in close conjunction with its ally [[Soravia]]. In addition, Soravia has several military bases around the country, and Soravia provides most of Tengaria's heaviest military equipment and Tengarian arms companies mostly produce models and variations of Soravian equipment, such as the {{wp|M-84|S-69}} main battle tank, which is unique but based off of a Soravian design. However, Tengaria does produce its own arms and equipment, such as the {{wp|BMP-23|BLK-7 Istrov}}, but usually these line up with Soravian calibres and ammunition capacity. Tengaria actively invests money into military research and development, investing in new and better technology, such as the {{wp|M-84AS1|S-75}} in 2019. Unlike other members of Samorpsi, Tengaria's military is all-volunteer, although all male citizens must register for {{wp|conscription}} and may be called up for service upon the President's request and the National Assembly's consent. This means that Tengaria's forces are smaller than even some smaller countries, such as [[West Miersa]], which has been a deliberate choice since the end of the Great War, when [[Simeon Kovachev]] introduced {{wp|Professionalization}} to focus on a smaller but more professional army due to major funding issues. Tengaria fulfills its strategic role within Samorpsi by specializing its forces for specific uses of highly-trained soldiers, including {{wp|special operations}}.  
Tengaria spends roughly 5.13 billion on military spending each year, or 1.27% of GDP, which is one of the lowest per capita percentages on military spending in Samorspi. Tengarian arms companies mostly produce models and variations of Soravian equipment, such as the {{wp|M-84|S-69}} main battle tank, which is unique but based on of a Soravian design. However, Tengaria does produce some its own unique arms and equipment, such as the {{wp|BMP-23|BLK-7 Istrov}}, but usually these line up with Soravian calibres and ammunition capacity. Tengaria invests some money into military research and development, investing in new and better technology, such as the {{wp|M-84AS1|S-75}} in 2019, but usually only spends this money on the development of the Army.  


===Administrative Divisions===
===Administrative Divisions===
''Main Article: [[Provinces of Tengaria]]''
''Main Article: [[Administrative divisions of Tengaria]]''


Tengaria is divided into eleven provinces, called ''Oblasts'' (''Oбласт'', sometimes translated as ''Prefecture'' in Estmerish), based upon the historical regions of Tengaria. Each Province is further divided into local municipalities, both urban and rural. As a {{wp|Unitary state}}, these provinces and municpalities are all answerable to the National government, but are designated responsibility by the National government to maintain the common good for the local areas. Each province is considered equal in status, and each has its own government, consisting of an elected Assembly, consisting of 75 members each, and an executive ''{{wp|Prefect}}'' (''Префект'' or ''Prefekt'') appointed by the President. Local municipalities are run by a ''{{wp|Praetor|Pretor}}'' (''Претор'' or ''Pretor''), appointed by the provincial prefect, and have a locally elected Council to oversee local affairs. Provincial assemblies and municipal councils also generally serve six year terms, corresponding with the elections of the President and the National Assembly. Tengaria's government is highly centralized, and the regional governments usually have to rely upon the central for funding, support, and other means.
Tengaria is divided into six administrative principal divisons called Prefectures (''Prefectura'') or regions, two of which, Calia and Armonia, are considered as {{wp|Autonomous administrative division|autonomous}}. The autonomous prefectures have special priviledges and perrogatives, mostly dealing with cultural or educational aspects pertaining to the minorities which comprise the majority of the region. Each Prefecture is divided further into Provinces (''Provincia''), which in total number 25. Each province is further divided into various kinds of local municipalities, both urban and rural. As a {{wp|unitary state}}, the regions and provinces are all answerable to the central government, but are designated responsibility by the central government to maintain the common good for the local areas. Each Prefecture has an elected Assembly, consisting of 75 members each (barring the region of Tengaria, which has 150 members), and an executive ''{{wp|Prefect}}'' appointed by the President or elected in the two autonomous Prefectures. Provinces are run by a ''{{wp|Praetor|Pretor}}'', appointed by the provincial prefect, and have a 30 member provinicial council to oversee affairs. Regional assemblies and provincial councils also generally serve six year terms, corresponding with the elections of the President and the Chamber of Deputies. Tengaria's government is highly centralized, and the regional governments usually have to rely upon the central government for funding, support, and other means.  


{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! Map !! Province !! Capital !! Population !! Region !! Prefect !! Seats in the National Assembly
! Map !! Region !! Coat of Arms !! Capital !! Population !! Prefect
|-
|rowspan=7|{{Tengaria labelled map}}
|-
|align=center style="background:#fab1b1;"| [[Armonia]]
|align="center"| [[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Vilnius.svg|48px]]
|[[Arló]]
|3,206,013
|[[Erzsébet Oláh]]
|-
|-
|rowspan=11|{{Tengaria labelled map}}|| {{flagicon image|POL_powiat_sztrzyżowski_flag.svg}} [[Bogorodista Province|Bogorodista]] || [[Bogorodista (city)|Bogorodista]] || 1,456,899 || North || [[Vasil Prokev]] || 25
|align=center style="background:#fab485;"| [[Auroria]]
|align="center"| [[File:Russian_coat_of_arms_of_Volga_Bulgaria.svg|48px]]
|[[Magnalia]]
|3,377,767
|[[Nikolay Atanasev]]
|-
|-
|{{flagicon image|Lviv-prapor_Alex_K.png}} [[Dostiga Province|Dostiga]] || [[Avren]] || 1,258,978 || East || [[Radomir Vasilev]] || 21
|align=center style="background:#a3c5f8;"| [[Calia]]  
|align="center"| [[File:KorkesCOA.png|48px]]
|[[Armidne]]
|3,090,291
|[[Marius Lupu]]
|-
|-
| {{flagicon image|Bandiere dal Friûl.svg}} [[Istros Province|Istros]] || [[Istros]] || 3,011,221 || South || [[Dragomir Istina]] || 51
|align=center style="background:#d296de;"| [[Istria (region)|Istria]]  
|align="center"| [[File:Arms_of_Lindsay_of_Cumberland.svg|48px]]
|[[Istros]]
|3,817,698
|[[Kristina Veselinova]]
|-
|-
|{{flagicon image|POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg}} [[Khŭlm Province|Khŭlm]] || [[Cosmingrad]] || 454,677 || East || [[Pavel Ionescu]] || 8
|align=center style="background:#f9e185;"| [[Tengaria (region)|Tengaria]]
|align="center"| [[File:Trump_coa.svg|48px]]
|[[Lenovo]]
|10,038,949
|[[Zhelyazko Ilianev]]
|-
|-
|{{flagicon image|Zdislava_vlajka.png}} [[Krasiv Province|Krasiv]] || [[Elena]] || 987,454 || West || [[István Szabó]] || 17
|align=center style="background:#a1e0a1;"| [[Visoclesia]]
|align="center"| [[File:Coat_of_arms_Bugry_(Leningrad_oblast).svg|48px]]
|[[Visnagrad]]
|3,757,499
|[[Tihomir Angelev]]
|-
|-
| {{flagicon image|TengariaFlag.png}} [[Lenovo Province|Lenovo]] || [[Lenovo]] || 4,314,100 || Central || [[Gregori Todorev]] || 73
|}
71,811.09, 2 extra
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed sortable"
|-
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Yaroslavl_Oblast.png}} [[Silenya Province|Silenya]] || [[Silen]] || 813,338 || North || [[Dobromir Asenov]] || 14
|align=center colspan=7|'''Provinces of Tengaria'''
|-
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Vilnius.svg}} [[Ustata Province|Ustata]] || [[Drangovo]] || 2,754,424 || East || [[Zora Angelev]] || 47
! Province !! Capital !! Population !! Region !! Pretor !! Seats
|-
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Marijampole.png}} [[Vasilya Province|Vasilya]] || [[Vasilgrad]] || 1,645,787 || West || [[Anton Rumenev]] || 28
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Vilnius.svg}} [[Aretia Province|Aretia]]  
| [[Narona]]  
| 733,984
|style="background:#fab485;"| [[Auroria]]
| [[XXXXX]]  
| 10
|-
|-
| {{flagicon image|Visoclesia_flag.png}} [[Visoclesia]] || [[Visnagrad]] || 3,864,781 || North || [[Apostol Zlatarev]] || 66
|{{flagicon image|POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg}} [[Armula Province|Armula]]
| [[Dinupula]]
| 740,554
|style="background:#a3c5f8;"| [[Calia]]
| [[XXXXX]]
| 10
|-
| {{flagicon image|POL_powiat_sztrzyżowski_flag.svg}} [[Deipara Province|Deipara]]
| [[Deipara (city)|Deipara]]
| 955,322
|style="background:#f9e185;"| [[Tengaria (Region)|Tengaria]]
| [[Vasil Prokev]]
| 13
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Yaroslavl_Oblast.png}} [[Reca Province|Reca]]
| [[Hobita]]
| 970,202
|style="background:#f9e185;"| [[Tengaria (Region)|Tengaria]]
| [[Dobromir Asenov]]
| 13
|-
|{{flagicon image|Zdislava_vlajka.png}} [[Dombvidék Province|Dombvidék]]
| [[Jánd]]
| 776,617
|style="background:#fab1b1;"| [[Armonia]]
| [[XXXXX]]
| 11
|-
|{{flagicon image|Lviv-prapor_Alex_K.png}} [[Dostiga Province|Dostiga]]
| [[Avren]]
| 828,282
|style="background:#fab485;"| [[Auroria]]
| [[Radomir Vasilev]]
| 11
|-
| {{flagicon image|Bandiere dal Friûl.svg}} [[Enina Province|Enina]]
| [[Enina]]
| 1,043,404
|style="background:#d296de;"| [[Istria (region)|Istria]]
| [[XXXXX]]
| 15
|-
| {{flagicon image|Visoclesia_flag.png}} [[Garna]]
| [[Garna]]
| 1,487,221
|style="background:#a1e0a1;"| [[Visoclesia]]
| [[XXXXX]]
| 21
|-
| {{flagicon image|Visoclesia_flag.png}} [[Lesmare]]
| [[Corbeni]]
| 447,844
|style="background:#a1e0a1;"| [[Visoclesia]]
| [[XXXXX]]
| 6
|-
| {{flagicon image|Bandiere dal Friûl.svg}} [[Istros Province|Istros]]
| [[Istros]]
| 1,686,650
|style="background:#d296de;"| [[Istria (region)|Istria]]
| [[XXXXX]]
| 24
|-
|{{flagicon image|POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg}} [[Khŭlm Province|Khŭlm]]
| [[Lozen]]
| 706,024
|style="background:#f9e185;"| [[Tengaria (Region)|Tengaria]]
| [[XXXXX]]
| 10
|-
|{{flagicon image|Zdislava_vlajka.png}} [[Krasiv Province|Krasiv]]
| [[Elena]]
| 689,987
|style="background:#a1e0a1;"| [[Visoclesia]]  
| [[XXXXX]]
| 10
|-
|{{flagicon image|Zdislava_vlajka.png}} [[Legelők Province|Legelők]]
| [[Ibrány]]
| 974,221
|style="background:#fab1b1;"| [[Armonia]]
| [[XXXXX]]
| 14
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Narnia_(New_Dynasty).svg}} [[Lenovo Province|Lenovo]]
| [[Lenovo]]
| 2,567,230
|style="background:#f9e185;"| [[Tengaria (Region)|Tengaria]]
| [[Gregori Todorev]]
| 36
|-
|{{flagicon image|POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg}} [[Meldia Province|Meldia]]
| [[Armidne]]
| 1,276,432
|style="background:#a3c5f8;"| [[Calia]]
| [[XXXXX]]
| 18
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Narnia_(New_Dynasty).svg}} [[Oshane Province|Oshane]]
| [[Valea Ruda]]
| 519,220
|style="background:#f9e185;"| [[Tengaria (Region)|Tengaria]]
| [[XXXXX]]
| 7
|-
|{{flagicon image|POL_województwo_dolnośląskie_flag.svg}} [[Paisula Province|Paisula]]
| [[Arsela]]
| 1,073,305
|style="background:#a3c5f8;"| [[Calia]]
| [[XXXXX]]
| 15
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Yaroslavl_Oblast.png}} [[Plastina Province|Plastina]]  
| [[Plastina]]
| 1,085,299
|style="background:#f9e185;"| [[Tengaria (Region)|Tengaria]]
| [[Dobromir Asenov]]
| 15
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Narnia_(New_Dynasty).svg}} [[Rechnize Province|Rechnize]]
| [[Rodev]]
| 801,781  
|style="background:#fab485;"| [[Auroria]]
| [[XXXXX]]
| 11
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Yaroslavl_Oblast.png}} [[Silenya Province|Silenya]]
| [[Silen]]
| 944,687
|style="background:#f9e185;"| [[Tengaria (Region)|Tengaria]]
| [[XXXXX]]
| 13
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Vilnius.svg}} [[Gura Province|Gura]]
| [[Magnalia]]
| 1,013,720
|style="background:#fab485;"| [[Auroria]]
| [[Zora Angelev]]
| 14
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Marijampole.png}} [[Vasilya Province|Vasilya]]
| [[Agnita]]
| 988,744
|style="background:#f9e185;"| [[Tengaria (Region)|Tengaria]]
| [[Anton Rumenev]]
| 14
|-
|{{flagicon image|Zdislava_vlajka.png}} [[Vasvár Province|Vasvár]]
| [[Sopiana]]
| 1,455,175
|style="background:#fab1b1;"| [[Armonia]]
| [[István Szabó]]
| 20
|-
| {{flagicon image|Visoclesia_flag.png}} [[Visnagrad]]
| [[Visnagrad]]
| 1,132,447
|style="background:#a1e0a1;"| [[Visoclesia]]
| [[Apostol Zlatarev]]  
| 16
|-
| {{flagicon image|Bandiere dal Friûl.svg}} [[Zhilino Province|Zhilino]]
| [[Gabritsa]]
| 1,087,644
|style="background:#d296de;"| [[Istria (region)|Istria]]
| [[XXXXX]]
| 15
|-
| {{flagicon image|POL województwo pomorskie flag.svg}} [[Zŭrno Province|Zŭrno]]
| [[Vihren]]
| 1,302,221
|style="background:#f9e185;"| [[Tengaria (Region)|Tengaria]]
| [[Neno Radev]]
| 18
|-
|-
| {{flagicon image|POL województwo pomorskie flag.svg}} [[Zŭrno Province|Zŭrno]] || [[Vihren]] || 1,798,321 || South || [[Neno Radev]] || 30
|}
|}


Line 386: Line 640:
|footnote =  
|footnote =  
| percentages = pagr
| percentages = pagr
|1500 | 1500000
|1500 | 5000000
|1800 | 6500000
|1800 | 10000000
|1900 | 13500000
|1900 | 18500000
|1927 | 15500000
|1927 | 22000000
|1935 | 14000000
|1936 | 21477442
|1955 | 16000000
|1952 | 22789120
|1962 | 15689120
|1962 | 23999120
|1972 | 16994311
|1972 | 25720109
|1982 | 18320109
|1982 | 26645609
|1992 | 19425609
|1992 | 26947811
|2002 | 20545880
|2002 | 27166886
|2012 | 21640991
|2012 | 27258991
|2020 | 22359980
|2022 | 27288217
}}
}}
Tengaria's population was estimated to be 22,359,980 people at the beginning of the year 2020. This means that the country's population density is 73.08 people per square kilometer, one of the lowest density figures in [[Euclea]]. Most of the population is concentrated in the cities, with 13,563,920, or 60.7%, of the population living in the country's twenty largest cities. The most heavily populated area is the valley around the city of Lenovo, which contains in short distance the cities of Isen and Rhŭn, as well as its proximity to other cities. in the surrounding provinces. Population centres are mostly found around the [[River Len]], as the primary waterway of the nation, or the coasts, either on the sea or of [[Lake Min]]. Outside of the urban areas, most of the communities are rural and not as densely populated, especially in the hills to the north of the country. Urban areas tend to be more developed and have lower birthrates, while the rural areas tend to have higher birthrates and are less developed. Tengaria has one of the highest birthrates in Euclea, with a total birth rate at 2.12 women per child, just above the {{wp|Total_fertility_rate#Replacement_rates|replacement rate}} but only barely. However, this figure has been dropping as the country has continued to develop, and is expected to fall below the replacment rate by 2023. Population censuses in Tengaria are taken every 10 years, with the last one being done in 2012 and the next one scheduled for the year 2022.  
According to the 2022 census, Tengaria's population was estimated to be 27,288,217 people. This means that the country's population density is 73.08 people per square kilometer, one of the lower density figures in [[Euclea]]. Most of the population is concentrated in the cities, with 30% of the population living in the country's twenty largest cities. The most heavily populated area is the valley around the city of Lenovo, which contains the Lenovo metropolitan area areound it. Population centres are mostly found around the [[River Len]], as the primary waterway of the nation, or the coasts, either on the sea or of [[Lake Min]]. Outside of the urban areas, most of the communities are rural and not as densely populated, especially in the hilly and forested regions of in the north and west. Urban areas tend to be more developed and have lower birthrates, while the rural areas tend to have higher birthrates and are less developed. Tengaria has one of the highest birthrates in Euclea, with a total fertility rate at 1.85 child per woman, but this is still below the {{wp|Total_fertility_rate#Replacement_rates|replacement rate}}. This figure has only been sustained by family promotion policies by the government in order to forestall the the {{wp|population decline}} found in other Euclean countries, especially by President Kovacheva. After losing much of the population due to violence and famine in the Great War and economic hardship in the aftermath, Tengaria saw a population boom over the prosperous decades of the 1960s and 1970s. However, the growth rate started to decline during the 1980s, and continued to decrease before roughly flatening out in the 2010s. Population censuses in Tengaria are taken every 10 years. From the 2012 census Tengaria saw a overall population increase during the intervening decade, mostly due to foreign immigration from [[Coius]], but by the 2032 census is projected to start losing population.  


===Ethnic Groups===
===Ethnic Groups===
''Main Article: [[User:Kakletron/Sandbox4|Svoboda]]''
''See also: [[Savaders|Savadi]]''
 
Tengaria's ethnic groups are largely built around linguistic differences. Once the Empire of Arciluco conquered the region it imposed a common Solarian identity, and this policy was continued under the Empire of Tengaria. This succeeded in establishing and maintaining a common Solarian identity, although the languages continued to exist, although become modified by Solarian. For centuries, all of the major groups in Tengaria identified as Solarian primarily, although regional distinctions also coexisted. In the latter half of the 19th century, the rise of nationalism across Euclea first began to cause some to begin to drop the Solarian identity and to begin to push an ethnic or linguistic identity. Although this found some support, it was never universalised; only during the [[Tengarian State (1930-1933)|Tengarian State]] and the [[Tengarian Republic]] did the government adopt nationalist or ethnic policies. Nevertheless, it was largely unsuccessful at producing national identity; to this day, many citizens of Tengaria still refer to themselves as "Solarian" or consider it their primary identity. The Kovachev government halted nationalisation efforts and dropped the ethnic distinctions on the census. The Tengarian government does not officially record data on internal ethnic groups, leaving the judgement to outside sources. Independent statistics estimate that 77.8% of the population is Tengarian, 8.5% is [[Savaders|Savadi]], 6.9% is Calian, 1.8% is Piraean, 1.7% is Amathian, and 3.3% is other.
[[File:National_costume_and_dance_Csárdás.jpg|200px|left|thumb|Savadi perform a traditional dance in [[Jánd]].]]
The Tengarian ethnicity is used to refer the communities of those who speak the Tengarian language, which comes from the language of the {{wp|Slavs|Marolevs}}. The Tengars migrated to Tengaria from the North and the West during the early 4th century AD, and conquered or drove away the Kaloí, Piraean and Armonian peoples and assimilated those that were left, except for in the regions of Armonia and Calia. After the Empire of Arciluco incorporated the tribes under its control, the Tengars were heavily influenced by Solarian culture and largely lost a Tengar identity, although they still spoke a common language. The idea of a Tengarian ethnicity first appeared from pro-republican nationalists and pan-Marolevic thinkers in the 19th and early 20th centuries, although the idea failed to gain universal traction, as many continued to identify as Solarian. In current Tengarian society, the term Tengarian is a general term that refers to speakers of the language or to people who live in the country of Tengaria, and does not fit neatly into an ethnic category. Most outside researchers use it to refer to native citizens who do not belong to the following minority groups.


According to the 2012 census, 91.5% of the population identify as Tengarian, 3.4% as [[User:Kakletron/Sandbox4|Svoboda]], and 5.1% as other. The main ethnic group of Tengaria share the common name with the nation, and descend from the Tengar tribes, who share an affinity with the {{wp|Slavs|Marolevs}} of Western Euclea. The Tengars took their name from dwelling in the land between the "seas" of the [[Achelonian Sea]] and [[Lake Min]]. Piraeans settled on the southern coast of modern Tengaria, but eventually intermarried and became united with the peoples of the region. The Tengars also had heavily influence from the Amathian peoples of the Empire of Arciluco, and eventually the tribes were united under the [[Grand Principality of Tengaria]], which began to solidify each as a part of the Tengarian people. The Visoclesian tribes, which seperated from the Tengars, later were reunited, and have ceased being their own seperate group over centuries of reunification. Many died during the [[Great War (Kylaris)|Great War]], and many also left after the [[Tengarian Civil War]], creating the Tengarian diasporia.
The largest minority is the Savadi people, who are more commonly called ''Savaders'' in Estmerish, or as ''Szabadok'' in their own tongue, and a subgroup of these called ''Armonians'' is present in Tengaria. Certain scholars believe that the Western and Northern regions of Tengaria were home to the {{wp|Uralic languages|Armonic peoples}}, a loose grouping based on a common {{wp|Proto-Uralic language|Proto-Armonic}} language. It is speculated that the {{wp|Finnic languages|Kireno-Katemoshans}} which were to the north split from the southern Armonic peoples who would become the Savaders over time. The Armonic peoples were decisively beaten during the Marolevic invasions of the 4th century, leading to the scattering of the Savaders across Euclea, particularly to the North, and the majority old Armonia and adopted a migratory lifestyle. However, a group of Savadi managed to retain control the region which came to be known as Armonia, and were made ''foederati'' of the Empire of Arciluco, and centuries later were placed under the jurisdicition of the Tengarian ''Vicarii''. Later they were granted special priveledges by the ''Vicarii'' and later Emperors in exchange for military service, and for centuries they formed the bulk of the Empire's cavalry forces. Over time they became mostly inculturated into Tengarian and Solarian society as a whole. The group faced perseuction during the Tengarian Republic, which inclined them to support the Patriot Cause during the Civil War; as a reward the Kovachev regime largely restored their historic priveledges, provided they remain loyal to the regime.
[[File:Árpád_on_Feszty's_Panorama.jpg|200px|right|thumb|[[István Dömötör]] (1379-1464), a ''Savad'' and notable commander in the [[Iconoclast Wars]].]]
With roughly 2,375,000 to over 2,500,000 Savadi, Tengaria has the greatest number of Savaders by far out of any country. Of these, approximately 2,100,000, or 90%, are of the Armonian subgroup, also known as the ''Változatlan'', while the other 10%, or 250,000, are itinerant Savadi who are historically transient, known the ''Vándorlás''. The Armonians form the majority of people in the region of [[Armonia]], but communities of them also exist in the major cities of the country, and are significantly more incluturated in Tengarian society. The other Savadi still retain their migratory lifestyle and can be found all over Tengaria, in to be in much smaller numbers. In addition to these, more of Savadi descent have historically or currently have left the life of wandering to intermarry with Tengarians, and so many Tengarians have some kind of Savadi descent. Although the government has set aside grazing land for the migratory Savadi, those who live a migratory lifestyle face sigificant more distrust and discrimination than the settled ones. Although they are officially recognized as the Savadi people by all official sources, people use the Soravian term ''Kosak'' either out of custom or as a deliberate pejorative slur for them. In addition, Tengaria's ''Változatlan'' Savadi, due to not sharing the {{wp|Itinerant groups in Europe|itinerant people}}, are often seen as distinct and seperate by members of main international Savader community.


Tengaria's most prominent minority is the Svoboda people, who are more commonly called ''Savaders'' in Estmerish or as ''Szabadok'' in their own tongue, who have had a long and complicated relationship with the people and political authorities of Tengaria. They have lived in Tengaria since before the time of written records, and so their origins are mostly found in legends. They say they were driven from the North by hostile tribes. They say the Tengars initially welcomed them, as the Tengars preferred the hills, coasts and river valleys, leaving them some of the plains towards the west of the country. A migratory people, they occupied the coastal plains to the southwest of the country for centuries, although they travelled around the other parts of the area. One Tengaria began to centralized after 1000 AD, they continued to populate the open plains where they could, ususally avoiding the main cities, and waged war against the Grand Princes if their rights were being infringed upon, which led to several purgings of the Svoboda peoples. Under [[St. Vasil I, Emperor of Tengaria|St. Vasil I]], the first Emperor, they were officially placed under the personal protection of the Emperor, and were formally given land of their own to settle or to graze, but were to be called into military service when need. This situation for the most part worked, however, several Emperors staged persecutions of them, or small groups were persecuted locally with no repurcussions. During the early stages of the Republic, the government siezed their lands, but they were returned under the Kovachevs. There are still those who despise or do not like them, but National Rally's focus on cultural and not ethnic nationalism have resulted for the large part into their integration, as long as they are loyal to the political system. They are officially recognized as the Svoboda people by all official sources; however, people use the Soravian term ''Kosak'' either out of custom or as a pejorative slur.
The next largest minority in Tengaria is the Calian people, which descend from the {{wp|Thracians|Kaloí}} peoples which used to occupy the region before the arrival of the Tengars. The majority of the Kaloí were driven out or assimilated by the Tengars during the late fourth century, with many fleeing to Amathia and becoming ''foederati''. When Arciluco conquered the region, the Kaloí were settled in the administrative region which became known as the Diocese of Calia. The Calians were initially much closer to Amathian influence than the Tengars, and Solarianization of language was much more thorough. In the twelfth century Calia fell under the political control of the Tengarian ''Vicarii'', and thus began to branch off from complete assimilation. It is estimated that 6.9%, or approximately 1,900,000, of the population has Calian descent, concentrated primarily in the region of Calia, nearest to the Amathian border.
[[File:Греки_Приазовя2.jpg|300px|left|thumb|Aretian Piraeans in the city of Narona.]]
Tengaria also has a minority group of {{wp|Greeks|Piraeans}} which number at approximately 500,000, or 1.8%, of the population. Most of these located in the very soutwest of the country on the Aretian Peninsula, but smaller communities also exist in Istros and other cities along the south. These Piraeans are a historic group, having first settled in the region in the beginning of the seventh century BC, although further settlements in Aretia followed in the subsequent centuries. Sometimes, Tengarian Pireans are called "Aretians" on account of the gradual differences which have developed as the group has remained distinct from [[Piraea]]. The group has seen significant incluturation, and most Aretians do not speak their own dialect of Piraean.


The statistics of the census claim that Svoboda make up 3.4% of the population, but the actual number could be anywhere from 760,240 to 800,000. Regardless, Tengaria is said to have the second highest amount of Svoboda in the world. The Svoboda are split into two main groups- the ''Vándorlás'', or those who still retain their migratory lifestyle; these can be found all over Tengaria, in to be in smaller numbers. Many of these historically or currently have left the life of wandering to intermarry with Tengarians they; and so many Tengarians have some kind of Svoboda descent. The government has designated grazing lands for them, most commonly in the province of [[Krasiv Province|Krasiv]] in the West of the country. The second group are the ''Változatlan'', who have settled down and formed communities with other Svoboda or who live among the Tengarians but keep their ethnic heritage. There is a substantial community in [[Lenovo]], but most are also located in the western portion of the country. Several of these have risen to positions of high power, such as [[Imre Király]], the current [[Deputy President of Tengaria]].
The last significant ethnic group is that of {{wp|Romanians|Amathians}}, making up approximately 1.7% of the population, or roughly 465,000 people. These groups are primarily concentrated primarily on the Amathian border, but Lenovo and other Tengarian cities have sizeable groups as well, which date back to the Empire of Arciluco. Many of the settlers of the Arcilucan settlements, in Tengaria were initially Amathian, but later became outnumbered and largely assimilated by Tengarian influence, although communites managed to remain, and were later expanded by certain royalist Amathian exiles following the [[Amathian Civil War]]. It is estimated that the Amathian community in Lenovo form an {{wp|ethnic enclave}} of about 40,000, the largest ethnic enclave in the city.


As for the 5.1% who identify as other than the two main groups, there are substantial groups of {{wp|Romanians|Amathians}}, making up 1.7% of the population, and [[Ravnia|Ravnians]], making up 0.9% of the population, who generally live close to the western and eastern borders of the country, corresponding to where the borders changed over the centuries. In addition, expatriates from other Marolev countries, such as [[Soravia]], also live in Tengaria, comprising 0.8% of the population. The remaining 1.6% of the population is comprised of migrants from other parts of [[Euclea]] and the world, such as those from [[Coius]] who migrate for a better life.
There are roughly 245,000 ethnic [[Bistravia|Bistravians]] in Tengaria, which form about 0.9% of the population, mostly concentrated around the Tengarian-Visoclesian border but also with migrant communities in the major cities. Other ethnic groups from Western Euclea such as [[Soravia|Soravians]], [[Miersa|Miersans]] and [[Ravnia|Ravnians]], as well as from the other [[Samorspi]] countries, make up about 1.3% of the population. Tengaria's stability during the [[Dissolution of the UPSR]] made it an attractive destination for some emigrants from the collapsing [[All-Soravian Union of Republics]] and all of its successor states, as well as those who came during Tengaria's historic friendship with Soravia. The remaining 1.1% of the population is comprised of migrants from Eastern [[Euclea]] and the rest of the world, such as those from [[Coius]].


===Languages===
===Languages===


''Main Article: {{wp|Bulgarian Language|Tengarian Language}}''
''Main Article: [[Tengarian language]], [[Calian language|Calian]]''
[[File:ZographensisColour.jpg|200px|right|thumb|The first page of the {{wp|Gospel of Mark}} from a 10th century Tengarian manuscript.]]
Tengaria has three official languages: [[Tengarian language|Tengarian]], {{wp|Hungarian language|Savader}}, and [[Calian language|Calian]].
 
The primary language spoken in Tengaria is the [[Tengarian language]], which is used for almost all official legislative procedures, legal proceedings, laws and official announcements, except in certain jurisdicitions. Tengarian is one of the oldest documented {{wp|Slavic language|Marolevic}} languages, but it also has a close kinship to the {{wp|Romanian language|Amathian language}} and thus to the {{wp|Romance languages|Solarian languages}} due to the extensive influence of the [[Empire of Arciluco]]. Tengarian was the inspirational language used by Arcilucan missionaries to develop {{wp|Old Church Slavonic|Old Church Marolevic}}, although the Tengarian language was unwritten until the late 14th century. Tengarian is a {{wp|Digraphia|digraphic language}}, primarily using a modified [[wikipedia:Latin script|Solarian]], but also with optional [[Apsinthian Alphabet|Apsinthian]] and [[wikipedia:Cyrillic script|Soravian]] scripts.


The primary language spoken in Tengaria is the primary native tongue, the {{wp|Bulgarian language|Tengarian language}}. Tengarian is a {{wp|Slavic language|Marolevic}} language which developed from both the Marolevic languages but also was deeply influenced by the {{wp|Romanian language|Amathian language}} in its developement during the middle ages. Originally written in the Amathian script, it changed to {{wp|Cyrillic|Soravian}} script during the 19th cenutry as the country fell under the sphere of Soravia. It is the official language of Tengaria, used for all official legislative procedures, legal proceedings, laws and official announcements. The vast majority of the country, over 95%, speak it as their mother tongue. It is the the mandatory language taught in all schools throughout Tengaria.  
The second largest language in Tengaria is {{wp|Hungarian language|Savader}}, spoken mainly among the Savadi people. Most of the Armonian Savadi speak {{wp|Old Hungarian (10th to 15th centuries)|Armonian Savader}}, which although lingusitically distinct from the principal international Savader language has certain amount {{wp|mutual intelligibility}} with it. It is estimated that roughly 1,500,000 speakers, or roughly 70% of Armonian Savadi, speak Armonian Savader as a mother tongue, although increasingly Savadi have been simply teaching children Tengarian. The language was taught by the first public schools established under the empire, but was not recognised during the Tengarian Republic and efforts were made to standardize all public schools in teaching only Tengarian, but since the beginning of the second constitution era is officially recognized as a language of Tengaria, alongside mainline Savader. As such there are several societies to promoting its revival and use in the Armonian Savadi communities. In addition, schools in Armonian speaking areas teach in Armonian, although they are also required to teach Tengarian as well. Mainline Savader is generally among the ''Vándorlás'' Savadi in their own communities, and has a rich oral tradition which is passed down among the various communities, and is estimated to have approximately 140,000 speakers. Tengaria is held to by some be the linguistic homeland of the {{wp|Uralic langauges|Armonic langauges}}, although Armonian Savader is the only Armonic language commonly spoken in Tengaria.


The other significant spoken mother tongue is {{wp|Hungarian language|Savader}}, spoken mainly among the Svoboda people, although most of the Svoboda community also learns Tengarian alongside or learns to speak it in school. About 2.5% of the population speak it as a mother tongue. It is officially recognized as a National Language of Tengaria, and there are several societies to promoting its revival and use in the Svoboda communities. This language has a rich oral tradition which is passed down among the various communities. As a whole, it is spoken almost exclusively among the ''Vándorlás'' Svoboda in their own communities. Other mother tongues include Amathian or other languages of the ethnic minorities living in Tengaria.  
The third largest language in Tengaria is [[Calian language|Calian]], which is a {{wp|Romance language|Solarian}} language which came from the fusion of the {{wp|Thracian language|Kaloí language}} with spoken and written Solarian between the fourth to eighth centuries. It is spoken primarily by the Calian people, and had the most direct lingusitic influence by the Amathians than any of Tengaria's principal languages, although the language underwent changes to match the Marolevic influence of the Tengarian language during the Empire. The language remained the regional language of Calia throughout the duration of the Vicariate, and the Empire of Tengaria, but began to decline in use with the establishment of the Tengarian Republic, when the Tengarian language was enforced in all public schools. It saw a decline in speakers, although the Kovachev government also declared it a protected language and permitted its use in local education in Calia. Today there are estimated to be just over a 1,250,000 speakers, or roughly two-thirds of Tengaria's Calian population, but the number declines as more choose to simply teach Tengarian language.  


The only other language taught in mandatory schooling is {{wp|Ancient Greek|Ancient Piraean}}. However, only a handful actually take it to the point of speaking, as most only learn enough to be able to translate the works of {{wp|Aristotle|Xenagoras}} or {{wp|Plato|Theocritus}} or other ancient authors in the original language. In addition, many do not foster the development beyond their years in school, instead
Other mother tongues include {{wp|Mariupol Greek|Aretian Pirean}}, {{wp|Romanian lanugage|Amathian}}, Bistravian or those of the smaller ethnic minorities living in Tengaria. It is estimated that there are approximately 330,000 Amathian speakers in Tengaria, located in Amathian communities around the country, and approximately 135,000 Bistravian speakers in Tengaria, which form the next smallest languages. However, these languages are not protected or taught in public education, and exist mostly within the local communities, and have been dying out in part as time has progressed, especially Aretian. Despite the Aretian Piraeans outnumbering other smaller ethnic groups, their language has seen a sharp decline in the past centuries, with less than 100,000 speakers left in rural regions. Other more minor first languages of smaller groups in Tengaria include {{wp|Rusyn language|Soravian}}, {{wp|Polish language|Miersan}}, Ravnian, {{wp|Arabic|Rahelian}}, {{wp|Farsi|Pardarian}}, and several [[Satria|Satrian]] languages.
 
[[File:Putokaz_grad_Drivenik_glagoljica_290508.jpg|200px|left|thumb|A sign for the town of Driven in both the {{wp|Latin alphabet|Solarian}} and the {{wp|Glagolitic script|Amathian}} alphabets.]]
Most schools in Tengaria use Tengarian as their primary language. Schools in Armonia and Calia use the respective regional language as primary but also teach Tengarian as a secondary language. All schools teach {{wp|Latin language|Solarian}} as a secondary or tertiary language due to its historic importance. Solarian was used for official documents during the Imperial era and on buildings as a mark of Imperial authority and Solarian heritage, and was used as the scholarly language for centuries during and following the Golden Age. Tengaria is notable for having all students learn three seperate alphabets: the {{wp|Latin alphabet|Solarian}}, the {{wp|Cyrillic|Soravian}}, and the {{wp|Glagolitic script|Amathian}}. In various places of the country, signs are made in multiple scripts in order to facilitate ease of understanding.
 
Besides for mandatory schooling, the government also sponsors institutions which promote the learning of other languages, mainly Soravian, Gaullican, or Estmerish. Those who go into diplomatic or international work will often study at these institutions upon finishing their schooling. These institutions also provide oppurtunities for students to learn outside of regular study or during higher education, and many students take the oppurtunity to do so, especially for using and conversing over the internet and to follow foreign job oppurtunities. Part-time classes for teaching foreign languages are also popular with older citizens who require training in other languages. Due to Tengaria's emphasis on ancient philosophy, {{wp|Ancient Greek|Ancient Piraean}} is another popular choice for extracurricular study, so as to study works of {{wp|Aristotle|Xenagoras}} or {{wp|Plato|Theocritus}} or other ancient authors in the original language.


===Religion===
===Religion===
''Main Article: [[Religion in Tengaria]]''
''Main Article: [[Patriarchate of Istros]]''
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Tengaria is one of the world's most religious countries, with a vast majority of the population being registered participants in [[Episemialist Church|Episemialist]] [[Sotirianity]]. According to government statistics, the percentage of Episemialist Tengarians in nearly 96% of the country.  The primary Episemialist Church in Tengaria is the [[Tengarian Episemialist Church]], comprising 89% of the population, an {{wp|Autocephaly|Autocephalous}} Church headed by the Archbishop of Lenovo and Patriarch of All Tengaria, currently Vladimir IV. There are also Amathian and Soravian Episemialists, about 4% and 2% respectfully The religious unity of the populace is high, with the government placing a high priority on the faith as essential to maintaining national unity. This stems from the country's deep historic roots in Sotirianity and current promotion of the faith among the populace. There is no formal restictions upon other religions or forms of Sotirianity or even non-religion, but tend to be on the fringes of society and are generally looked down upon by the vast majority Episemialist populace. {{wp|Irreligion|Irreligious}} takes the second place with 2% of the population, and non Episemialist forms of Sotirianity such as [[Solarian Catholic Church|Solarian Catholicism]] and uniate Tengarian Catholicism, as well as Ravnian Iconococlasm, comprise 1.5% of the population. Finally, less than 1% of the population comprises members of other religions.


Although Tengaria ranks the highest in Euclea in terms of registered religious believers and religious homogeneity, the percentage of active members are lower than registered believers. This is for a variety of reasons. Irreligion is heavily frowned upon, and is seen by some as unnatural and detrimental to the common good of society for not believing in a Divine Authority. In addition, those who advocate secularism are associated with the disastrous old republic, having ties to the rebels who began the [[Tengarian Civil War]] and as opposing the reign of the [[Kovachev family]]. Thus the number of people who are irreligious in practice or belief is actually higher, but many choose to identify as Sotirian to avoid social conflict and stigma, further inflating the numbered of registered Sotirians. Thus only around 50% of the Sotirians in attends church regularly, although this is still much higher than the standard averages found in [[Euclea]]. As such, Tengaria remains the first in all of Eulcea in terms of religious unity and church attendance.
Tengaria is a {{wp|Christian state|Sotirian State}}, and gives a place of importance to [[Episemialist Church|Episemialist]] [[Sotirianity]] in its Constitution. The country has deep historic roots in Sotirianity, and although the Episemialism's influence is recognised, there are no formal restictions upon other religions or forms of Sotirianity or even non-religion.
[[File:Bulgarian Orthodox Priest.jpg|200px|left|thumb|A Priest of the [[Tengarian Episemialist Church]].]]
 
Tengaria's has a rich and deep religious tradition. The Tengar tribes were converted by Amathian missionaries in the sixth century at the same time the Empire of Arciluco began to control the region, making the Tengarians are some of the Marolev tribes who have held Sotirianity for the longest time. Sotrianity thrived and flourished for centuries, deeply imbeding its roots in the country. Churches served as centers of faith and learning to the developing Tengarian civilization. In the eleventh century Lenovo became the seat of the Patriarch of the Church in Tengaria, becoming {{wp|Autocephaly|Autocephalous}} in the year 1033, in recognition of the Grand Principality's friendship with the Empire and in gratitude for remaining loyal. During the Iconoclast schism in the late fourteenth century, Tengaria took up the banner of 'Orthodox' Episemialism, with the authority granted by the exiled Ecumenical Patriarch as the temporal leaders of the Sotirian world. Although not every Emperor took this position seriously, religion stood at the very heart of the reason why the monarchs had become Emperors, and so even vicious Emperors often still followed the trappings of religion to maintain their legitimacy and promoted it to the public. This position as the intellectual 'leader' of the Episemalist world for time, although Soravia remained the dominant political power, solidified Tengaria's Sotirian heritage, with Sotrian thought mixing with the philosophy to form a unique school. For centuries, all branches of its learning were intimately tied together with Episemialism. As more secular Soravian thought came to dominate Tengaria and its schools, the religion began to become removed from educational programs around the country. The Znaniya School sought to restore its place in the beginning of the twentieth century, but it was not until [[Simeon Kovachev]] took power that their plans could be brought to fruition and restored the religion's pride of place.  
According to government statistics, the percentage of combined Episemialist Churches in Tengaria comprise nearly 96% of the country, with over 21 million registered members. Of these, the primary Episemialist Church in Tengaria is the [[Patriarchate of Istros]], an {{wp|Autocephaly|Autocephalous}} Church headed by the Patriarch of Istros, comprising 93.4% of the population. There are also [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Arciluco|Amathian Episemialists]], which number at or about 1.1% of the population, while 1.2% follow other Episemialist Churches, such as the [[Soravian Episemialist Church|Soravian]] or [[Miersan Episemialist Church|Miersan]] Churches. Most of these communities are associated with immigrant groups who have migrated to the country within the last hundred years, although some Amathian communities on the Tengarian-Amathian border are under the proper jurisdicition of the Amathian Church.
 
The Patiarchate of Istros has four major divisions. The principal division, the main body of the Patriarchate, which uses {{wp|Latin|Solarian}} as its {{wp|litrugical language}}, oversees four {{wp|Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)|Metropolitanates}}, each with Bishoprics and Archbishoprics underneath it, as well as all of the international dioceses. This is the principal organ of the Tengarian Church, and comprises most of Tengaria's territory and population, with about 16.6 million members. In addition to this, there also exist three {{wp|Autocephaly#Autonomy|autonomous}} Metropolitinates, or sub jurisdictions which excercise autonomy within larger framework of the Tengarian Church, which includes the  [[Patriarchate_of_Istros#Metropolitanate_of_Calia|Metropolitanate of Calia]], with 3 million members, [[Patriarchate_of_Istros#Metropolitanate_of_Amronia|Metropolitanate of Armonia]] with 3.2 million members, and the [[Patriarchate_of_Istros#Metropolitanate_of_Dubnitsa|Metropolitanate of Dubnitsa]], mostly located in Bistravia but with communities in Tengaria.
[[File:Bulgarian Orthodox Priest.jpg|200px|left|thumb|An [[Episemialist Church|Episemialist]] Priest of the [[Patriarchate of Istros|Tengarian Church]].]]
After Episemialism, {{wp|Irreligion}} takes the second place with 1.9% of the population. Although Tengaria ranks as one the highest countries in Euclea in terms of registered religious believers and religious homogeneity, the percentage of active members are lower than registered believers. This is for a variety of reasons. Irreligion is heavily frowned upon by society, and is seen by some as unnatural and detrimental to society for not believing in a Divine Authority, or association with destructive forces in Tengaria's past. Thus the number of people who are irreligious in practice or belief is actually higher, but many choose to identify as Sotirian without practicing out of habit, for beloning or in rare cases to avoid social conflict and stigma, further inflating the numbered of registered Sotirians.  
 
Non-Episemialist forms of Sotirianity such as [[Solarian Catholic Church|Solarian Catholicism]] and uniate Tengarian Rite Catholicism comprise 1.5% of the population, or about 335,000 followers. The influence of {{wp|Thomism}} and {{wp|Scholasticism}} in the writings of the Tengarian Golden Age as well as Tengaria's {{wp|Aristotelianism|Teleological}} philosophy and historic hesitance towards {{wp|Hesychasm}} and usage of Solarian for religious ceremonies disposed some Episemialist theologians and clergy to reunite themselves with the Solarian Church in the nineteenth century, corresponding with efforts from the Solarian Church to bring back Episemialist Sotirians. These have historically faced discrimation and prejudice, and have become pejoratively known as "Uniates" by those who remained Epismeialist. Aside from these, Amendist or other Sotrian groups exist in very small numbers. Finally, less than 1% of the population comprises members of other religions. Most of these are immigrants from Satria and Zorasan.
 
The religious centre of Tengaria is the historic city of [[Istros]], where the Patriach resides, and also with the {{wp|Saint Sophia Church, Sofia|Basilica of St. John}}, a Church which is said to be over the burial site of St. John the Apostle. The current Basilica building dates from the mid-sixth century, built on top an older one. This has been a popular pilgrimage site for Sotirians. The city also possesses the large {{wp|Saint Isaac's Cathedral|Cathedral of the Logos}}, the seat of the Patriarch. The city of Lenovo is also a popular place of pilgrimage, with the {{wp|Church of Saint Sava|Cathedral of Holy Wisdom}} as one of the largest Churches in Western Euclea, built as an imitation of the Cathedral in Arciluco. Other famous church buildings include the {{wp|Rila Monastery|Monastery of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos}}, located in the hills of [[Visoclesia]], and the {{wp|Esztergom Basilica|Cathedral of the Dormition of the Theotokos}}, a large Cathedral located outside the city of [[Silen]].


Kovachev reformed the whole country's educational system, making religion a mandatory part of the studies of every student. He actively involved the Church in politics, making laws in conformity with the Church's teaching and basing the social policies of the National Rally around them. [[Dimitri Kovachev]] did not make many new policies to support the Church, but maintained most of his father's policies in order to appease the religious base of the National Rally. [[Teodora Kovachev]] has been a strong supporter of her grandfather's ideals, and has rekindled close ties between the government and the Church. Currently, the Episemialist Church is openly endorsed and supported financially by the national government, and works with the Church to establish laws to foster religious and national unity. Episemialist doctrine is mandatory to learn and are taught in Tengarian schools from a young, and study in theology is mandatory in the later stages and seen as the capstone of the entire education.
<gallery widths="350" mode="packed-hover">
<gallery widths="350" mode="packed-hover">
File:Basilica in Esztergom, Hungary 01.jpg|Cathedral of the Dormition of the Theotokos, Silen
File:Basilica in Esztergom, Hungary 01.jpg|{{wp|Esztergom Basilica|Cathedral of the Dormition of the Theotokos}}, Silen
File:Рилски манастир Rilakloster Rila Monestery.jpg|Monastery of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos, Visoclesia
File:Рилски манастир Rilakloster Rila Monestery.jpg|{{wp|Rila Monastery|Monastery of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos}}, Visoclesia
File:StGeorgeRotundaSofia.JPG|Church of Saint Mihail, Istros
File:Hram svetog save beograd 0005.jpg|{{wp|Church of Saint Sava|Cathedral of Holy Wisdom}}, Lenovo
File:St_Stephen's_Basilica,_Budapest_-_panoramio.jpg|Cathedral of Saint Vasil, Lenovo
File:Saint_Isaac's_Cathedral.jpg|{{wp|Saint Isaac's Cathedral|Cathedral of the Logos}}, Istros
File:Успенский_собор_(Варна).jpg|Cathedral of the Holy Cross, Avren
File:Basilica_of_Hagia_Sofia,_Bulgaria.jpg|{{wp|Saint Sophia Church, Sofia|Basilica of St. John}}, Istros
File:Basilica_of_Hagia_Sofia,_Bulgaria.jpg|Saint Catherine Basilica, Lenovo
</gallery>
</gallery>
===Immigration and Emigration===
===Immigration and Emigration===
[[File:DE-foepulet.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Customs and Migration Agency building in [[Lenovo]].]]


===Healthcare===
Migration and customs are overseen by the [[Cabinet of Tengaria|Ministry of the Interior]], currently headed by [[Luca Acirili]]. Tengaria has a positive net immigration rate, with an estimated 0.9 immigrants entering the country per 1000 persons, although the rate is close to a neutral amount. Of the first and second generation migrants, the largest group were those from Western Eulcea, in particular the [[Samorspi]] countries, numbering at 250,000 or nearly 1.1% of the population. Many of these immigrated during the troubles during years of political and economic upheaval in Western Euclea in the 1970s and 1980s, although more went to other places. In addition, Amathians have migrated to Tengaria, including Amathians fleeing political persecution or political violence throughout the twentieth century. It is estimated thate there are approximately 80,000 Amathian first and second generation immigrants, although there are also more third generation immigrants from those who migrated during the [[Amathian Civil War]], who largely settled into the prexisting Aamthian communites. In more recent years, immigrants from other areas of the world, in particular [[Zorasan]] and [[Satria]], have immigrated to Tengaria to start a new life, or to study internationally. There are roughly 275,000 migrants, comprising about 1% of the population, who come from the rest of the world. In recent decades, Tengaria has increased the ease of {{wp|Naturalization|naturalisation}} of foreign nationals in order to alleviate the declining population rate.


==Education==
Tengaria during its history experienced periods of significant emigration, especially during the Amathian occupation during the [[Great War (Kylaris)|Great War]], the twelve-year economic failure of the [[Tengarian Republic]], which saw the population drop. In addition, some groups of fear of reprisal or to avoid the new government following Stoychev's coup attempt. These factors came together to produce the Tengarian Diasporia. The major places of the diaspora include [[Amathia]] (with over 700,000 ethnic Tengarians), [[Galenia]] (nearly 160,000), and [[West Miersa]] (over 100,000), as well as places in the Asterias.  After these events, however, Tengaria's emigration rate sharply declined as the country stablized and saw rapid economic growth, but began to gradually increase in the late 1980s and continued to increase in the following decades, although not significant enough to eclipse the immigration rate. The main factors of emigration are mainly due to increased financial oppurtunity in foreign economies or disatisfaction with the government or with basic health needs, and were strongest in the late 2000s, although rates have declined since Teodora Kovahcev took power.  
''Main Article: [[Education in Tengaria]]''
===History===
[[File:Ephesus36.jpg|250px|left|thumb|The ruins of the ancient [[Agora (School)|Agora]] school in [[Istros]]]]
Education in Tengaria is a time honored tradition, dating back to the ancient Piraean city state of [[Istros]] on the Southern Coast in the third century BC. Xenagenes, disiciple of the great philosopher {{wp|Aristotle|Xenagoras}}, founded a school in the city, known as the [[Agora (School)|Agora]]. The {{wp|Peripatetic school|Teleological School}} flourished in the city, although it became secondary to the other philosophers when the [[Empire of Arciluco]] came to dominate the region in the sixth century. Over the centuries, the Tengars came to adopt the {{wp|Liberal arts education}} of the Solarians and Piraeans, passed on by the Amathians. In addition, the local churches established by the Sotrian missionaries provided another source of learning. The process of education was slow and gradual, as the Tengars were a rural and pastoral people, and most of the learning began to be focused in the towns and around churches. However, by the time of the [[Grand Principality of Tengaria]], Tengaria had become more of its own state, the schools became more prominent and widespread. By the rise of the [[Empire of Arciluco]], Tengaria had a well developed educational system and a strong philosophical and theological community. Emperor [[St. Vasil the Great]] took the educational system and reformed it, marking the beginning of the [[Tengarian Renaissance]]. He established the [[University of Lenovo]] in 1405, the oldest university in Western Euclea. The Agora school became popular once again. Tengaria for several centuries became the centre of learning in Western Euclea, and was well known for its intellectual community. The University, the Agora and soon several other insitutions became places for discussion and learning.


Eventually, Tengaria's Renaissance came to an end. The political dominance of [[Soravia]] of the region caused the educational community to fracture and to slowly decay. Although initially opposed, modern thought from Eastern Euclea began to make its way into Tengaria. Eventually those who believed in them came to positions of power, and the classics began to be put aside for the sake of the newer material. In addition, Soravian republican thought began to become prominent in the academic sphere in the late 19th century. Modern Soravian literature and Eastern Euclean scientific advancements and thought became mainstream amoung the intellectual community. Whereas before Tengaria's educational system had remained unique, it became more and more like that of other countries, with academic circles beginning to try to imitate the rest of Euclea. The old Agora school fell into neglect once again. Tengaria's education began to fall behind even its Euclean rivals. The Znaniya School was formed in part as a reaction to the state of Tengarian Education, as they sought to restore Tengaria's schools to their old heritage and strength, especially by turning back to the intellectual history and to {{wp|Aristotelianism|Teleology}} as the means to properly educate the young. However, the academic community worked against the new school, despite its popularity, and so the schools did not have a chance to reform between the Great War.
===Healthcare===
[[File:Collegium_Maius_in_Krakow_01.jpg|250px|right|thumb|The historic St. Vasil College of the [[University of Lenovo]]]]
[[File:Semmelweis_Egyetem_I._Sz._Szülészeti_és_Nőgyógyászati_Klinika_2.jpg|200px|left|thumb|Saint Katherine Hospital in [[Lenovo]].]]
During the Great War, higher education was suspended with the Amathian invasion and occupation. After the war, with the formation of the Republic, it was dominated by the Soravian inspired republican university staff. With the university staff now largely entering into politics, the followers of the Znaniya School began to slowly enter into the education system. However, the poorly mananged republic floundered, and the state of education was considered rather weak, as the country as a whole suffered political turmoil and economic collapse. After the [[Tengarian Civil War]], [[Simeon Kovachev]] took power. A disciple of the Znaniya School, he viewed education as his top priority for Tengaria, as the education of the youth is vital in producing a virtuous society. He immediately worked to reform the system, dismissing unwanted teachers from positions of power, restructuring the entire Tengarian educational system, implementing a {{wp|socratic method|socratic}} {{wp|liberal arts education}} focused on the {{wp|Great Books}}, changing the division of the arts and sciences to a more classical system and putting heavy government oversight and funding into education. Kovachev’s system is still in use today, despite criticism from outside countries.
Tengaria has {{wp|universal healthcare}} for primary, secondary and tertiary healthcare, run and directed by the [[Tengarian Health Service]], which is in turn overseen by the Minister of Health, currently Mihail Adonati. Most of the hospitals and clinics throughout the country are publicly run and funded, although privately funded institutions exist as well. Tengaria has a developed healthcare system, but with significant problems and functional issues in comparison to Eastern Euclean countries, due to a myriad of factors. Tengaria has a life expectancy rating of 76.7 years of age, higher than the world average but significantly less than Eastern Euclea and less than the Samorpsi countries of [[Soravia]] and [[Vedmed]]. Healthcare on the whole tends to be much better developed in urban than in rural areas. Despite suggestions to privatize the healthcare system in the 1990s and 2000s, the Kovachev government has remained committed to providing universal care to all of its citizens.  


===Liberal Education===
Tengaria has a functionally {{wp|two-tier healthcare}} system. All citizens are nominally covered for all basic health services through public spending, however, many of them are required to pay out-of-pocket costs anyways due to corruption and lack of funding, especially in more rural areas. These problems sometimes result from the lack of equipment, or the requirement of the recepient to provide more basic supplies, such as syringes and bandages. In light of some of the poor coverage which the main system has, wealthier citizens often choose to purchase their own private healthcare for an additional cost, which often gives them better or faster service. Tengaria practices a policy of compulsory insurance, either from the public system or from a private provider. Public funding for healthcare mostly comes from common taxpayer funding, ususally scaled to how much the person makes, with wealthier citizens paying a larger share into the country's health system.


Tengaria has one of the world's most unique curricula, designed and implemented by [[Simeon Kovachev]] and inspired by the thought of the Znaniya School. The education harkens back to the ancient liberal arts education of [[Piraea]] and the [[Solarian Empire]], but further and beyond this is ordered primarily by {{wp|Aristotelianism|Teleological}} and [[Episemialist Church|Episemialist]] principles. However, it distinguishes itself from other liberal arts education in principle- whereas other liberal arts programs pursue a “humane studies” or “general education", Tengaria views the liberal arts as seven introductory disciplines which prepare the student for the more profound subjects, those that constitute the heart of a liberal education. The ultimate goal of the liberal education is the knowledge of the truth to be found by Wisdom both Divine and Natural, namely Theology and Philosophy. A liberal education is one that "frees" men by pursuing this truth, allowing them to know and pursue their proper end. The education is not ordered towards any practical end or career path, but is instead ordered to pursuit of knowledge for its own sake and for producing virtuous citizens.
Tengaria does not prioritize on medical research, but instead relies largely on Soravia or Eastern Euclea for the country's medical technology and research. Although comprable in many ways to other more developed countries, Tengaria's healthcare system has had significant problems with upkeep and modernisation. In rural areas, in addition to lack of equipment, much of the medical equipment and buildings are outdated and obsolete. This, coupled with funding issues, has led to the development of institutional corruption, with some patients being forced to bribe their doctors, a practice, which although illegal, has been consistently ongoing for decades. Recent attempts by the Kovacheva government to crack down on bribery have stopped some of this, but nevertheless it still remains an issue throughout most of the country's rural areas.
[[File:Francesco Sleter (1685-1775) - A Representation of the Liberal Arts, Ceiling Design for the State Dining Room at Grimsthorpe Castle - T03465 - Tate.jpg|250px|left|thumb|A Painting of the Seven Liberal Arts]]
For this reason, the Primary Education of Tengaria is focused on the study of the classical {{wp|Trivium}}, namely Grammar, Logic and Rhetoric, and {{wp|Quadrivium}}, namely Geometry, Arithmetic, Astronomy and Music. The study and habituation of these speculative arts give the student the necessary foundation by which they can study the higher things later in the curriculum. Students study the basic principles of these arts, and habituate them by means of demonstrating propositions, giving arguments, grammatical exercises, studying the stars, listening too and giving speeches, and other methods. The students do practical exercises do not study them merely for their practical ends, but rather use these practical means for the sake of studying the speculative or scientific knowledge of these arts. When possible, works by the great authors are used. The foremost example of this is {{wp|Euclid's Elements}} for Geometry. However, this is not always practical or possible for every subject or for every grade level, so textbooks and manuals are occasionally used.


In addition to the liberal arts, all primary school students (both upper and lower) take religious education, gymnastics (physical education), musical performance and civic virtue classes. Religious education is taught from an Orthodox [[Episemialist Church|Episemialist]] point of view, and educates the populace on the principles of the faith from an early age. Gymnastics is seen as necessary for the development of a healthy and well balanced lifestyle. All students learn how to sing and are required to study another instrument of their choice. This is required because music is seen as a means of ordering the soul towards the good, and it also habituates the students in musical experience. This is distinct from their study of music as a liberal art, which focuses on the mathematical and auditory principles of the speculative art of music. Finally, all students take Civic Virtue classes, which are classes which aim to teach ethics and national loyalty from a young age, as well as national history. All students, when studying grammar, are also taught ancient {{wp|Ancient Greek language|Piraean}}.
==Education==
[[File:PythagoreEuclide1.gif|300px|right|thumb|Anamation of the steps of {{wp|Pythagorean_theorem#Euclid's_proof|Proposition 47}} from Book 1 of {{wp|Euclid|Euclid's}} {{wp|Euclid's Elements|''Elements''}}]]
''Main Article: [[Education in Tengaria]]''
After successful completion of both levels of primary school, students move to secondary school, called Universal School. It is named as such because the curriculum is still focused on the study of universals and speculative knowledge, rather than particulars and practical knowledge. Students study Theology, Philosophy, Natural Science, and more advanced Mathematics. These are counted as the "Universal Studies", and are given priority in the order of studies. Theology is given primacy of place due to its divine origin; Philosophy is also very highly valued. The natural sciences, such as biology and chemistry, and more advanced courses of mathematics, such as algebra and calculus, are also considered instrumental and necessary for a complete understanding of the principles of the world. Textbooks are very rarely used; most reading takes place from the greatest works of the prominent authors. By using the books themselves, students are challenged to engage with the great conversation of the intellectuals throughout history. In addition, literature and history are also studied, along with a continuation of musical performance and civic virtue classes, but are not given as much importance as the others. Although completing Universal School is the requisite for all citizens, there are other further steps of secondary education. Students who enter into Preparatory School continue the Universal Studies until they are prepared to enter into tertiary education. Technical school diverges away from speculative knowledge and focuses on the practical studies for students who desire enter into the workforce.
[[File:Collegium_Maius_in_Krakow_01.jpg|250px|right|thumb|The historic St. Vasil College of the [[University of Lenovo]].]]
 
The universities of Tengaria are funded for and overseen by the government, who oversee. Students who study at University pursue the core studies of the universal education, except at a much more intense and comprehensive level. The liberal arts are again approached, but now as looking back upon the principles which lead into the higher sciences, from a vantage point of experience. In addition, there are no history, music, or civic virtue classes, and University focuses on developing the intellectual life of the students. All students take the same degree, and once they graduate, they are allowed to move on to higher studies in a particular field. This uniformity is in place so that the students will have a basic understanding of universal speculative knowledge before they go on to study a narrower field of study. Tengaria is considered to have a very strong classical education, and the students come out having a wide range of knowledge.


However, the education is not without its detractors. Several international educators criticize the lack of electives and specialization options available for students, saying that it causes students from finding paths which uniquely suit their abilities and talents. Some have criticized it for being too archaic and backwards, with its classical mindset hampering the students through poor educational focus or outdated thought. Because the thought and intention behind the education is so radically different than most countries, several think the whole system is flawed. Innovators claim that a focus on learning through books and lack of technological learning and other modern developments hamper the student's abilities to thrive in the modern world. The harshest critics say that contrary to the education's goal to make the students free, the religious education and civic virtue classes constitute nothing less than "brainwashing".
Tengaria's education system is one of the country's most unique features. With ancient roots dating back to {{wp|Education in ancient Rome|Solaria}} and {{wp|Education in ancient Greece|Piraea}} passed through the Empire of Arciluco, the contemporary educational system was standardised in the late empire with significant reforms by Simeon Kovachev. Kovachev believed that education was fundamental in building a well ordered and truly free society, placing great importance on the idea of a "liberal" education. Generally speaking, Tengarian education emphasizes a classical mode of education, placing the primary importance on {{wp|philosophy}}, with the {{wp|liberal arts}} being the pathways by which these are reached, as well as a stress on the moral education of "free and virtuous" citizens.  


===Structure===
Education is heavily overseen and funded by the government, with almost all schools being managed by the government. All schooling is free to Tengarian citizens, but most institutions of higher education require the applicant to pass a test before admission. Education is mandatory for 11 years, from the roughly the ages of 6-17, but on average students take about 13 years of schooling. In addition to the main universal system of education which is mandatory throughout childhood, the government also sponsors technical or prepatory schools for students to specialize in the skills which they need to enter the workforce or to prepare further for higher education.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Level!!Name!!Duration!!Particular Focuses
! Level!!Name!!Duration!!Particular Focuses
|-
|-
| '''Preschool'''||''Предучилищна'' (Preschool)||2 years (age: 4 to 6)||Basic Reading and Writing, Experiential Learning
| '''Preschool'''||''Prescola'' (Preschool)||2 years (age: 4 to 6)||Basic Reading and Writing, Experiential Learning
|-style="background:#fefcad"
|-style="background:#fefcad"
| rowspan="2"|'''Primary education'''||''Нисък Училище'' (Lower school)||3 years (age: 6 to 9)||Grammar, Arithmetic, Geometry
| rowspan="2"|'''Primary education'''||''Lud'' (Letter school)||3 years (age: 6 to 9)||Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, Geometry
|-style="background:#fefcad"
|-style="background:#fefcad"
| |''Горен Училище'' (Upper school)||3 years (age: 9 to 12)||Logic, Astronomy, Music, Rhetoric
| |''Grammat'' (Grammar school)||3 years (age: 9 to 12)||Grammar, Logic, Astronomy, Music  
|-style="background:#fefcad"
|-style="background:#fefcad"
| rowspan="3"|'''Secondary education'''||''Универсален Училище'' (Universal school)||5 years (age: 12 to 17)|| Universal Studies, Literature, History
| rowspan="3"|'''Secondary education'''||''Rethor'' (Rhetoric school)||5 years (age: 12 to 17)|| Universal studies, History, Literature, Rhetoric
|-
|-
| ''Подготвителен Училище'' (Prepratory school) ||1 or more years (age: 17 to 18 or later)||Further Universal Studies
| ''Scola Preparata'' (Prepratory school) ||1 or more years (age: 17 to 18 or later)||Further Universal Studies
|-
|-
| ''Технически Училище'' (Technical school) ||1 or more years (age: 17 to 18 or later)||Apprenticeship or other Practical Training
| ''Scola Artū'' (Technical school) ||1 or more years (age: 17 to 18 or later)||Apprenticeship or other practical training
|-
|-
| rowspan="3"|'''Tertiary education'''||''университет'' (Bachelor's degree)||3 years||Higher Universal Studies
| rowspan="3"|'''Tertiary education'''||''Licentiat'' (Bachelor's degree)||3 years||Arts, advanced studies
|-
|-
| ''Майсторство'' (Master's degree)||1 or 2 years||Specialized Subject
| ''Magistrat'' (Master's degree)||1 or 2 years||Specialised Subject
|-
|-
| ''Докторат'' (Doctorate) ||3 years or more||Specialized Subject
| ''Doctorat'' (Doctorate) ||3 years or more||Specialised Subject
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 512: Line 782:
''Stages highlighted in yellow below are compulsory.''
''Stages highlighted in yellow below are compulsory.''


Tengaria's educational structure shares some similarities to other countries, but also differs in the methodology and material. All schools in Tengaria are run or heavily overseen by the government, and all follow the same general structure. Tengaria has 11 years of mandatory education, from ages 6 to 17, though other levels are offered before and after. Primary and secondary education are required, with the Primary education being split into two parts. Furthermore, education is often split by sex; oftentimes, the schools are single-sex or several the classes in the school are divided by sex, even the nation's universities. By law, gymnastics and civic virtue classes are always split by sex, and can differ in focus for each sex.
==Economy==
''Main Article: [[Economy of Tengaria]]''
 
Tengaria has a {{wp|World Bank high-income economy|high-income}} {{wp|mixed economy}}, considered by some sources to be a {{wp|developed country}} but by others still to be a {{wp|developing country}}. Tengaria has a 0.871 on the {{wp|Human Development Index}}, placing it in the very high range, placing it above [[Senria]] but below [[Estmere]]. It has a per capita nominal gross domestic product of 14,707 Euclos, placing it above [[Satucin]] but below [[Senria]]; it also has a per capita gross domestic at product purchasing power parity of 30,530 Euclos, placing it above [[Amathia]] but below [[Vedmed]]. Tengaria was largely an agricultural country until it began to industrialize in the late eighteenth century; during the early republic period the economy stagnated and later collapsed, leading to the [[Tengarian Civil War]]. After the War Simeon Kovachev undertook massive reforms to revitalize the economy, further industrializing and later greatly expanding the service sector of the economy. Since then the Tengarian economy has diversified and developed, being a mixture of a mostly {{wp|free market}} with {{wp|economic interventionism}} and {{wp|State-owned enterprise|state-owned enterprises}} influenced by {{wp|Corporatism|corporatist}} principles. Currently, {{wp|Tertiary sector of the economy|services}}, {{wp|energy}}, {{wp|agriculture}}, {{wp|education}}, {{wp|mining}}, {{wp|metallurgy}}, and {{wp|tourism}} are important parts of the economy.
 
===Energy===
[[File:"АЕЦ_Козлодуй".jpeg|250px|right|thumb|The [[Dragomir III Nuclear Power Plant]] is Tengaria's largest source of energy.]]
''Main Article: [[Energy in Tengaria]]''
 
Tengaria's energy industry is mostly controlled by public companies overseen by the [[Tengarian Energy Holding]]. Due to its use of nuclear and hydroelectric power, Tengaria is mostly self-sufficient in energy, and exports energy to neighboring countries. In addition, the dominance of these two kinds of energy ensures that Tengaria functions on an mostly {{wp|low-carbon economy}}. Like its ally Soravia, Tengaria is considered a fairly environmentally-friendly country; Simeon Kovachev believed firmly in the preservation of Tengaria's natural lands, while his successors saw the economic gain of non-reliance on exterior energy, which Tengaria did not have the resources to sustain a full economy on. This resulted in significant investure in the mostly-green Nuclear power and the reduction of fossil fuels.
 
Nuclear energy accounts for 73.9% of Tengaria's energy output, mostly taken from the [[Dragomir III Nuclear Power Plant]], although several other nuclear power plants exist. Based on international research done in the 1960s which produced a successful {{wp|molten salt reactor}}, Tengaria was the first country to invest significant resources into the research and development of {{wp|Thorium-based nuclear power}}, working on the development of a stable and efficient {{wp|liquid fluoride thorium reactor}} throughout the 1970s, before investing in the construction of these on a commercial level in the 1980s, eventually taking over as the dominant source of energy for the nation as more reactors are built. Thorium development posed a unique challenge in terms of increased cost and development; however, it also has several advantages, such as reduced need on Uranium in lieu of the more common material of Thorium, and an almost minimal chance of a {{wp|nuclear meltdown}}. In addition to being used by Tengaria, energy from the reactors is also exported to nearby countries. Tengaria remains a leader in the Thorium based nuclear power industry, with several other countries later deciding on implementing thorium based power. It is one of the countries most dependent on Nuclear energy in Western Euclea.
[[File:Djerdap_1.jpg|250px|left|thumb|The [[Silver Gate Dam]], Tengaria's largest {{wp|hydropower}} plant on the [[River Len]].]]
The second largest source of power is taken from {{wp|hydropower}}, which makes up 24.7% of the country's energy output energy. These come from the country's two primary rivers, the [[River Len]] and the River Ciste. However, due to the historic and cultural importance of the River Len and the proliferation of settlements and trade along the river, the Kovachev government only permitted one dam, the [[Silver Gate Dam]], which is situated along the Silver Gate gorge of the River Len in [[Visoclesia]], and the narrowest point of the river. This Dam is one of the larger producers of hydroelectricity in Euclea. Other hydroelectric facilities exist along the River Ciste, mostly located in the sparsely populated province of [[Khulm]].
 
{{wp|Fossil fuels}} and {{wp|biomass}} are not widely used for energy production, yielding only roughly 1.4% of the country's energy production, but are still used for such things as motor vehicles, military use, and construction equipment. After the country's switch to nuclear power in the 1980s, usage of these fuels were gradually phased out. Almost all of the oil and natural gas needs of Tengaria are met through the pipeline supplies from Soravia, and the country exports most of the oil and the natural gas it produces. Although Tengaria does have an abudance of coal in the northern hills, most of it is {{wp|lignite}}, which lowers its potential value, and most coal mining operations have decreased over the twentieth century. Since 2014, the government has halted efforts of further {{wp|hydraulic fracturing}}.
 
===Agriculture===
 
===Industry===


Parents can send their children to designated preschools when the child reaches four years of age. This is designed to give the child early sense experience in order to foster his later education. Another important function of this lower school is to ensure that the children have some basic literacy before they enter in primary school. If the parent chooses to opt out the child from preschool, they must ensure their child has this literacy before they are allowed to enter into primary school. Primary school is divided into two parts, a lower and an upper, each lasting three years. After this, all students go into the Universal school, which lasts for five years. Every student takes the same courses, and most finish by the time they are 17 or 18. Some take longer, but students who consistently fail are sent to designated schools for students with learning issues. If deemed unable to complete the education at all, special exceptions are made.
===Tourism===
[[File:Sarganska_osmica_1.jpg|250px|left|thumb|The [[Visoclesian Railway]], one of the country's most popular tourist attractions.]]


After the completion of Universal school, students are no longer required to take any studies. Most students enter into the workplace immediately after school, or might get an apprenticeship. Those wishing to learn technical skills can go to certain government sponsored Technical schools, which are designed to give the students practical knowledge of their field of interest. For those wishing to pursue higher education, they must take an common examination. Each university has a threshold which the student must clear. The threshold is fairly high, and many do not pass the first examination. If the student does not make any threshold, he may go to a Preparatory school to study more to pass the examinations.  
Tourism is a major contributor to Tengaria's economy. Tengaria has many popular sites, both manmade and natural, and has worked to promote tourism from the late 1970s. In the decades following the Civil War, the government has promoted its tourist sites on the international, especially to wealthy East Eucleans, made possible by reform of the country's transportation system and economic recovery. Tengaria recieves nearly 22 million foreign visitors each year, making it a high-ranking tourist country, though by no means the largest. Tengaria's most popular tourist areas are the coastline along the [[Acheloian Sea]], [[Visoclesia]] and the coastline around [[Lake Min]], the historic cities of [[Lenovo]] and [[Istros]], and the [[River Len]]. In addition to foreign tourism, {{wp|domestic tourism}} is also prominent.


===Higher Education===
The southern coastline along the Acheloian Sea offers resorts, designated beaches, and other attractions, especially along its southern coastline. The warmer climate of the south makes it a very popular vacation destination for its [[Samorspi]] allies, which is facilitated by a {{wp|customs union}} it has with the other Samorspi states. Sailing or boating is a popular tourist activity. Tengaria's coastal resorts generally tender to be cheaper than many in Eastern Euclea, making the destination attractive for less expensive coastal vacations. The southern coastline's tourist season generally peaks in the winter, but continues throughout the whole year. In addition, the coast has some of the country's largest population centres located along it, such as [[Istros]] and [[Magnalia]], which allow for tourists to have major centres of transportation and convience in the area.
[[File:Hearst_Castle_Neptune_Pool_September_2012_002.jpg|250px|right|thumb|The Great Baths in [[Lenovo]].]]
Visoclesia is one of Tengaria's largest regions, and includes coastline, major cities, and large areas of preserved forest and rugged hills. The coast of Lake Min, although cold in the winter months, is temperate during the summer and has a long border with the freshwater lake. The coast alternates between hilly and smooth, with beaches and resorts at certain areas and high-overlooks and cliffs in others. Inland, there are many natural parks, nature reserves and such areas which tourists may visit, with oppurtunities to hike and explore. In addition, the River Len flows from Lake Min through the Visoclesian hills, which at its narrowest point forms the Silver Gates, a popular tourist attraction for the steep walls which the river runs through. Another major attraction of the region is the [[Visoclesian Railway]], a scenic heritage tourist railway built in the late nineteenth century which goes through the hills along the coastline. In addition to natural or resort attractions, this region also has the cities [[Visnagrad]] and [[Garna]], the third and fifth largest cities in the country, providing places to stay as well as shops.


As part of it's proud educational tradition, Tengaria has multiple institutions of higher education. The most famous of these is the [[University of Lenovo]], which is the oldest University in Western Euclea. Inspired by the {{wp|Scholasticism|scholastics}} of Eastern Euclea, St. Vasil the Great founded the University in 1405 to be the centre for higher learning and to augment and enhance the liberal education already present from the Empire of Arciluco. Although there were schools prior to this, such as the [[Agora School]] and the higher learning of institutions of Arciluco, the University was the first one of its kind based upon the model of university found in the East. Since then, several other universities were established, but the University of Lenovo was always seen as the top and primary institution of learning in Tengaria. The universities gave students a higher degree of learning in the liberal arts and theology and philosophy, before allowing for the student to become a master of a subject. However, as education in Eastern Euclea and Soravia began to change in the twentieth centuries, the universities began to slowly adapt to their methods as well. After the Great War, the university system was in shambles. As part of his reforms during the 1960s, [[Simeon Kovachev]] changed the structure and format of the university system, reflecting the older traditions of the universities and also putting a greater focus on liberal education.  
In addition to the coastlines and natural areas, Tengaria is also known for its cultural and historical areas. The cities of Lenovo and Istros are particularly known for being important centres of historic or major cultural landmarks and buildings. The city of Istros has well preserved Piraean ruins, inlcuding of the historic Agora School and the well preserved {{wp|Library of Celsus|Xanthos Library}}. It also has major religious sites, such fourth century Church of Holy Wisdom, one of the oldest still-standing churches in the world and the the Basilica of St. John, a Church which is said to be over the death site of {{wp|John the Apostle}}. The city of Lenovo is filled with tourist destinations, and is a major hub of foreign tourism. Prominent tourist sites include the iconic {{wp|Hungarian Parliament Building|Palace of the Senate}}, the Great Baths, the [[Imperial Palace of Tengaria|Imperial Palace]], and [[Saint Vasil Cathedral]]. These cities also have many cultural events and other activities which tourists can experience and partake in. In addition to these areas, there are many other particular sites spread throughout the country, such as the {{wp|Rila Monastery|Monastery of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos}} and the Radomin Arches, which are also attractive to tourists. In recent years, river cruises along the [[River Len]] have become popular.


There are three levels of tertiary education. The first and primary one is simply called "University", reflective of the universal curriculum which it pursues. All university students take the same undergraduate curriculum, studying at a higher level the universal studies which they pursued in universal school. Theology and philosophy are given the primary importance, but mathematics and the natural sciences are all rigorously studied. All classes are discussion based and directly based on the great books. Supplementary lectures available for interested students. The education is known for being very intense and difficult, and is ordered to developing the intellectual life of the students rigorously. This level lasts for three years. For international students who wish to study the Tengarian education but are not prepared, several universities offer a four-year less intense and more basic approach to liberal education for all who are interested in getting a liberal education. For Tengarian nationals and qualified international students, the three-year university is common to all other undergraduate students. All those who pass are granted a degree in Liberal Arts, which is held as equivalent to a Bachelor's Degree with majors Theology and Philosophy and minors in Mathematics and Natural Science in other schools.
===Infrastructure and Transport===
[[File:Type923-T4.jpg|250px|left|thumb|A train on the [[Rapid]], Tengaria's high-speed rail line. Tengarian locomotives are usually marked by their unique yellow colour.]]
The primary mode of transportation in Tengaria is by rail, and the government has made rail transport its priority in terms of funding and investment. Most of rail transport in Tengaria is managed by the publicly owned company [[Tengarian Rail]]. Most of the major rail lines lead back to the central city of [[Lenovo]], but many smaller lines operate out of most cities and connect most towns throughout Tengaria. Tengaria's four largest cities all include above or underground subways which connect the parts of the city together. The country's rail network is connected to Arciluco through close proximity, and thus to the major Euclostar rail networks by extension. In 2018, Tengaria completed a {{wp|high-speed rail}} line, known as ''[[Rapid]]'', running vertically along the country along the Len River from Visnagrad to Istros, making it the country's first high-speed rail network, which can reach up to speeds of 294 km/h. Plans exist to extend high-speed rail lines into [[Bistravia]] and [[Amathia]] for increased ease of international travel, as well as an eventual connexion to Soravia's prosposed "Spine of Euclea" project. Tengarian railways almost exclusively support {{wp|Electric locomotive|electric locomotives}}, which have helped to reduce the costs of maintainence and fueling with coal or diesel and which have worked with the country's growth in nuclear power. There are a few exceptions, such as the Visoclesian Railway, which operates with modified coal-powered {{wp|Steam engine|steam engines}}, the only railway in the nation to still do so, by special government mandate. On the whole, the major railways tend to be better funded and maintained, and are known for good service, but some of the branch lines and more rural lines are less well maintained and generally more inefficient.


Having completed University, students then have the opportunity to progress on to a Master's Degree or a Doctorate; at this level, the person begins to specialize in the field of their choice, and the length of the degree depends on what they choose to study. Medical and students who study particular natural and physicals sciences usually spend longer on their degrees. Graduate level studies in Philosophy are internationally renowned. Tengaria's schools are usually not focused on research study, but pedagogical studies instead, as the profession of educator is one given great prestige in Tengaria. However, top-tier university have researched based graduate programs. All teritary level education is free for Tengarian citizens and paid for by the government; however, it is not free for International Students, although the Tengarian government also gives grants to international students to encourage them.
Tengaria has extensive roadways across the country, most of which are paved. Tengarian road infrastructure is overseen by the Tengarian Highway Authority, which oversees the construction and maintenance of roads throughout the country. Roads are an important way of travel and shipping for people living in rural areas away from railway stations, however, most travel and freight is done or carried by railways instead. Major highways include the имперски магистрала (''Imperski Magistrala'', or Imperial Highway) which stretches from the city of [[Visnagrad]] down along the [[Len River]] valley through [[Lenovo]] and eventually on to Istros, and the крайбрежна магистрала (''Kraĭbrezhna Magistrala'' or Coastal Highway), which stretches along the southern coast of the country. Public bus services also utilize the roadways, particularly focused around major cities. Do to the country's emphasis on railway travel, roads are not as well constructed or funded as other countries, and so Tengaria has a relatively low road quality outside of the cities.
[[File:Sofia_Airport_Terminal_1_Interior.jpg|225px|right|thumb|Interior of [[Saint Vasil the Great Airport]] in [[Lenovo]].]]
Air travel in Tengaria is overseen and managed by the [[Tengarian Aviation Authority]]. Tengaria has four international airports, the largest being [[Saint Vasil the Great Airport]] in [[Lenovo]], followed by [[Xenagoras Airport]] in [[Visnagrad]], [[Saint John Airport]] in [[Istros]], and [[Holy Wisdom Airport]] in [[Magnalia]]. In addition, many of Tengaria's larger cities have domestic airports as well, although these are not always commonly used, and tend to be fair smaller. The largest carrier in Tengaria is [[Air Tengaria]], which is the nation's {{wp|flag carrier}}. Air travel is one of the primary ways of long-distance international travel, and are used by both foreign and outgoing tourists for entry into the country. Although Tengaria's international air travel is well developed, Tengaria has had major issues with its domestic flight system, on account of old infrastructure and funding going to rail.


==Economy==
Tengaria's telecommunications networks and internet infrastructure are mostly handled and overseen by the publicly owned [[Tengarian Communications]] corporation. Almost all people have some access to forms of telecommunication, although the telecommunications structure in rural areas is often outdated an in need of modernization. Around 69% of the population has access to internet, mostly focused around the urban areas of the country; however, this number has increased since the government began a plan to bring broadband to all areas in 2018. Tengaria is known for implementing {{wp|Internet censorship|censorship}} on certain internet programs and websites, mostly pornographic or blasphemous in nature, although increased access to {{wp|Virtual private network|virtual private networks}} provides a work around for this.


===Science and Technology===
===Science and Technology===
[[File:Автомат_Lenovo_на_станции_Борисово.jpg|200px|left|thumb|Computer station operated by the technology company ''Lenovo''.]]
Tengaria's scientific development was first marked by the influence of [[Empire of Arciluco]], through which it recieved the scientific works the ancient world. During the Tengarian Golden Age, the inspiration of the classical studies saw the formation of several scientific institutions associated with the various branches of knowledge. Due to its importance in the {{wp|Quadrivium}}, an astronomical school was established in Lenovo in 1392, and soon became associated with the [[University of Lenovo]]. The proliferation of {{wp|Aristotle|Xenagoras's}} works of natural philosophy saw a revival of biological and zoological studies, as well as studies of physics. However, these studies were largely done in the context of a {{wp|Geocentric model}} and according to theories such as the {{wp|theory of impetus}}.


===Transport===
Eventually, with the advent of the {{wp|Scientific Revoultion}}, the scientific works in Tengaria would be outclassed by Soravian and Eastern Euclean scientists, many of whom would overturn the foundational theories held in classical science. Some of these scientists, [[Lawrence Lugin, 1st Marquis of Krada|Lawrence Lugin]], studied for a time in Tengaria due to the availability of texts and extensive research already done. Tengaria was reluctant to accept the new findings at first, however, as better equipment and experimentation came along, they started to gradually accept the newer findings. Many sought to reconicle the new scientific findings with the basic priniciples of the classical authors; this was most notably carried out by the polymath [[Ivan Istina]] and [[Znaniya school]]. In the late 20th century, Tengaria would become a pioneering force in nuclear physics because it spent significant funding and research to develop Thorium based nuclear technology, becoming the first country to produce a commercially viable {{wp|liquid fluoride thorium reactor}}. [[Iordan Apauli]] was the head scientist on the project, and became a well known nuclear scientist in the field. Tengaria is a member state of the [[Atomic Energy Commission]].


===Energy===
Since the 1990s, Tengaria has seen an expansion in technology manufacturing as well as information and communications work, especially within the context of Samorspi. Maufacturing companies such as ''Lenovo'' produced computers and other electronic devices throughout the early 2010s on a domestic scale, however these companies were incorporated into larger international companies.


==Culture==
==Culture==
{{multiple image
|perrow=2
|total_width=270
|align=right
|image1=Teofrasto_Orto_botanico_detail.jpg |width1=125
|image2=Patriarch_Tarasios.jpg |width2=155
|image3=Ivan Istina.jpg |width3=125
|image4=Tzvetan_Todorov_no_Fronteiras_do_Pensamento_Porto_Alegre_2012_(7938086378).jpg |width4=125
|footer=(From Top Left) [[Xenagenes]] (346{{ndash}}265 BC), [[Saint Renat the Confessor|Renat the Confessor]] (1345{{ndash}}1422), [[Ivan Istina]] (1875{{ndash}}1928), [[Boris Idenev]], (1942{{ndash}}), notable Tengarian Philosophers
}}
===Philosophy===
''Main Article: [[Philosophy in Tengaria]], [[Universal School (Tengaria)|Universal School]]''
Philosophy has played an important role in the development and formation of Tengarian culture and political society.  At first influenced by {{wp|Peripatetic school|Teleological}} philosophy through a school established by [[Xenagenes]] in the independent city state of Istros, it was later influenced by the philosophy of the [[Empire of Arciluco]], and so discussed {{wp|Platonism|Sophism}} and {{wp|Stoicism}}. although following some aspects of Eastern Euclean {{wp|scholasticism}}, began to produce its own philsophers, especially during the Tengarian Golden Age, combining both the philsophical knowledge of Western and Eastern Euclea. During this time, Tengaria became the centre of learning in Western Euclea and throughout the Episemialist church, until Soravia's geopolitical power eventually overshadowed that of Tengaria in the sixteenth century.
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Tengaria underwent a philosophical revival during a general period of cultural output, especially under a group of philosophers, artists and authors who comprised the [[Universal School (Tengaria)|Universal School]], which proposed a 'universal' philosophy, which largely attempted to fit traditional teleological philosophy to modern developments in the natural sciences while also protecting Sotirian theology. Although this period was largely ended by the Great War, under Simeon Kovachev the Universal school was extremely influential in influencing the creation of the country's Second Constitution and its new education program. The government continues to stress the importance of philosophy, and due to its education and focus on the intellectual life, philosophy is considered a key part of Tengarian culture.
Currently, Tengaria is considered a leader in the field of classical studies, historical philosophy, and Episemialist theology. Tengaria is home to several influential international philosophical awards and organizations, such as the [[Aletheia Award]], considered one of the greatest academic distinctions for Philosophic work, the [[International Philosophy Institute]], a global group of philosophers and historians of philosophy, and the [[Xenagoras Society]], the primary association of Teleological philosophers or those who specialize in the study of the works of Xenagoras.
===Art & Architecture===
''Main article: [[Art in Tengaria]], [[Art in Tengaria#Architecture|Archictecture in Tengaria]]''
The oldest preserved visual art in Tengaria dates from the Kaloí peoples, who used pigments to paint {{wp|Fresco|frescos}} and murals on the walls of their temples and their tombs. Statues dating from the Piraean and Solarian periods can be found in the city of [[Istros]], such as the second-century statues in the {{wp|Library of Celsus|Library of Xenagoras}}. Art from the Classical period of Istros also includes mosaic structures as well, as found in several homes. The dominance of the [[Empire of Arciluco]] in the sixth century, introduced a new style of Western Solarian art. One of the major movements of this was the development of the religious {{wp|Icon}}, which became a widespread devotion across the Episemialist world. Icons became central to liturgical practice in Tengaria, with its culmination being the development of the {{wp|Iconostasis}}.


===Art and Architecture===
An artistic revival began during this period, which continued throughout the beginnings of the century. Art during this period also began to take on various elements of {{wp|Neoclassicism}} and {{wp|Romanticism}}, but did not fully embrace either. In the early twentieth century, the art community became divided between those who favored more traditional Tengarian styles of art while others wanted to adopt the trends of Eastern Euclean modern art and of [[Soravia]]. When Kovachev took power, the traditionalist artists were given pride of place, and art percieved as "ugly" and "disordering" largely was driven underground.


===Literature and Philosophy===
[[File:Interior_look_Church_Saint_Sava_from_western_gally_leg_P.Cikovac.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Interior of the {{wp|Church of Saint Sava|Cathedral of Holy Wisdom}} in [[Lenovo]].]]
''Main Article: [[Literature and Philosophy of Tengaria]]
Despite a period of decline after the sixteenth century, nevertheless the artistic community still managed to design art for churches, although much along the same lines as had been accomplished during the Golden Age. This changed in the middle of the nineteenth century, when increased building gave artists new chances to do art for new ornate buildings, such as the churches built during this time or new political buildings.
[[File:Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg|200px|right|thumb|{{wp|Aristotle|Xenagoras}}, although he likely never went to Tengaria, is still commonly viewed as the Father of Tengarian Philosophy.]]
Tengaria has a rich tradition in both Literature and Philosophy, dating back to the ancient Piraean city state of Istros on the Southern Coast. Tengarian legend holds that the great philosopher {{wp|Aristotle|Xenagoras}} came to Istros and founded a school of Philosophy in the late third century BC. Most historians now agree that this claim is spurious, and that it was one of Xenagoras' disciples, Xenagenes, who founded a school in the city, who is responsible for writing several works later mistakenly attributed to Xenagoras himself, namely, the ''{{wp|Mechanics (Aristotle)|Mechanics}}'' and ''{{wp|On Indivisible Lines}}''. Regardless, {{wp|Peripatetic school|Teleological}} philosophy dominated the learning of the independent city state of Istros for the next few centuries through the [[Agora (School)|Agora]], the school which Xenagenes, even after the school of thought was largely forgotten in the Solarian Empire and Piraea itself. After the [[Empire of Arciluco]] came to dominate the region, the Tengars were exposed to the texts of the other ancient Piraean and Solarian authors, and came to follow the classical mode of the {{wp|Liberal arts education}} which was developed in the Solarian Empire and Piraea. In addition to {{wp|Aristotelianism|Teleology}}, {{wp|Platonism|Sophism}} and {{wp|Stoicism}} became more widespread and became the dominant stands of philosophy, following the influence of Arciluco. The rise of Sotrianity in Tengaria also brought Sotrian Theology into the forefront, and most Theologians took a Sophist bent. In addition to the thought of antiquity being passed on, with the advent of written script, the three great Tengarian Epics, which up to that point had been passed on orally, were written down. For the next few centuries, Tengaria's philosophic and literary scene would be largely considered just as a part of the Empire of Arciluco.


After the formation of the Grand Principality, the Tengaria's culture began to become more unique, as the writings of Xenagoras once more began to gain traction and support. However, there was still a great deal of dialogue between the two, especially with the Sophist-leaning theologians of the Empire. It was not until the collapse of the Empire of Arciluco and the rise of the [[Realm of Thorns (Amathia)|Realm of Thorns]], together with the rise of the [[Empire of Tengaria]], which lead to the so called Tengarian Renaissance, which lasted from 1385 until 1550. With partial influence from famous {{wp|Scholastic}} writings and learning of East Euclea caused the Emperor to establish the [[University of Lenovo]] as the first West Euclean University in 1405. During this time, the writings of Xenagoras became mainstream, and the Tengarian theologians, turning against the now heretical iconoclast theologians of Amathia, embraced Teleology. The Patriarch of Lenovo, [[St. Boris the Confessor]], famously defended the writings of Xenagoras in his tract ''On the Unity of Wisdom'', which wove together Xenagoran Philosophy with Sotrian Theology, and his work on the ''In Defense of the Images of God'', which defended the usage of Icons. During this period, Tengaria became a center for learning and {{wp|Orthodoxy|Orthodox}} [[Episemialist_Church|Episemialist]] thought in the Western portion of Euclea. In addition, Tengarian plays, in an attempt to revive and perfect the old plays of Antiquity, saw a great revival during this period, with men such as [[Gregori Rumen]] and [[Dimitri Vasilev]] writing influential tragedies and comedies. A great deal of philosophical and theological writings date to this time period, and there was an active culture of intellectual discussion in the Tengarian Empire. The old Agora school, which had fallen into decay, was revitalized.  
Since the beginning of the second-constitution era, the government has supported the visual arts, and has several publicly funded museums which house important collections of art from Tengaria but also other countries around the world. Many historic pieces of art were restored or put under careful preservation under the care of the government. The Tengarian government stresses the importance that works of art ought to be of "religious, cultural or moral merit", and so will generally fund artist based on a set of criteria that usually fits in with traditional art styles and values. Tengaria is a prominent producer of religious art, especially Episemialist art, and is known for its historic schools of iconography. Despite the effots made by the government to preserve certain kind of art, many around the art world criticize the Tengarian government for the measures it takes against art which goes against its values, and that the government purposefully stifles creativity in art in exchange for the enforcing of the cultural norm.  


{{Gallery
|title=Gallery
|align=center
|height=150
|width=200
|lines=2
|File:Kazanluk_1.jpg|Fresco from the 5th century BC Tomb of Peirous.
|File:Arete_-_Areté-_Éfeso.jpg|Fresco from the 5th century BC Tomb of Peirous.
|File:St._Theodor.jpg|10th-century ceramic icon of [[Saint Teodor of Garna]].
|File:Rila_Monastery_Portico,_August_2013.jpg|Frescoes from the {{wp|Rila Monastery|Monastery of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos}}
|File:Boyana_Church_Mural_Paintings.jpg|13th-century frescoes from Saint George's Church in [[Elena]].
|File:Sarajevo_old_orthodox_church_05.jpg|14th-century Iconostasis of Saint Teodor Church in [[Magnalia]].
|File:Hungarian_Parliament_Building_2015_12.JPG|Interior of {{wp|Hungarian Parliament Building|Palace of the Senate}} in [[Lenovo]].
|File:Isaakskathedrale_innen_in_St._Petersburg_2H1A4083WI.jpg|19th-century Iconostasis in the {{wp|Saint Isaac's Cathedral|Cathedral of the Logos}}.
}}
[[File:2_Budapest_Parliament_Blue_Hour_7R303385-2560.jpg|300px|right|thumb|The {{wp|Hungarian Parliament Building|Palace of the Senate}} in [[Lenovo]], one of Tengaria's most famous buildings.]]
''Main article: [[Art in Tengaria#Architecture|Archictecture in Tengaria]]''
Tengaria's architecture is largely inspired by historical trends belonging to Eastern and Western Euclea. The early Armonic and Kaloí peoples built buildings of stone, including burial mounds which remain preserved to the current day. The Piraean settlement of [[Istros]] saw buildings mainly in the {{wp|Ancient Greek architecture|Piraean}} {{wp|Classical architecture|classical}} style, although many of the buildings later had the influence of {{wp|Ancient Roman architecture|Solarian}} architecture as well, especially most of the preserved buildings in the city. Tengaria has some of the best preserved Piraean ruins in the world, most of which date from the second century AD. Later, the conquest of the Tengars by the [[Empire of Arciluco]] saw the expansion of {{wp|Byzantine architecture|Arcilucan}} architecture take prominence, especially in the building of Churches. Examples of this include the sixth-century {{wp|Saint Sophia Church, Sofia|Basilica of St. John}}, one of Tengaria's oldest Churches, which is done in the Arcilucan style. The most famous example of this in Tengaria is the [[Cathedral of Holy Wisdom]] in Lenovo, which imitates the principal church in Arciluco.
At the beginning of the [[Tengarian Golden Age]], styles from Eastern Euclea were brought over, most prominently, the {{wp|Gothic architecture|Gaullican}} and {{wp|Renaissance architecture|Etrurian}} styles. The first buildings of the [[University of Lenovo]] were built in a Gaullican style. Tengarian architects took these styles together along with the Classical and Arcilucan styles and, taking what they thought best and most beautiful from each, use the combination to create the fusion based Tengarian style, which has dominated Tengarian architecture for centuries. Certain buildings tended to show one more prominently than the others. The architect [[Luca Aeditor]] laid down the principles of the style in his 1488 book ''Rules of the Builder'', which has been a landmark text in Tengarian architecture since. As a result of using a variety of styles together, Tengarian architects were quite flexible in how they could construct buildings. The style did taken on further {{wp|Baroque architecture|baroque}} influences, but not from schools like {{wp|Rococo|rococo}}. Because of its flexibility, it adapted well with neoclassical and neogaullican revivals across Euclea. The famous building of the {{wp|Hungarian Parliament Building|Palace of the Senate}}, built in the late nineteenth century, is a prominent example of the Tengarian style, as it combines several styles together, although most prominently Gaullican.
Following its introduction to the country in the wake of the Great War, there arose an hostile reaction to {{wp|modern architecture}} from the Tengarian architectural community over the percieved lack of "beauty". After Kovachev took power, he implemented building restrictions on styles which were seen as unbecoming or unbeautiful, especially in cultural and historic centres such as the city of [[Lenovo]] and [[Istros]], both of which have comparitavely fewer buildings such as skyscrapers than other cities. The Kovachev government spent significant resources to repair and restore historic buildings. Under subsequent presidents, the rules were laxed slighty to allow for more industry, but remain firmly in place for places deemed of significant cultural value.
===Literature===
''Main Article: [[Literature of Tengaria]]''
[[File:Euchologium_Sinaiticum_1N,_fol._1r.jpg|225px|left|thumb|An Arcilucan manuscript of the Gospels in the [[Apsinthian Alphabet]].]]
Written literature in Tengaria dates back to the ancient Piraean city state of [[Istros]], along the Southern Coast of the country. The Piraeans were the first ones to use written scripts, and also brought important works of Piraean literature and poetry throughout the centuries from the other Piraean cities. Thus the works of authors such as those of {{wp|Homer}}, {{wp|Sophocles}} and {{wp|Pindar}} were first spread to the city. Trade from the city state to the later Solarian authors would also bring works of Solarian literature, from {{wp|Vergil}} to {{wp|Cicero}} and {{wp|Horace}}, among other works. Many of these literary works, along with many other written works of various categories, had copies preserved at the {{wp|Library of Celsus|Xanthos Library}}. The building eventually fell into decay and was not taken care of, but some of the documents it held were preserved by members of the clergy, making Tengaria possess certain books which had been lost in the Eastern portions of Euclea with the fall of the Solarian Empire. However, most of the literary output of the scholars of Istros consisted in philosophic works, and not works of imaginative literature.
The Kaloí and the Armonic peoples did not have their own written language, but several legends and myths were recounted in literature by their Piraean neighbors, mostly in passing references. These legends, often recounted in philosophical tracts, usually pertained to the Kaloí's beliefs with pertained to philosophical questions of the school. Several scholars of the Agora school claimed that the primary means of oral transmission of folk tales among the Kaloí was through musical poetry; however, no extant examples have survived. Some legends survived in different form when the conquered peoples were assimilated into the Marolevic Tengar tribes in the fourth and fifth centuries, usually being incorporated as certain elements of the new legends, but at the same time the dominance of the Tengars ensured that the folk legends became predominantly Marolevic in origin.
With the conquest of the Tengar tribes by the [[Empire of Arciluco]] in the fifth and sixth centuries and coinciding with the rise of Sotirianity among the Tengars, the first written literature in the future territory of Tengaria began to arise. Writings in Solarian and Vulgar Solarian, as well as copying of the Holy Scriptures and important religious and philosophical texts, formed the majority of the literary output during this period. This was latered followed by the development of a variety of poetry and prose, but not in Tengarian, but instead in the language of the Empire. Most of the literature from this period is religious in nature, and the largest subset of extant literature are religious poetry which speaks on Sotirian messages and themes. Secular poetry also was made, though on a lesser scale. Religious prose included sermons, devotional works, theological tracts, while secular prose includes examples of legal documents, histories, and various scholarly works. This period also is remarked for its legends of Saints of the Church, many transmitted from earlier sources but greatly expanded upon, which became a popular and plentiful source of literature. Legal and political writing also multiplied during this time.
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  |footer=(From Top Left) [[Ivan Istina]] (1875{{ndash}}1928), [[Gregori Renev]] (1861{{ndash}}1931), [[Aleksandar Dilov]] (1855{{ndash}}1934) and [[Stanislav Kozlek]] (1896{{ndash}}1930), the principal authors of the Znaniya School
  |footer=(From Top Left) [[Angel Aurus]] (1435{{ndash}}1506), [[Donat Arenati]] (1861{{ndash}}1931), [[Mari Avalentini]] (1896{{ndash}}1930) and [[Clara Iantoni]] (1944{{ndash}}), notable Tengarian authors
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However, Tengaria soon began to become politically overshadowed by the nearby [[Soravia]], and its increasing influence began to bring the Tengarian intellectual Renaissance to its end. Tengaria retained its scholarly discourse and schools of learning, but lagged behind the more modern states in terms of scientific advancement. Scholars such as [[Lawrence Lugin, 1st Marquis of Krada|Lawrence Lugin]] were know to come to Tengaria to access texts or engage in active philosophic discussions. Eventually, modern thought from Eastern Euclea began to make its way into Tengaria, but was often met with hostility by the intellectual community, but slowly modern thought began to make more progress. With Soravia's influence on the Empire and the formation of the Republic in 1861, Soravian republican thought began to become prominent in intellectual circles. The focus transferred from the classics to modern Soravian literature and Eastern Euclean scientific advancements and thought. The academic circles began trying to imitate the other places of Euclea.
As the Empire of Arciluco continued to decline, the Tengarian literary output became both more numerous and prominent as well as unique in style and thought. As the Eastern portions of the Empire began a largely negative reaction against Solarian influences due to the influence of the Papacy, the Western portions of the Empire began to embrace the Solarian identiy more. With the development of the Iconoclast controversy in the 1370s, the literary output of Tengaria increased as Tengarian theologians took a firmly opposed stance to the Iconoclast movement. With the proclamation of the Imperial translation in 1385 and the beginning of the Tengarian Golden Age, Tengaria's golden age of literature began. The theological and philsophical tracts during this time were the primary literary output, but far from the only ones. Literary works sought to revive some of the literary practices from antiquity. Epic Poetry saw a revival during this, with authors writing various kinds of epics concerning saints, princes and classical figures. Of these, the most famous were two works by the author [[Angel Aurus]] (1435-1506), one being the ''Legend of Saint George'', which details the life of {{wp|Saint George}}, and another called simply ''The Pilgrimage'', an epic which details the spiritual and moral journey of a man through the difficulties of life personified in mythical form. The output of both religous and secular poetry of various kinds increased significantly, from various styles- some imitating the classical or older Tengarian forms, while others popularized a new style of verse known as the Imperial style. Poets from this period included [[Constatin Magnus]] (1344-1411), author of many poems done in imitation of the classical styles, and [[Andrei Arece]] (1414-1468), who is credited with developing the Imperial style of poetry. Plays also saw a revitalization during this period, in addition to other works of various kinds. Many works published during this time in Tengaria spread to other Eastern Euclean countries. Although Solarian was the predominant language of this revitalisation, Tengarian was first written during this time, which allowed for the eventual and gradual rise of venacular literature.


At the turn of the twentieth century, an Teleological resurgence began to come again with the famous Znaniya School, which was a group of scholars together at the Agora. At the head of this movement was [[Ivan Istina]], a philosopher, scientist and {{wp|Polymath}} who attempted to united Xenagoras' thought with modern advancements in science and Sotrian teachings. With him were Archbishop [[Aleksandar Dilov]], who was a prominent Theologian who published several important works the nature of grace and divine providence from Episimialist tradition, as well as other many popular tracts; [[Gregori Renev]], an author and political theorist who wrote several works of literature, including the ''Golden Sun'', which is considered the landmark work of Tengarian literature; and [[Stanislav Kozlek]], a poet who transformed Tengaria's poetical landscape, and wrote the epic poem, the ''Vasilad''. The school included other scholars as well. The school was known for supporting the reestablishing of the Tengarian national identity, support of the Empire, and reforming the educational system to refocus on the classics, especially Tengarian works, and on Epsimiliast thought. The school was ostracized by the current academics at the time, although they attracted many other Tengarians, including [[Simeon Kovachev]]. Disaster would strike the school during the [[Great War (Kylaris)|Great War]], when many marched off to fight in the war. Many died, including Istina and Kozlek, during the war, and those who were too old to serve were at points killed by the Amathian occupiers for the danger which they poised.  
When the Tengarian Golden Age began to end, the literary output of the country began to decrease, but did not fall off altogether. Poets continued to produce poetry, mostly in the Imperial style, creating periods of "Early Imperial", "Middle Imperial", and "Late Imperial" poetry. Epics no longer to be published on the scale on which they once were, and most of the literary discussion focused on the works which had already been produced. However, despite the decrease in terms of total output, the increase in means of sharing and spreading literature resulted in the beginnings of literary criticism, extending from religious exegisis and commentary to commentary on the works produced. [[Theodos Neste]]'s (1634-1704) ''Commentary on the Legend of Saint George'' remains an important text in the development of Tengarian literary criticism. However, unlike literary criticism developing in other parts of the world, Tengaria's tended to focus less on Eastern Enlightenment ideas but instead retained the importance on the Xenagoran methods of understanding literature. [[Milan Selus]]'s (1712-1778) ''Nova Poetica'' is based on Xenagoras's poetics and attempts to revive the principles in relation to the more recent developments in literature.


With the collapse of the Empire and the establishment of the Republic, civil discord undermined the philosophic and literary scene. Many who led the new republic were the scholars themselves, as they tended to have the strongest republican sentiments and knowledge of how to operate a republic. However, they quickly clashed amoung themselves, and soon the universities began to flounder as the faculty diminished, most serving in public office. In addition, the economic downturn and political chaos saw the decline of the Tengarian university system, with fewer and fewer students enrolling. When Simeon Kovachev took power in the wake of the civil war, he instituted his educational reforms, done in the model of the Znaniya school. With the implementation of the model, the ideas of the Znanya school- revitalized Teleology, Epismialist Theology, and emphasis on the classics and developing citizens of virtue, has changed the philosophical and literary scene in Tengaria. However, ideas from Soravia and other Euclean idealogies does exist as well. Currently, Tengaria is considered a leader in the field of classical studies, historical philosophy, and Episimialist theology.
Due to the influence Soravian and East Euclean literature, which saw the introduction of the literary form of the novel would be introduced in the nineteenth century. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, Tengarian literature saw a great revival with the rise of the Universal School, as several authors joined the movement and participated in it. The most prominent of these was [[Donat Arenati]] (1861-1931), an author and political theorist who wrote several works of literature, including the epic length novel ''Golden Sun'', which is considered the modern landmark work of modern Tengarian literature; and [[Mari Avalentini]] (1896-1930), a poet who transformed Tengaria's poetical landscape, and wrote the epic poem, the ''Vasilad''. Largely inspired by the poets of the Golden Age Avalentini's poetry was instrumental in reviving Tengarian poetical practice, causing others to follow in his footsteps. Thus for the time period just before the Great War, the Empire saw another great revival in literary output. Tengaria's literary scene declined during the Great War and the political turmoils of the early republic, but began to reestablish itself in the Kovachev era. Some current notable figures in Tengaria's literary scene are [[Clara Iantoni]], author and a winner of the Foirbeis Award in Literature for her novel ''The Voice of Truth'' and [[Stefan Krasimirev]], poet laureate and literary critic.


===Music===
===Music===
''Main Article: [[Music of Tengaria]]''
''Main Article: [[Music in Tengaria]]''
[[File:Misteriata-na-balgarskite-glasove.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Traditional Tengarian Folk Singers in concert.]]
[[File:Misteriata-na-balgarskite-glasove.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Traditional Tengarian Folk Singers in concert.]]
Tengaria has a rich musical tradition. The Evgenikoí tribes were known for their wide variety of cultural music for all kinds of events and customs, which in part led the Piraeans to give their name to the civilization. This made the foundation for Tengarian folk music, which is still preserved in certain forms today all across the country, although it has grown and changed greatly over the centuries. Tengarian folk music is wide and varied, often varying by region. It often has unique features such as asymmetrical rhythms, wide usage of {{wp|modes}} and tunings differing from most modern instruments, drone accompaniment, and unique blend of harmony and unison. Folk instruments include the gadulka (bowed instrument), gaida (bagpipe), tambura (lute), kaval (rim-blown flute) and zurna (oboe). Both men and women generally tend to participate in folk music, but often men would be the main singers and musicians while women would more often be the main dancers. to value and prize lower voices, although the range of music is wide.  
The Kaloí tribes were known for their wide variety of cultural music for all kinds of events and customs, which in part led the Piraeans to give their name to the civilization. This made the foundation for Tengarian folk music, which is still preserved in certain forms today all across the country, although it has grown and changed greatly over the centuries. Tengarian folk music is wide and varied, often varying by region. It often has unique features such as asymmetrical rhythms, wide usage of {{wp|modes}} and tunings differing from most modern instruments, drone accompaniment, and unique blend of harmony and unison. Folk instruments include the gadulka (bowed instrument), gaida (bagpipe), tambura (lute), kaval (rim-blown flute) and zurna (oboe). Both men and women generally tend to participate in folk music, but often men would be the main singers and musicians while women would more often be the main dancers. to value and prize lower voices, although the range of music is wide.  


Knowledge and theory of Piraean Music and the musical ratios of {{wp|Pythagoras}} came to the city of Istros. Legend holds that {{wp|Aristotle|Xenagoras}}, which was more likely his pupil Xenagenes, taught about the importance of music in the moral education of the youth and how proper and well-ordered music orders the passions, and made music, and the Teleological scholars of Istros made note how deeply music was woven deep into the tribes of the Evgenikoí. Through Istros the word of the music of the Evgenikoí was spread to the rest of the Piraean world, and entered into the early music theory, giving the name to one of the classical modes of music, called the {{wp|Dorian mode|Evgenikían mode}}. This mode was reputed to build a noble and serious character in the listener. In addition to its practical and moral character, the scholars of Istros also embraced the Pythagorean idea of the importance of music as a speculative mathematical study. Music theory was an important part of the Agora school in Istros. When the Tengar tribes invaded and overran the Evgenikoí, they brought their own music, but incorporated the music of the conquered peoples into their own, creating a new fusion of music during the periods of conquest that would further impact the future folk music of the country.
Knowledge and theory of Piraean Music and the musical ratios of {{wp|Pythagoras}} came to the city of Istros. Legend holds that {{wp|Aristotle|Xenagoras}}, which was more likely his pupil Xenagenes, taught about the importance of music in the moral education of the youth and how proper and well-ordered music orders the passions, and made music, and the Teleological scholars of Istros made note how deeply music was woven deep into the tribes of the Kaloí. Through Istros the word of the music of the Kaloí was spread to the rest of the Piraean world, and entered into the early music theory, giving the name to ''harmoniai'' and later Gregorian modes of music, called the {{wp|Dorian mode|Kaloían mode}}. This mode was reputed to build a noble and serious character in the listener. In addition to its practical and moral character, the scholars of Istros also embraced the Pythagorean idea of the importance of music as a speculative mathematical study. Music theory was an important part of the Agora school in Istros. When the Tengar tribes invaded and overran the Kaloí, they brought their own music, but incorporated the music of the conquered peoples into their own, creating a new fusion of music during the periods of conquest that would further impact the future folk music of the country.


When the region was conquered by the Empire of Arciluco, music began to become more formalized and studied by Arcilucan scholars. In addition, with the country's conversion to [[Sotirianity]], music was an important part of the Divine Liturgy. It was in the Liturgy that Tengarian music really began to become more developed and codified. After the formation of the [[Grand Principality of Tengaria]] and the establishment of the autocephalous Tengarian Patriarchate, Tengaria began to form a unique vocal tradition for their {{wp|Divine Liturgy|Divine Liturgies}}. It developed a unique monodic (one-voice) singing style which fused together the traditions of Arciluco and yet brought together elements of Tengarian folk music, bar the instruments. Chant together with droning became common usage in Liturgies. The music of the Tengarian Church played a part in the formation of the Episemialist {{wp|Octoechos}} system of tones. However, it did not always follow this system exactly, and it made itself unique in several ways, most notably in the way it preserved some of its more ancient modes in its music.
When the region was conquered by the Empire of Arciluco, music began to become more formalized and studied by Arcilucan scholars. In addition, with the country's conversion to [[Sotirianity]], music was an important part of the Divine Liturgy. It was in the Liturgy that Tengarian music really began to become more developed and codified. As liturgical practices devloped in the Western territories of the Empire, Tengaria began to form a unique vocal tradition for their {{wp|Divine Liturgy|Divine Liturgies}}. It developed a unique monodic (one-voice) singing style which fused together the traditions of Arciluco and yet brought together elements of Tengarian folk music, bar the instruments. Chant together with droning became common usage in Liturgies. The music of the Church played a part in the formation of the Episemialist {{wp|Octoechos}} system of tones. However, it did not always follow this system exactly, and it made itself unique in several ways, most notably in the way it preserved some of its more ancient modes in its music.


With the proclamation of the [[Empire of Tengaria]] in 1385 and the beginning of the Tengarian Renaissance, Tengaria began to develop choral polyphonic (many-voices) music in its Divine Liturgies. A vast quantity of pieces were composed during this time; many have been lost, but still many remain. During this time, music became a prominent speculative study as it had under the days of the Piraean scholars in Istros. The work of the Tengarian musicians soon became the primary source work for polyphonic Episemialist music in the following centuries. Since the Arcilucan music had been mostly based off of the ancient Piraean {{wp|Genus_(music)#Diatonic|Diatonic Genus}}, the musical system developed in Tengaria during the Tengarian Renaissance developed distinctly from but with many of the same conclusions of Eastern Euclean music scholars of the later Renaissance reached. As the Tengarian Renaissance declined, so did the production of music in Tengaria, and more influence began to enter into Tengaria from its neighboring countries, bringing in more instruments and expanding Tengarian music from just choral music to instrumental symphonies as well.
With the proclamation of the [[Empire of Tengaria]] in 1385 and the beginning of the Tengarian Golden Age, Tengaria began to develop choral polyphonic (many-voices) music in its Divine Liturgies. A vast quantity of pieces were composed during this time; many have been lost, but still many remain. During this time, music became a prominent speculative study as it had under the days of the Piraean scholars in Istros. The work of the Tengarian musicians soon became the primary source work for polyphonic Episemialist music in the following centuries. Since the Arcilucan music had been mostly based off of the ancient Piraean mode {{wp|Genus_(music)#Diatonic|Diatonic Genus}}, the musical system developed in Tengaria during the Tengarian Golden Age developed independently from but with many of the same conclusions of Eastern Euclean music scholars of the later Renaissance reached. As the Tengarian Golden Age declined, so did the production of music in Tengaria, and more influence began to enter into Tengaria from its neighboring countries, bringing in more instruments and expanding Tengarian music from just choral music to instrumental symphonies as well.
[[File:Борис_Христов._crop.jpg|150px|left|thumb|[[Iosef Istrie]], famous Tengarian bass and {{wp|Basso_profondo#Oktavist|Oktavist}}.]]
A prominent classical composer was [[Iaoni Toni]], who composed the hymn [[How Admirable is Thy Name in the Whole Earth]] in 1754, which was a patriotic song associated with the monarchy and used for coronations before it was adopted as the Anthem of Tengaria in 1958. In the late nineteenth century, when several musicians and composers variously associated with the Universal School began a revitalization of Tengarian music, blending together the rich musical traditions of Tengaria with western notation and tuning systems. Of these composers, one of the most famous included {{wp|Pavel Chesnokov|Vasile Avictori}}, a choral composer, especially for his pieces ''Do not Cast me Off in My Old Age'' and ''Salvation is Created''. Ever since, Tengaria has been a place of prominent composition and musical production, mostly featured in choral or instrumental pieces. Tengaria has produced such world-renown singers such as [[Iosef Istrie]], who is considered one of the greatest bass singers of the twentieth cenutry. Yavorev won the country's only Euclovision title in 1964 with his rendition of ''Deep River Len''.


In the late nineteenth century, several musicians and composers variously associated with the Znaniya School began a revitalization of Tengarian music, blending together the rich musical traditions of Tengaria with western notation and tuning systems. Of these composers, one of the most famous included {{wp|Pavel Chesnokov|Vasil Silenov}}, a choral composer, especially for his pieces ''Do not Cast me Off in My Old Age'' and ''Salvation is Created''.
Since the beginning of the second-constitution era, music has had a special pride of place, mostly using the principles of the ancient authors. Simeon Kovachev claimed that "good music is necessary to incline men towards good moral action; hence bad music, which inclines men towards bad moral action, is harmful to the good of the state." As such, the government plays an active role in promotion of what it sees as "good" music, such as giving government subsidies or sponsorships to composers and musicians it deems worthy. Music is an integral part of the educational system, and every student is required to pursue some form of musical study for at least six years. Conversely, the government has been very strict on music it considers to be "disordering". Since 1960, most contemporary popular music of eastern Euclean styles have been restricted and regulated in various forms, such certain concerts being made illegal, restrictions on music sales and broadcasts, and heavy government oversight over the {{wp|music industry}}. As such many modern pieces from around the world are considered as {{wp|underground music}}. Tengaria also was the country where the program Tonos, a music streaming service which focuses on choral, classical, and folk music, as an alternative to other music streaming services.
 
Due to the country's position on most contemporary music, Tengaria has had a difficult relationship sometimes with the music scene of the world. The country has never applied to join the [[Euclovision Song Contest]], at first due to firm opposition from Simeon Kovachev, and later because the {{wp|public broadcaster}}, [[Mass media in Tengaria|Tengarna Televisioni]], said it had "no interest" in participating. In a statement given in 2012, the spokesman for the broadcaster said in response to inquiries that "we do not believe it would be the best use of our resources to engage with the song competition". Some polls have indicated that there is not a lot of widespread interest in the competition at large.
 
===Dress===
[[File:Lazarka.jpg|150px|left|thumb|Traditional Tengarian dress for {{wp|Lazarus Saturday|Denilazari}}.]]
===Cuisine===


===Theatre and Dance===
===Theatre and Dance===


===Dress===
Tengarian plays, saw a great revival during this period, with men such as [[Gregori Rumen]] and [[Dimitri Vasilev]] writing influential tragedies and comedies.
 
===Cinema and Animation===
{{multiple image
|perrow=2
|total_width=270
|align=right
|image1=Vasilthegreatmovie.png|width1=125
|image2=Natalia_Poklonskaya_by_Kriss_Sison.png|width2=155
|image3=From_the_Depths(Tengarian_Film).png|width3=125
|image4=Joyinthesilence.jpg|width4=125
|footer=(From Top Left) [[Vasil the Great (film)|Vasil the Great]] ([[Montecara Film Festival|1958]]), [[Kovacheva (Televison series)|Kovacheva]], (2018{{ndash}}2019), [[From_the_Depths_(Tengarian_Film)|From the Depths]] ([[81st Montecara Film Festival|2020]]), [[Joy in the Silence (Tengarian Film)|Joy in the Silence]] ([[82nd Montecara Film Festival|2021]]), notable Tengarian films and series
}}
 
Tengaria was relatively late to the cinematic scene, only recieving major Soravian filming equipment after the end of the Great War. Several smaller scale films had been made in the final days of the Empire, but tended to focus mostly on newsreels or straight records rather than the development of movies. In its early days, the Tengarian film industry was dominated by the stage acting community, and its first movies were filmed productions of the great Tengarian plays. The floundering of the economy caused the film industry to flounder for two decades. Movies from this time period tend to be fairly minimalist and low-budget, due to the lack of funding. Several more avant-gard directors during this time began to attempt to produce works during this time, but were unable to be widely scaled due to the lack of funding and money. With the film industry remaining small, movie theatres were not widely built, and so the movies produced only tended to be spread on a smaller scale.
 
During the economic boom following his ascension to power, Simeon Kovachev helped to sponsor the production of the very ambitious and high-cost epic film of ''[[Vasil the Great (film)|Vasil the Great]]''. This film was supposed to mark the beginning of the new Tengaria, and utilized the story of the first Emperor to do so. It premiered at the 1958 [[Montecara Film Festival]] and secured the country's first and only Béco Aùreo, and even became a popular international success. The movie jumpstarted the Tengarian film industry, which began to expand and quickly developed. However, the circumstances of its development resulted in the industry being noticeably different than most other film industries due to government involvement. The Tengarian government monitors the various films in production and approves and sponsors the ones with strong moral, philosophical or pro-government messages, while at the same time heavily discouraging films which criticize the government or promote vice. Almost all Tengarian filming companies utilize government subsidies for their movies, and so this allows the government to effectively minimize undesirable films. This means that the Tengarian film industry tends to be far more conservative than its worldwide counterparts, as in order to secure government funding and recognition the studios tend to censor ideas which are hostile to the government or scandalous. In addition, most film critics are part of the government sponsored Tengarian Film Association, which oversees film and television awards, as well as which nominates the movie to go to the Montecara Film Festival.
 
Television only took off slowly during the 20th century after film, as most households did not have access to television during the early republic or Simeon Kovachev's reign, although small-scale television did exist in Tengaria during Kovachev's presidency. The rule of successive presidents saw the government begin to develop a government-run television industry as a means of informing the public with state news broadcasts and about major athletic events. This was seen as another means of spreading the government's message directly to the people. Thus television was from its beginnings a public industry. As the use of television increased in Tengaria, programming itself increased as it became more popular, as people began to use television for entertainment purposes as well. Because it was a public industry, the government was able to exercise a good degree of control over the creation and airing of TV shows, ensuring that like the films they are not too scandalous or critical of the government. In addition, the state tends to be particularly careful with children's media, so out of the few options in terms of television watching for young children, all are very heavily regulated. The television industry has grown but is still quite small in comparison to other countries. Several foreign shows are made available in Tengaria through television, but ones with questionable content are not permitted to be aired on live television. The rise of international streaming services allowed many to circumvent these rules, leading to the government to take certain measures against what the streaming services could show.
 
In recent years under President [[Teodora Kovacheva]], the film and television industry have seen more government sponsorship and development, leading to what Tengarian film critics are referring to as the "Tengarian film golden age". This has seen a number of successful and well-recieved television shows and movies arise. In 2016, a show called [[Find the Truth]] became popular both throughout the country and internationally, which is a talk-show about Philosophical topics, and Philosophers from all over the world are invited to come and speak either with the host or with other philosophers. To attract international viewers, it is filmed in Gaullican but a Tengarian dub is always broadcast in Tengaria. Increasingly popular among the younger audiences is [[Senria|Senrian]] {{wp|anime}} style of media, which has led to producers around the coutnry scale begin to utilize the style. In 2018, an anime cartoon done about President Kovacheva, called [[Kovacheva (television series)|Kovacheva]], met with popular acclaim. This show really marked the first time which animation had seen success in Tengarian media. The 2020 film [[From_the_Depths_(Tengarian_Film)|From the Depths]] was well critically acclaimed and found favorable at the [[81st Montecara Film Festival]], leading to both a countrywide and international release. The long awaited [[Joy in the Silence (Tengarian Film)|Joy in the Silence]], a film detailing the lives of the monks of Monastery of the Incarnate Logos, debuted at the [[82nd Montecara Film Festival]].
 
===Entertainment and Gaming===


===Cinema, animation and media===
===Mass Media and Broadcasting===


[[File:From_the_Depths(Tengarian_Film).png|200px|right|thumb|The poster for [[From_the_Depths_(Tengarian_Film)|From the Depths]], featured at the [[81st Montecara Film Festival]]]]
''Main Article: [[Solarni Novini]], [[Mass media in Tengaria]]''
[[File:Stock_Exchange_Palace_by_Ignác_Alpár,_detail,_2011_Budapešť_0790.jpg|275px|left|thumb|Headquarters of the [[Solarni Novini]] in [[Lenovo]].]]
There are several news and journalistic corporations in Tengaria, who distribute information to citizens through various means. Print journalism is dominated by Tengaria's oldest print and online newspaper, the [[Solarni Novini]], which dates back to the early 18th century, making it one of the longest running papers in Western Euclea and the world as a whole. The Novini publishes in four languages, and has the vast majority of the country's journalistic structure and funding. However, the ''Novini'', although privately owned, is known for having prominent ties to the government and having a significant degree of {{wp|media bias}}. Although there were historic newspapers which rivalled the ''Novini'', such as the ''[[Lenovo Novini]]'', many of them were shuttered after their support of Vasilov's coup attempt. Although the ''Novini'' does not have any major competitors, there exist a variety of smaller newspapers throughout the country, mostly representing localities or special fields such as sports. Most newspapers rely heavily on the resources and stories form the Novini for major events.


Tengaria was relatively late to the cinematic scene, only recieving Soravian filming equipment after the end of the Great War. The Tengarian film industry was dominated by the stage acting community, and its first movies were filmed productions of the great Tengarian plays. Many cinematic directors did not get idealogically along well with the Republic, and so the film industry floundered for two decades. During the [[Tengarian Civil War]], however, the film industry first was sponsored by the government to make movies to support the government's side during the conflict. Having a chance to shine, the film industry finally began to grow. At the conclusion of the Civil War, Simeon Kovachev helped to sponsor the production of the very ambitious and high-cost epic film of ''Vasil the Great''. This film was supposed to mark the beginning of the new Tengaria, and utilized the story of the first Emperor to do so. It premiered at the 1958 [[Montecara Film Festival]] and secured a Béco Aùreo in the 1958. With this, the Tengarian film industry began to expand and continued to develop. However, it is noticeably different than most other film industries, in that the government tends to keep an eye on the various films and approve and sponsor the ones with strong moral messages and positive attention, while heavily discouraging films which criticize the government or promote vice. This means that the Tengarian film industry tends to be far more conservative than its worldwide counterparts, as in order to secure government funding and recognition the studios tend to censor ideas which are hostile to the government or scandalous.  
In addition to print and online news sources, there also several {{wp|broadcasting}} organisations for both radio and television. The Tengarian [[Cabinet of Tengaria|Ministry of Communications]] runs a state-run television and radio channel for official state announcements and programming, in addition to the government channels dedicated to entertainment. These public channels are controlled by [[Mass media in Tengaria|Tengarna Televisioni]] and [[Mass media in Tengaria|Tengarnom Radio]] respectively. Besides these, there exist several private broadcasters from certain other organisations for both television and radio, but most of these broadcast entertainment or music. [[Mass media in Tengaria|Solarian Media]], the corporation which runs the ''Novini'', runs country-wide news broadcasts for both radio and television which are not the only widespread option not run by the government or local channels, limiting the options for country-wide news from other sources. Local stations both for television and radio are broadcast to localities and deal with local or regional news, traffic and train delays.
[[File:Natalia_Poklonskaya_by_Kriss_Sison.png|200px|left|thumb|Cartoon of President [[Teodora Kovacheva|Kovacheva]] in a Senrian artsyle]]
In addition to the cinematic scene, Tengaria in recent years has begun to develop television shows and cartoons. Television only took off slowly during the 20th century, only in the later stages with Dimitri Kovachev began to develop it as a means of informing the public with state news broadcasts and with athletic events. Programming eventually increased as it became more popular, however, the government still influences the same degree of control over the creation and airing of TV shows. Several foreign shows are made available in Tengaria through television, but ones with questionable content are not permitted to be aired on live television. In addition, the state tends to discourage young children from watching too much television, so out of the few options in terms of television watching for young children, all are very heavily regulated The television industry has grown but is still small in comparison to other countries. In recent years, new ideas have been explored, such as an animated cartoon done in a Senrian style which included an epsiode about President Kovacheva herself, however still portraying her as a positive role model and an ideal leader. In recent years, a Tengarian television show has become popular, called [[Find the Truth]], which is a talk-show about Philosophical topics, and Philosophers from all over the world are invited to come and speak either with the host or with other philosophers; it is broadcast in Gaullican but a Tengarian dub is always broadcast in Tengaria.


Most of the news and journalistic corporations in Tengaria are state sponsored. The primary means the news media uses are printed and electronic newspapers and television broadcasts to inform the populace of events going on both locally, nationally, and internationally. In addition to these, the news and government agencies also have begun to use various forms of social media and online platforms to get their message across. Freelance journalists and newspapers, while not illegal, are discouraged by the government, and {{wp|defamation}} laws are heavily enforced and can result in the shutdown of an independent news source, especially during Dimitri Kovachev's presidency. This has lead to criticism of the Tengaria as lacking {{wp|freedom of the press}}, and is one of the countries in Euclea with the lowest ranks in press freedom.
Freelance journalists and newspapers, while not illegal, can be cracked down on account of heavily enforced {{wp|defamation}} laws which can result in the shutdown of an independent news source or can punish papers severely for printing {{wp|misinformation}}. In addition, due to the ''de facto'' monopoly of news into the hands of the government and friendly private corporations, it is nearly impossible for any upstart news organisation to acquire the resources to succeed on a large scale. These factors have lead to criticism of Tengaria as lacking true {{wp|freedom of the press}}, and Tengaria is one of the countries in Euclea with the lowest ranks in press freedom.  


===Sport===
===Sport===
[[File:Marina_Katić_2012_serving.jpg|200px|right|thumb|[[Anastasia Gregova]], a prominent volleyball player.]]
''See Also: [[Sport in Tengaria]], [[1918 Summer Invictus Games]], [[Tengaria at the Invictus Games]]''
{{multiple image
|perrow=2
|total_width=300
|align=right
|image1=Victor_Starffin_2.jpg  |width1=125
|image2=Vasily_Kuznetsov_1960_Olympics.jpg |width2=125
|image3=Novak_Djokovic_-_2009_US_Open.jpg |width3=175
|image4=Marina_Katić_2012_serving.jpg |width4=125
|footer=(From Top Left) [[Angel Iantoni]] (1901{{ndash}}1964), [[Boris Azlatani]] (1938{{ndash}}2015), [[Lubomir Avictori]] (1988{{ndash}}) and [[Anastasia Aioani]] (1992{{ndash}}), notable Tengarian athletes.
}}
 
Tengaria has many sporting clubs and leagues, some serious, and some more recreational, and most of which encompass a variety of sporting groups and events. The four primary sports in Tengaria are {{wp|Sport of athletics|athletics}}, {{wp|baseball}}, {{Wp|tennis}}, and {{wp|volleyball}}. Other semi-popular sports in Tengaria include [[Zadany]], {{wp|Basketball}}, {{wp|biathlon}} and {{wp|cross-country skiing}}, while sports with a much smaller presence include {{wp|Association Football}} and {{wp|Rugby}}.
 
{{wp|Sport of athletics|Athletics}} is the most popular individual sport in the country, particularly those events at longer distances or those encompassing all the practices The most prestigious and highly competitive sport is the {{wp|decathlon}}, as it is seen as a universal sport and a mastery of many things. Each of its component parts is also highly valued, and so Tengaria places great interest {{wp|track and field}} tradition as well. In addition, Tengaria has a strong {{wp|marathon}} and more recently {{wp|ultramarathon}} community. These sports were historically dominated by men, however, in recent decades, women's athletics has become more accepted and popular.


Although Tengaria is more commonly known for its intellectual pursuits, it nonetheless does have professional sports and athletics. Gymnastics, in its classical sense of bodily exercise, is considered an important part of the development of the country's youth, as {{wp|Plato|Theocritus}} made clear in his {{wp|Plato's republic|Republic}}. It is featured in the education of every Tengarian student in the lower and upper portions of Primary School. Students often also pursue sporting events while in universal school as side activities. However, Tengaria's universities lack official sports teams so that the students who go there pursue the intellectual life fully. As such it is usually after graduating universal school that most Tengarians who go into athletics as a profession begin their career or go to special training schools to do so. Many people do sports simply for as recreation as well. It works in sports together with its allies [[Samorspi]], but due to its warmer climate it pursues different sports than its northern neighbors.  
{{wp|Baseball}} is the most popular team sport in terms of viewership, and is the most popular team sport played by men. The [[Solarian Baseball League]] is the primary and most wealthy professional sporting organisation in the country, but many amateur and recreational leagues and clubs exist as well. In addition to baseball, Tengaria has two traditional {{wp|bat-and-ball games}}- {{wp|Oină}} and [[Rombila]]. Oină is a sport shared with [[Amathia]], while [[Rombila]] is popular in the western regions of Tengaria. Although they are not as professionalised or lucrative as baseball, nevertheless they remain popular as {{wp|amateur sports}}, with thousands of clubs and smaller leagues organised through the country. Both of these sports are taught in physical education classes in schools.


The most ancient sports still widely practiced sports in Tengaria are {{wp|Wrestling}} and {{wp|Track and field}}. These events were brought to Tengaria both through the city of [[Istros]] and the [[Empire of Arciluco]]. Many young men are encouraged to wrestle with others in order to increase their strength and because it is seen as a healthy masculine activity, and are included for male gymnastics classes in the education. Running and other field events are also encouraged and promoted for both the health of the body and to promote competition. In Tengaria, this sport is primarily dominated by men, as it is often seen as being more improper to women. Various clubs and tournaments are held locally, regionally, and nationally each year, and Tengaria often sends competitors from these fields to international events such as the [[Invictus Games]].
{{wp|Tennis}} is another popular individual or doubles sport for both women and men, and various clubs exist to facilitate the playing of the sport. The predominant courts used in Tengaria are {{wp|clay courts}}, but hard courts also exist as well. Tengaria is also home to the [[Lenovo Open]], which although not one of the Grand Slams is one of the primary tournaments of the Masters Series.


The primary organized sport of Tengaria is that of {{wp|Volleyball}}. There are both men and women who play professionally in Tengaria, but focus and coverage of the sport tends to focus more on the female side. This is the primary sport which women athletes do, as it seen as more acceptable for women to do. There are two professional leagues, the [[National Volleyball League]] being the women's league and the [[National Volleyball Association]] having its male counterpart. On average, the women gets higher viewership than the men, although in other sports the men always get higher ratings. As the nation's primary team sport, Tengaria is also competitive internationally, both in the men's and women's divisions, and regularly compete at a high level in the Invictus Games.  
The primary organized women's sport of Tengaria is that of {{wp|volleyball}}, although men's leagues do exist. Focus and coverage of the sport tends to focus more on the female side, and also because the women tend to be better on the international level. The principal group for this is the [[Tengarian Volleyball League]], which is higher in viewership than any other professional league in Tengaria, barring only baseball. Both in the men's and women's teams have found success at the Invictus games for volleyball.


Other popular sports in Tengaria include {{wp|Basketball}}, {{wp|Tennis}}, [[Zadany]], {{wp|Football}}, and {{wp|Rugby}}. Basketball is popular throughout [[Samorspi]], and while Tengaria's teams are never as good as [[Soravia]], they can usually compete well with other countries. Tengaria has the [[Tengarian Basketball Association]], a professional league for basketball. [[Zadany]] is the historic sport of the upper class, who had the access to horses necessary to do it, but does not have wide appeal amoung the lower classes. There are various different Tennis clubs around Tengaria, and it is the second most popular of the individual sports after the primary two. Tengaria has several players who rank highly in the world in this sport. Finally, Tengaria has clubs for both football and rugby, but these, although not bad, tend to be often behind their Euclean counterparts.
Tengaria joined the [[Invictus Games]] in 1898, and has competed in each of the Invictus Games since, being one of the few countries to do so, having the same Invictus Committee under both the Empire and the Republic. Tengaria won the bidding to host the [[1918 Summer Invictus Games]] in the city of [[Lenovo]], being the sixth iteration of the Invictus Games, which was its most successful year in the games. Although financial difficulties saw Tengaria's performance at the games fall significantly short in the years following the Great War, Tengaria began to put more funding and interest in the era of the Second Constitution, and had its best period in the summer games from 1966 to 1974.  
 
===Public holidays===
[[File:Hungary S Statement Celebration (168789387).jpeg|300px|right|thumb|Fireworks over [[Lenovo]] in celebration of St. Vasil's Day.]]
[[File:Hungary S Statement Celebration (168789387).jpeg|300px|right|thumb|Fireworks over [[Lenovo]] in celebration of St. Vasil's Day.]]
===Public holidays===
Tengaria has thirty officially recognised holidays. Of these, twenty-four of these are classed as public holidays, whereby all workers and students in Tengaria are entitled to paid days off of labour. The remaining six cultural holidays, although they are not paid public holidays, are still recognized as important days and many localities or businesses observe them. Most holidays in Tengaria are religious in nature, including all but four of the public ones, due to Patriotic Union's focus on promoting the Episemialist Faith. Twelve of the public holidays coincide with the twelve {{wp|Great feasts in the Eastern Orthodox Church|Great Feasts}} of [[Episemialist Church]], together with a higher thirteenth, the great feast of {{wp|Easter Sunday|Pascha}}. The other holidays are days of other kinds of significant importance, such as Unification Day, which marks the signing of Tengaria's second constitution, and President's Day, which celebrates the Presidency and is held on the day which the politicians take office after an election. President's Day used to be on the day when [[Simeon Kovachev]] was born but was changed in early 2021, when Kovachev was proclaimed a Saint to not overlap with the new feast day. Several holidays are both religious and cultural holidays, namely the feasts of the patron Saints of Tengaria, which in addition to Saint Simeon's Day also includes [[Saint Mihail of Tengaria|St. Mihail's Day]] and [[Saint Vasil, Emperor of Tengaria|St. Vasil's Day]], among others. Until the 20th century, Tengaria followed the old calendar which Soravia still uses, which was thirteen days off from when they are around the rest of the world, but the [[Patriarchate of Tengaria]] followed Arciluco and adopted the {{wp|Revised Julian calendar|revised calendar}} for its feasts.
 
Tengaria has two major holiday seasons, one in late December and January around the Theophany and the other in the spring centered around Pascha. The Theophany Season begins on the first of January with the {{wp|Afterfeast|Forefeast}} to the {{wp|Christmas|Nativity}}, continues through the joint Feast of the {{wp|Feast of the Circumcision of Christ|Circumcision of Christ}} and {{wp|Basil of Caesarea|St. Vasil the Hierarch}}, and finally culminates in the Great Feast of the {{wp|Epiphany (holiday)|Theopany of Our Lord}}, finally ending on January 15th with the conclusion of the Afterfeast of Theophany. Theophany is the primary feast of the season, and is usually accompanied with great dancing and celebration not associated with the other two feasts. On Theophany, the cleansing of the waters is a Tengarian tradition, where a Cross is cast into a body of often icy-cold water, then requiring men to retrieve it. Gift-giving is a popular custom on the Feast of the Circumcision, particularly with the joint patronage of the {{wp|Virgin Mary|Theotokos}} and {{wp|Saint Joseph}} as gift-givers. Because of this, gift-giving is traditionally done on the part of individual families, in particular parents to children, but in recent years the expansion of gift-giving has extended to others more generally. This is often done as Tengarians have grown to recognize Nativity with gift-giving as well, due to its common association with gift-giving around the rest of the world; Nativity is seen by some as the days to get presents for friends and lovers, while family gifts are reserved for the Circumcision.
[[File:BrightTuesdayProcessionAtSergievPosad.jpeg|400px|left|thumb|{{wp|Bright Week}} Procession in [[Cosmingrad]].]]
The Pascha holiday season begins on {{wp|Lazarus Saturday}} at the very end of the {{wp|Great Lent}}, which marks the beginning of {{wp|Holy Week}}, which has within it important feasts such as {{wp|Palm Sunday}}, one of the Great Feasts; {{wp|Holy Thursday}}, which traditionally features both a rite of anointing and of washing of the feet; and {{wp|Good Friday}}, one of the three days of the year at which the {{wp|Royal Hours}} are sung. Although the Great Lent is over, nevertheless Holy Week is also marked with fasting and penitential observances culminates with the solemn celebration of {{wp|Easter Vigil|Paschal Vigil}} and Pascha Sunday. This marks the height of the liturgical year. After Pascha Sunday, the generally celebrated season continues on for all of {{wp|Bright Week}} until {{wp|Second Sunday of Easter|Thomas Sunday}}, where the doors of the {{wp|Iconostasis}} are left open to celebrate Sotirias's triumph over the grave and daily {{wp|processions}} happen after each Divine Liturgy. However, the forty-day afterfeast of Pascha continues on until the Feast of the {{wp|Ascension of Jesus}}. Various traditions are done throughout this season; {{wp|Lazarus Saturday|Denilazari}} celebrations, which primarily feature young women dressed brightly and celebrating, are common on Lazarus Saturday, while on Good Friday it is customary to have a large but silent Procession with the Cross through the streets. Red painted Eggs are given on Pascha to the faithful to represent the new life and end of the fasting while also calling to mind the blood of Sotirias.


Tengaria has 27 officially recognised national holidays. Of these, 23 of these are classed as public holidays, whereby all workers and students in Tengaria are entitled to days off. However four of the national holidays are not public holidays, but many localities or buisnesses obvserve them anyways. Most national holidays in Tengaria are religious in nature, inlcuding all but four of the public ones, due to National Rally's focus on promoting the Episemialist Faith. 12 of the public holidays coincide with the 12 {{wp|Great feasts in the Eastern Orthodox Church|Great Feasts}} of [[Episemialist Church]], with the 13th, {{wp|Easter Sunday|Pascha}}, being the greatest of all of them. The other holidays are days of significant national importance, although one of them, President's Day, was changed in early 2021 to correspond with the proclamation of [[Simeon Kovachev]] as a Saint, becoming his feast day and thus a religious holiday.
Tengaria also has {{wp|Blue laws|Sunday laws}} in place which restrict {{wp|Sunday shopping}} on all Sundays and religious public holidays of the year, whereby most stores and busisnesses are banned from opening on Sunday. On Sundays and religious public holidays, most businesses are required to give workers time off and are not allowed to be open. Exemptions are made for emergency workers, such as police and emergency responders, and for certain "necessary" work, such as designated businesses which function to serve travelers, or an individual's private work. Workers are also required by law to have at least five work weeks or 25 days of paid leave, though some businesses give more, because most businesses operate on a five-day work week. In addition, the worker will get additional days of paid leave depending on the amount children they have, with three days for one child, six days for two children, twelve days for more than two children. On public holidays which fall upon a Saturday, the public holiday is celebrated on Friday, and with those which fall on Sunday, are celebrated the Monday after. Women can also get paid maternity leave for up to 52 weeks, but men do not get any paid paternity leave. Many businesses also give additional paid or more often unpaid leave, usually around the Theophany and Pascha seasons. Tengaria's laws on leave and labour were largely put in place by Simeon Kovachev, who was opposed to excessive focus on work, and believed that leisure was important for culture as well as the moral well-being of the population, as a source of both intellectual and spiritual renewal.


{| class=wikitable
{| class=wikitable
!Date !! Name !! Public Holiday !! Notes
!Date !! Name !! Public Holiday !! Notes
|-
|-
|January 1 || {{wp|New Year's Day}} || {{ya}} || Celebration of the new year.  
|January 1 || {{wp|Feast of the Circumcision of Christ|Circumcision of Christ}} || {{ya}} || The combined feast of the {{wp|Circumcision of Jesus}} and {{wp|Basil of Caesarea|St. Vasil the Hierarch}}. Start of the new calendar year.
|-
|January 6 || {{wp|Epiphany (holiday)|Paramony}} || {{ya}} || Eve of the Theophany. A day of strict fast and special liturgical functions.
|-
|-
|January 6 || {{wp|Christmas Eve|Nativity's Eve}} || {{ya}} || Day before the Nativity.  
|January 7 || {{wp|Epiphany (holiday)|Theopany of Our Lord}} || {{ya}} || Celebration of the {{wp|Baptism of the Lord}}. Third highest feast of the year.  
|-
|-
|January 7 || {{wp|Christmas|Nativity}} || {{ya}} || Celebration of the birth of {{wp|Jesus Christ|Jesus Sotiras}}
|February 2 || {{wp|Presentation of the Lord}} || {{ya}} || Celebration of the Presentation of the Lord in the Temple.
|-
|-
|January 19 || {{wp|Epiphany (holiday)|Theopany of Our Lord}} || {{ya}} || Celebration of the {{wp|Baptism of the Lord}}.  
|March 4 || [[Great War (Kylaris)|Liberation Day]] || {{na}} || Celebration of Liberation from Amathian Occupation.
|-
|-
|February 15 || {{wp|Presentation of the Lord}} || {{ya}} || Celebration of the Presentation of the Lord in the Temple.
|March 15 || Constitution Day || {{ya}} || Anniversary of the signing of Tengaria's [[Constitution of Tengaria|Second Constitution]].
|-
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|March 4 || [[Great War (Kylaris)|Liberation Day]] || {{na}} || Celebration of Liberation from Amathian Occupation.
|March 25 || {{wp|Annunciation}} || {{ya}} || Celebration commemorating the Annunciation and {{wp|Incarnation}}.
|-
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|March 15 || Unification Day || {{ya}} || Anniversary of the signing of Tengaria's [[Constitution of Tengaria|Second Constitution]].
|''moveable Saturday'' || {{wp|Lazarus Saturday|Denilazari}} || {{na}} || The day before Palm Sunday.
|-
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|''moveable Sunday'' || {{wp|Palm Sunday}} || {{ya}} || One week before Pascha.
|''moveable Sunday'' || {{wp|Palm Sunday}} || {{ya}} || One week before Pascha.
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|''moveable Saturday'' || {{wp|Holy Saturday}} || {{ya}} || Day before Pascha.
|''moveable Saturday'' || {{wp|Holy Saturday}} || {{ya}} || Day before Pascha.
|-
|-
|''moveable Sunday'' || {{wp|Easter Sunday|Pascha}} || {{ya}} || Celebration of the {{wp|Resurrection of Jesus Christ|Resurrection of Sotirias}}, Highest Feast of the Year.
|''moveable Sunday'' || {{wp|Easter Sunday|Pascha}} || {{ya}} || Celebration of the {{wp|Resurrection of Jesus Christ|Resurrection of Sotirias}}, highest feast of the Year.
|-
|-
|''moveable Thursday'' || {{wp|Ascension}} || {{ya}} || Forty days after Pascha. Feast of the Ascension of Sotirias.
|''moveable Thursday'' || {{wp|Ascension}} || {{ya}} || Forty days after Pascha. Feast of the Ascension of Sotirias.
|-
|-
|''moveable Sunday'' || {{wp|Pentecost}} || {{ya}} ||Fifty days after Pascha. Feast of the Descent of the Holy Spirit.
|''moveable Sunday'' || {{wp|Pentecost}} || {{ya}} || Fifty days after Pascha. Feast of the Descent of the Holy Spirit and second highest feast of the year.
|-
|-
|April 7 || {{wp|Annunciation}} || {{ya}} || Celebration commemorating the Annunciation and {{wp|Incarnation}}.
|April 17 || [[Simeon Kovachev|St. Simeon's Day]] || {{ya}} || Formerly President's day, changed with proclamation Simeon's of Sainthood in 2020.
|-
|-
|April 17 || [[Simeon Kovachev|St. Simeon's Day]] || {{ya}} || Formerly President's day, changed with proclamation Simeon's of Sainthood in 2020.
|April 23 || {{wp|Saint George's Day}} || {{na}} || Feast of {{wp|Saint George}} as celebrated by the Tengarian Church.
|-
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|May 6 || {{wp|Saint George's Day}} || {{na}} || Feast of {{wp|Saint George}} as celebrated by the Tengarian Church.
|July 10 || [[Saint Mihail of Tengaria|St. Mihail's Day]] || {{ya}} || Feast of the Apostle to the Tengars, [[Saint Mihail of Tengaria|St. Mihail]]
|-
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|July 10 || [[Saint Mihail of Tengaria|St. Mihail's Day]] || {{ya}} || Feast of the Apsotle to the Tengars, [[Saint Mihail of Tengaria|St. Mihail]]
|August 6 || {{wp|Transfiguration}} || {{ya}} || Celebration commemorating the Transfiguration of Sotirias.
|-
|-
|August 19 || {{wp|Transfiguration}} || {{ya}} || Celebration commemorating the Transfiguration of Sotirias.
|August 15 || {{wp|Dormition|Dormition of the Theotokos}} || {{ya}} || Celebration of the Falling Asleep of the Holy Theotokos.
|-
|-
|August 28 || {{wp|Dormition|Dormition of the Theotokos}} || {{ya}} || Celebration of the Falling Asleep of the Holy Theotokos.
|September 1 || {{wp|Indiction}} || {{na}} || Start of the {{wp|Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar|liturgical year}}.
|-
|-
|September 9 || {{wp|Army Day}} || {{na}} || Day celebrating the creation of the [[Tengarian National Army]].
|September 8 || {{wp|Nativity of the Theotokos}} || {{ya}} || Commemoration of the Birth of the Holy Theotokos.
|-
|-
|September 21 || {{wp|Nativity of the Theotokos}} || {{ya}} || Commemoration of the Birth of the Holy Theotokos.
|September 9 || {{wp|Army Day}} || {{na}} || Day celebrating the [[Tengarian Army]].
|-
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|September 27 || {{wp|Elevation of the Holy Cross}} || {{ya}} || Celebration of {{wp|Saint Helen}} finding the {{wp|True Cross}}. A day of strict fast.
|September 14 || {{wp|Elevation of the Holy Cross}} || {{ya}} || Celebration of {{wp|Saint Helen}} finding the {{wp|True Cross}}. A day of strict fast.
|-
|-
|October 10 || [[Saint Hristofor, Emperor of Tengaria|St. Hristofor's Day]] || {{na}} || Feast of St. Hristofor the Holy, Emperor of Tengaria.
|October 10 || [[Saint Hristofor, Emperor of Tengaria|St. Hristofor's Day]] || {{na}} || Feast of St. Hristofor the Holy, Emperor of Tengaria.
|-
|-
| November 6 || [[Saint Vasil, Emperor of Tengaria|St. Vasil's Day]] || {{ya}} || Feast of the first [[List of Tengarian Monarchs|Emperor of Tengaria]].
|November 6 || [[Saint Vasil, Emperor of Tengaria|St. Vasil's Day]] || {{ya}} || Feast of the first [[List of Tengarian Monarchs|Emperor of Tengaria]].
|-
|-
|November 14 || [[President of Tengaria|President's Day]] || {{ya}} || Celebration of the Presidency of Tengaria. Moved from April 17th in 2020.
|November 14 || [[President of Tengaria|President's Day]] || {{ya}} || Celebration of the Presidency of Tengaria. Moved from April 17th in 2020.
|-
|-
|December 4 || {{wp|Presentation Mary|Presentation of the Theotokos}} || {{ya}} || Commemoration of the Theotokos's entrance into the Temple.
|November 21 || {{wp|Presentation of Mary|Presentation of the Theotokos}} || {{ya}} || Commemoration of the Theotokos's entrance into the Temple.
|-
|December 24  || {{wp|Christmas Eve|Nativity's Eve}} || {{ya}} || Day before the Nativity.
|-
|December 25 || {{wp|Christmas|Nativity}} || {{ya}} || Celebration of the birth of {{wp|Jesus Christ|Jesus Sotiras}}. 
|-
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|December 31 || {{wp|New Year's Eve}} || {{ya}} || Day before the new year.
|December 31 || {{wp|Feast of the Circumcision of Christ|Vigil of the Circumcision}} || {{ya}} || Day before the Feast of the Circumcision.
|-
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|}
|}
===Symbols===
[[File:Saint Uriel - stained glass window in the cloisters of Chester Cathedral.jpg|thumb|right|175px|St. {{wp|Uriel}}, {{wp|Guardian angel}} and {{wp|National personification|personification}} of Tengaria]]
''See also: [[Flag of Tengaria]], [[How Admirable is Thy Name in the Whole Earth]]''
Due to its rejection of nationalism following the [[Tengarian Republic]] in favour of the historic common Solarian identity, Tengaria does not have any "national" symbols, barring generally {{wp|Republican}} symbols which represent the Tengarian "nation". However, it has some very important symbols which are connected to various parts of its history during the [[Empire of Arciluco]] and the [[Empire of Tengaria]], which are officially adopted and supported by the Tengarian government.
The flag of Tengaria is a horizontal {{Wp|Triband (flag)|triband}} of yellow, white and yellow, with no defacing. Although the exact origin of the flag is unclear, it is recorded that the [[List of Tengarian Monarchs|''Vicarii'']] of the [[Vicariate of Tengaria]], important figures in the later part of the [[Empire of Arciluco]], used it as their {{wp|War flag|war-banner}} in the 13th century. After the formation of the [[Empire of Tengaria]] in 1385, the Emperors continued to use it as the battle standard, although later the Imperial Banner- gold with the Imperial Eagle displayed- was used for civil functions. During the Republic, it was used by the Patriots in opposition to Vasilov's regime and the green-white-green Republican triband, and was adopted as the country's flag in 1948.
Tengaria's coat of arms was adapted from the triband of the ''Vicarii'', which became used by the Emperors as a dynastic device and personal coat of arms. This was distinct from the Imperial Coat of Arms was a white {{wp|Grapevine cross}} on a golden field supported on a double-headed eagle, which was directly inspired by the symbol of the [[Empire of Arciluco]]. In the 18th century, the Emperors began adding the angels as supporters to their personal arms. In 1948, the coat of arms of the Emperors was adopted for the whole country, replacing the Republican green and white triband on a shield.
The country has several important patrons, all of whom have religious origins. Various figures from Tengaria's history are {{wp|Patron saint|patron saints}}- saints {{wp|John the Apostle}}, [[Mihail of Tengaria]], [[Vasil the Great]] and [[Simeon Kovachev]]- and see widespread veneration in addition to other Saints. However, the country's most important patron is the {{wp|archangel}} {{wp|Uriel}}, seen as both the country's {{wp|national personification|personification}} as well as its {{wp|guardian angel}}. St. Uriel, in the Tengarian tradition, is seen as the archangel of wisdom, justice and beauty. As the angel of fire (his name means "God is my flame"), is presented as being the Angel to hold the {{wp|Flaming sword (mythology)|flaming sword}} of Genesis 3:24, or else is shown holding the sun, or a scroll or book. He is closely associated with the imagery of the sun, which also was a symbol used by the Emperors as symbolic of their Solarian patrimony. As the angel of wisdom and beauty, Uriel is seen as a patron of education as well as the arts and sciences.
The country's anthem is the hymn ''[[How Admirable is Thy Name in the Whole Earth]]'', composed originally as a coronation piece in 1769. Originally using the Solarian text of {{wp|Psalm 8}}, it was the unofficial anthem of the Empire until the adoption of {{wp|God Save the Tsar|God Save the Emperor}} in 1832. It continued to be widely used popularly and by the crown, however, and was adopted as the anthem in 1955 after the Tengarian Republic. Other prominent music includes the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3e6EkNXCC0c Solarian March], composed in 1869 to commemorate the victory over the traitors during the [[Green Revolution]].
The animal most commonly seen as symbolic for the country is {{wp|Eagle (heraldry)|Eagle}}. The Eagle is a more important and historical symbol, with a strong association with both the [[Solarian Empire]] and St. {{wp|John the Apostle}}, signifying glory, wisdom and far-sightedness. It is used in many symbols both during and after the Imperial period, and is commonly seen as the country's animal. The lion is a more recent symbol designed to show strength and fortitude used primarily to signify military strength, and is largely associated with its use in the military, although the eagle imagery is also used extensively by the military. The country's {{wp|floral emblem}} is the yellow {{wp|rose}}, and the tree is the {{wp|oak}}.
The colours of the country are primarily yellow (including gold) followed by white, both of which date back to both the Vicariate and the early Empire. The early Emperors made a deliberate choice to focus on gold, rather than silver, as symbolic of the ''translatio Imperii'' from Arciluco to Lenovo once it became clear that the reconquest of Arciluco from the Iconoclasts was unlikely. Green is a prominent historical colour, used both by the armed forces, the city of [[Lenovo]] and the [[University of Lenovo]]; however, the colour green also is the primary colour of Tengarian Republicanism and nationalism, and thus has some negative connotations.


{{Tengaria}}
{{Tengaria}}
[[Category: Tengaria]]
[[Category: Tengaria]]
[[Category:Kylaris]]
[[Category:Kylaris]]
[[Category:Countries (Kylaris)]]

Latest revision as of 03:32, 16 March 2024

Tengaria
Ⱅⰵⱀⰳⰰⱃⰹⰰ, Tенгариa
Flag of
Flag
of
Coat of arms
Motto: "UOIEA" or "UOIEA"
"Unitas Obtulit Iustitiam et Armoniam"
"Unity offers Justice and Concord"
Anthem: "Колко е превъзходно Твоето име по цялата земя"
"How Admirable is Thy Name in the Whole Earth!"
MediaPlayer.png
Location of Tengaria (dark green) in Euclea (light green & light grey) and in Samorspi (light green)
Location of Tengaria (dark green) in Euclea (light green & light grey) and in Samorspi (light green)
Capital
and largest city
Lenovo
Official languagesTengarian
Recognised national languagesSavader
Calian language
Recognised regional languagesAmathian
Ethnic groups
Tengarians- 77.8%
Savaders- 8.5%
Calians- 6.9%
Piraeans-1.8%
Amathians-1.7%
Other- 3.3%
Religion
95.7% Episemialist
1.9% Irreligious
1.5% Other Sotirian
0.9% Other
Demonym(s)Tengarian
GovernmentUnitary dominant-party Presidential Republic
• President
Teodora Kovacheva
Imre Király
LegislatureSenate
State Council
Chamber of Deputies
History
• Diocese of Tengaria
492-1121
1121-1385
1385-1935
• Fall of Lenovo
September 6, 1929
• Resistance Movement
1929-1933
1935-1947
15 March, 1948
Area
• Total
373,811 km2 (144,329 sq mi)
Population
• 2022 estimate
Increase 27,288,217
• Density
189.07/sq mi (73.0/km2)
GDP (PPP)2020 estimate
• Total
Increase 833.11 billion (21st)
• Per capita
Increase 30,530 (14th)
GDP (nominal)2018 estimate
• Total
Increase 401.33 billion (22nd)
• Per capita
Increase 14,707 (17th)
Gini (2020)Positive decrease 29.9
low
HDI (2020)Increase 0.871
very high
CurrencyTengarian solidus (Ꞩ) (TNS)
Time zoneUTC-1
Date formatmm-dd-yy
Driving sideright
Calling code+9
Internet TLD.tn

Tengaria (Apsinthian Script: Ⱅⰵⱀⰳⰰⱃⰹⰰ, Soravian Script: Tенгариa) is a sovereign country situated in alternatively in Southern and Western Euclea. It is bordered by Amathia to the East, Ravnia to the West, and Bistravia to the North, and shares both a border with Lake Min to the northeast and the Achelonian Sea to the south. Tengaria has a predominantly temperate climate, and has an area of 373,811 km2 (144,329.31 sq mi), and a population of 22 million. Tengaria is the 9th largest country in Euclea, and is the second most populous country in Samorspi. The wide outlet of Lake Min, the historic River Len, flows through the central valley of Tengaria, and along it is where the capital of Lenovo is located, as well as the ancient Piraean city of Istros and the third largest city of Visnagrad. The fertile Len River Valley is the central region of Tengaria's development and is considered the heartland of the country.

The ancient home of the Kaloí and Armonic peoples, Tengaria straddled the borders of the Solarian Empire. The great Marolevic migrations saw the Tengar tribes dominate the region largely and displace and assimilate the other peoples. Soon after the migrations, the Tengar tribes were conquered and Sotrianized by the Empire of Arciluco, and later became an autonomous vassal known as the Vicariate of Tengaria when the Empire's authority declined. Following the collapse of the Empire to the Realm of Thorns in 1385, the Vicarius was named Emperor by the exiled Ecumenical Patriarch and the Council of Lenovo, founding the Empire of Tengaria, which saw itself as the legitimate successor to the Solarian Empire through Arciluco. The Empire was the spiritual and intellectual center of Western Eculea for several centuries, but eventually began to lose its influence, falling into the sphere of Soravia. During the Great War, the Empire was invaded and occupied by the Amathians. A resistance movement, led by Simeon Kovachev, fought against the occupation, and successfully restored sovereignty after the war with Soravian support. After the war the nationalist Tengarian Republic was created, although it was was plagued by instability, factionalism and a rough economy, which eventually culminated in a coup attempt, which was prevented by Kovachev. After the War, Kovachev took over on a platform of unity and political stability. Since Kovachev's reforms, Tengaria has been a Unitary Presidential Republic, well known for its strong presidential powers and centralized authority under a dominant-party system with the Patriotic Union dominating Tengarian politics.

Tengaria is known for its strong historic influence as the beacon of Western Euclean thought and a rich tradition in both philosophy and literature, as well as having a prominent and unique education system. Tengaria is also known for its authoritarian patriotism and moralistic and religious values, highly centralized government and economy, strong infrastructure and a low crime rate. However, critics and foreign scholars have consistently labeled the country as undemocratic and authoritarian, including alleged incarceration and elimination of political opponents. The country is also cited as nepotistic and corrupt, although measures to improve the international image and to lower abuses have been prominent in recent decades. Tengaria is a founding member of the Community of Nations, a member of Samorspi, and an observer to the Association of Solarian Nations.

Etymology

The first recorded name of the land currently known as Tengaria was κᾰλοία or Kaloia named by the Piraean settlers when they first discovered the region. This is derived from the Piraean word κᾰλός, meaning "beautiful" or "noble", on account of the beauty and the mildness of the area and of the people they met there. The tribes in the region came to be known as the Kaloí, a name which carried through most of the Solarian period, and the Solarians used a modification of the Piraean name for the region when dealing with the peoples, calling it Calia.

The current name, Tengaria, is most likely derived from the Marolevic Tengar tribes who have occupied the region after the fall of the Kaloí tribes, and is the name given to the region by the late Solarians referring to the "Land of the Tengars". This was the name for the region under the Empire of Arciluco, although properly referring to the central part of the current country, which eventually gained influence over the other regions. The most prominent theory is that the name of the Tengars is based upon the word Tengar, with "ten" coming from ('this, that') and "gar" from gʷʰer ('warm', 'hot'). It is speculated that the name comes from the spiritedness or eagerness of the original tribe ("those hot [ones]"), but such account remains just as speculation.

Until 1935, the country was officially known as the "Empire of the Solarians", although "Tengaria" was a common exonym. From 1935 until 1948, the country was called the "Tengarian Republic" or and was also called "Republic of Tengaria". Since the ratificaiton of the 1948 constitution, the country is officially known as Tengaria, without any other title, which is what it is called internally. However, Tengaria is still sometimes called the Republic of Tengaria in foreign sources.

History

Main article: History of Tengaria

Early History (before 495)

Main article: Kaloí Civilization, Armonic Civilization, Marolevic Migrations

Ruins of the Piraean Theatre in Istros.

Archeological records of settlement around the Len River Valley date back thousands of years. The earliest known records for the region was originally inhabited by a group of tribes known as the Kaloí, who were related to other tribes of Dytikoí and Satrio-Euclean origin, a name first recorded by the Piraean settlers. Piraean settlers settled in the southwest region, and also the city of independent city state of Istros along the central Southern Coast in the seventh century BCE. In addition to the Kaloí and the Piraeans, Tengaria was also home to another civilization, that of the Armonic peoples, who lived in the northwestern and western portions of the country.

In later antiquity, the realms of the Kaloí were located at the far borders of the Solarian Empire, and occasionally engaged in warfare with the Empire. The Empire did make several incursions into the Kaloí lands and even for a time controlled a slight portion of current eastern marches of Tengaria. Sotrianity is regarded as spreading to Istros in the region in the first few centuries, and John the Apostle was said to be exiled there during his final days. During the Marolevic migrations in the 4th century, Marolevs eventually invaded the land from the North, the Kaloí and Armonians were forced elsehere or assimilated. The Marolevs which stayed in the region were known as the Tengars. Once they had come dominate the region during the waning days of the Empire, the Solarians first called the region "Tengaria", which the region was referred to as henceforth. Eventually the Western Empire collapsed in 426, but the Empire of Arciluco continued to hold on in the East. The Tengars assimilated much of the remaining Kaloí and Armonic peoples.

Rule by the Empire of Arciluco and Vicariate (495-1385)

Main Article: Empire of Arciluco, Vicariate of Tengaria

Forces of the Vicariate victorious over the defeated Marolevs.

Soon following the Marolevic invasions and the collapse of Western Solaria, its successor state Empire of Arciluco, conquered most of current day Tengaria into the Empire following a successful series of campaigns lasting from 480 to 495. The Tengar tribes were incorporated into the Empire first as foederati. The Arcilucan colony, called Colonia Lenis and later Urbs Lenis, became an important border city, and would eventually become Lenovo. Over time, the Tengars became assimilated into Imperial culture, coming under heavy Solarian influences both linguistically and culturally, adopting Sotirianity, and even considering themselves as ethnically Solarian.

The region of Tengaria became an integral part of the Empire, and grew and developed. Following centuries of gradual weakening of Amathian rule, in 1121 the Western regions of the Empire were consolidated under the more autonomous Vicariate of Tengaria in an attempt to better provide protection against increasing threats outside of the Empire's borders. The leaders, known as Vicarius et Comes, was hereditary under the rule of the a cadet branch of the Cyriacan Dynasty. They became one of the most important military and political positions within the Empire of Arciluco, competing with the Magister Utriusque Militiae and the Eastern Vicarius et Comes, and were major players in Imperial politics.

Eventually, the Empire would face its greatest internal crisis in centuries- the Iconoclast Crisis. Although the Vicariate supported the iconodules the Iconoclastic Order of Thorns revolted and captured of the city of Arciluco in 1385, sparking the collapse of Imperial institutions in the capital into the Realm of Thorns, leaving a power vaccum throughout most of the Empire. Many exiled iconodules, including the Ecumenical Patriarch and much of the Imperial court, fled to Lenovo. Vasil was able to consolidate control of the vast majority of western Imperial territory. Upon the confirmation of the Patriarch and the Marea Adunare, was elected and crowned the next Emperor, thus translating the Empire from Amathia to Tengaria and resulting in the creation what historians call the Empire of Tengaria.

Imperial Era (1385-1927)

Main Article: Empire of Tengaria

Tengaria's greatest territorial extent in the mid to late 16th century.

Because Vasil was unable to recapture Arciluco, he instead rebuilt or reformed the Imperial institutions to the city of Lenovo, which became the new Imperial Capital and the seat of power. His reign marked the beginning of the Tengarian Golden Age, a period of intellectual and philosophic flourishing and cultural renewal, and also saw a rapid expansion of territory to the west and north, firmly placing the Empire as the dominant political state of Western Euclea. The Empire became involved in the Iconoclast Wars in 1408 supporting the Duchy of Pavatria against the Kingdom of Ravnia, the Realm of Thorns, and rebellious iconoclastic Bistravians. The war ultimately was a stalemate, but the Empire's political, cultural and intellectual power in Western Euclea continued. The Empire reached its greatest territorial extent by the middle of the 16th century.

Eventually, the rising power of the Soravian Empire saw much of the prominence turn from Lenovo to Samistopol, and as Soravia's political power began to grow, Tengaria was displaced as a hegemeon. Gradually Tengaria lost territory during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to Ravnia, Soravia and the Kingdom of Amathia. Despite facing major territorial losses, Tengaria was strong enough to keep from being conquered but not enough to make itself a preminent power like it had been before. In the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Empire began to fall into the sphere of Soravia, becoming an ally and influenced by it. In 1868, in the wake of the failed Republican Green Revolution, the country underwent a series of gradual modernisation and industrialisation over the next few decades. The very end of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries saw a time of economic prosperity and cultural rebirth, leading up to the outbreak of the Great War in 1927.

At the outbreak of the Great War, Tengaria was initially neutral. However, Tengaria's neutrality was violated in 1929 by the Entente in order to open a new front and provide reinforcements from Eastern Euclea. Amathian forces broke through and swept over most of Tengaria, capturing the city of Lenovo and forcing the government to go into exile in Soravia, although the Emperor was captured and later executed by Amathian forces. Simeon Kovachev, a young general, gathered what remnants of the army that he could into the Visoclesian hills to wage guerrilla war against the Amathians with a resistance force known as the Free Solarian Army. The Amathians annexed much of Tengaria and formed the puppet collaborationist rump state called the Tengarian State. Eventually, wwith significant Soravian support and a faltering Entente war effort, the Free Solarian Army was able to push back and drive back the Amathian forces.

Republican era (1935-)

Simeon Kovachev, hero of the Great War an architect of the second constitution.

Main Article: Tengarian Republic

In 1935, following the Great War, Soravia imposed a new republic, preventing a restoration from occuring. Political interest in the new republic was very low, and a plurality of parties in the legislature meant that goverments proved extremely difficult to form and to keep running. Lingering economic issues from the war quickly plagued the early republic, with no formed government from the legislature being adequitely able to deal with the issue, and was very politically unstable. In 1947, President Vasil Stoychev, after having lost an election, attempted self-coup to prevent the All-Solarian Union from taking power and to silence opposition. Simeon Kovachev waged a counter-coup backed by supporters called "patriots", allowing for the elected President Constantin Atheodosi to take office.

In the aftermath of the counter-coup, Kovachev and Atheodosi founded the Patriotic Union with the goals of establishing political stability and order while ending partisanship and political conflict, and the government held a referendum on adopting a new constitution, which passed with an overwhelming majority. The new constitution, in which the Presidency was stronger and had more ability to prevent the issues which had happened in the first republic, was written to minimize the effects of civil strife and factionalism. The constitution was approved by referendum in 1948, and soon after Kovachev was elected as the new President of Tengaria and the Patriotic Union took power. Under Kovachev's economic policies, Tengaria saw an economic boom over the next two decades, and worked to fix many of the probelms the republic had faced. After being elected 6 times and holding the position of president for over 34 years, Simeon finally passed away in 1983.

Following Simeon's death, his party, the Patriotic Union, has continiously held power by wide margins, although it adapted over time to adress particular issues. The country was beset with a financial crisis soon after Simeon's death, and has undergone further development. Tengaria remained geopolitically close to Soravia in the wake of the Dissolution of the UPSR and brought Tengaria into the diplomatic bloc of Samorspi in 1984. In 2012, Simeon's grandaughter Teodora Kovacheva was elected the Presidency.

Geography

Tengaria is located in Southern Euclea, and has a variety of geographical features and diversity. Tengaria borders two major bodies of water, the Acheloian Sea to the south, and Lake Min to the north. The country shares land borders with Ravnia to the West and Amathia to the East. Through Lake Min, the country also shares a maritime border with Radushia. The country has a land area of 305,981 kilometers squared (or 118,140 square miles), making it larger than Estmere but smaller than Amathia, and the second largest in land area in Samorpsi. Tengaria on the whole is considered as part of the Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome, although not all of the country is forested. Common trees in Tengaria include oaks, beeches, and birches, while some of the higher altitude forests include more pines and firs. Some areas in Tengaria more closely approach an alpine biome or steppe.

Tengaria is divided into two major geographical regions, the Visocine ( highlands) and the Nizine or Lowlands). The Visocine are located in the north of the country, and is characterized by hills, mountains, valleys, and forests. This region also includes the coast of Lake Min, which is a popular resort destination. Most of the country's Wilderness, designated parks and protected lands are located in this region. The Nizine are located in the south of the country, and feature arable plains, grasslands, marshes, and the coastlands. This region is more populated on a whole than the north, but population is contained mostly in coastal cities or along rivers through the southern regions. This region also contains the majority of the nation's agricultural land. The Nizine also have grasslands which are used for Pasture, and have historically been used by the Savader peoples.

Flowing from Lake Min to the sea and through both regions, the River Len is a major geographic feature and an important body of water, being the only outlet river of Lake Min. The Len River valley is very fertile, and divides the Visocine in Tengaria into the regions of the Visoclesian Hills and the Radon Hills. The Len River valley is also the center of settlement and development in Tengaria, and the river has three of the most populous cities located along it, from Visnagrad, a popular resort city located on Lake Min, through the capital city, Lenovo, and its surrounding metro area, and flows out near Istros, Tengaria's oldest city and historic centre. The Len River is a wide river and has a deep water flow, and has a significant geographic feature throughout Tengaria's history.

Climate

Snowfall is common in the northern hills.

Tengaria is divided into two climates roughly corresponding to the main geographic divisions to the country. The entire Visocine and the northern part of the Nizine have a Humid continental climate, which covers most of the country. The hills to the north of the country block the warm fronts from the south, and so this part of the country is cooler and has more snowfall. The summers are warm, and generally see less rainfall than the cold winter, but there is not enough of a distinction to make the summers dry. The remaining part of the country along the coast has a Humid subtropical climate, and is much more exposed to the warm air currents from the south. This part of the country sees hot and humid summers with rain and thunderstorms, and does not have a freezing month.

Tengaria's average rainfall is 703 mm, but differs on the area of the country. The highest rainfall in the Visocine comes during the winter, while it is usually in the early summer months fro the Nizine. The Nizine also tend to receive more rainfall than the South, due to the higher elevation and precipitation from Lake Min. Lake-effect snow comes from Lake Min, and snowfall is abundant in the North; however, the southern parts will usually receive snow during the winter, although it is less common. The snow cover usually lasts anywhere from 20 days in the lowlands to up to 7 months in the higher hills. The average temperature of Tengaria is 12.4 °C, usually ranging from an average of 15.2 °C in the Visocine to 8.3 °C in the Nizine. The highest ever recording was taken in July of 1941 in Krasiv, with a recording of 45.4 °C, while the lowest recording was taken in January of 2016 in upper Silenya, with a recording of −36.1 °C.

Climate data for Tengaria (records from all meteo stations)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 26.1
(79.0)
26.8
(80.2)
36.9
(98.4)
37.5
(99.5)
39
(102)
42.4
(108.3)
45.4
(113.7)
44.9
(112.8)
42.3
(108.1)
38.9
(102.0)
37.1
(98.8)
26.5
(79.7)
45.4
(113.7)
Record low °C (°F) −36.1
(−33.0)
−34
(−29)
−31.3
(−24.3)
−20.6
(−5.1)
−15.6
(3.9)
−11.3
(11.7)
−6.4
(20.5)
−9.8
(14.4)
−13.2
(8.2)
−17
(1)
−25.5
(−13.9)
−32.9
(−27.2)
−36.1
(−33.0)

Biodiversity and Enviroment

An Aquila Chrysaetos, a symbolic bird for the country.

Tengaria is home to a variety of wildlife, most of which are common to Southern and Western Euclea. Tengaria also has various species of birds, such as the partridge, mammals, such as bison insects, and other aquatic life. The most prominent and prestigious animal is the Eagle, especially the Aquila Chrysaetos and the more rare Aquila Heliaca varieties. The eagle, seen as a symbol of Saint John the Apostle, is also considered the country's animal, having a rich history of Imperial and Solarian imagery. The coast off of Tengaria as well as the rivers also have a rich abundance of fish and other marine life. In addition to animal and marine life, Tengaria also has many species of plants, especially in the forested regions of the north. Oak and Birch are the most common trees, although coniferous species exist as well.

Tengaria has 13 designated parks, 18 nature reserves, and many more protected areas, set aside by the government to protect the natural wildlife and the enviroment. Most of these are in the rural areas of the country, especially in the north. Most of these areas are also forested and protected from human development. These parks are home to much of Tengaria's wildlife, and also serve as popular attractions, both for tourists and citizens. The government has done certain developments in the parks and reserves, such as the construction of trails and shelters, to provide better access to these places. However, certain protected areas are completely untouched so as not to disturb the ecosystem. Tengaria is generally considered environmentally-friendly, has comparatively little air pollution, but is still working to prevent water and soil pollution, which mostly comes from the use of pesticides and outdated sewage.

Urbanization

Most of Tengaria's population is located in the cities. Almost seven million people, or roughly 30% of the population, live in the country's twenty largest cities. Of these, the four largest, Lenovo, Istros, Visnagrad and Magnalia, have populations over a three hundred thousand people people. Much of the urban spread is concentrated along the Len River valley, the southern coast, or the coast of Lake Min. In addition, the metropolitan area of each of these cities is larger than the numbers given. However, certain cities on the list, such as Rhun and Isen, fall into the metropolitan area of another city, in this case, Lenovo.

Politics

Government

Main Article: President of Tengaria, Senate (Tengaria), List of political parties in Tengaria

Tengaria is a Unitary Republic that uses a Presidential System of government. The First Constitution of the Republic, which was in place from 1935 until 1948, was more parliamentary but was replaced after years of serious political issues, partisan infighting and infighting within the executive branch. Simeon Kovachev authored the Second Constitution, which was meant to provide a strong government to fix the problems of the first. This Constitution is considered the prime legal document of the Nation, and it outlines the basis, purpose, and particular system of government. Notably, the constitution draws its foundational principles primarily from the Sotirian and Teleological ideas of the Istina School.

The President is both the head of state and the head of government. The President is the Commander-in-Chief of the Tengarian Armed Forces, appoints the members of the State Council, can submit or veto legislation, appoints cabinet members and justices with approval of the Senate, is responsible to determine and to implement domestic policy and foreign policy, and in addition has all of the ceremonial duties of a head of state. The President serves six-year terms, but there is no term limit in the Constitution. The President is the most powerful and influential figure in the Tengarian government. The President appoints the Deputy President, who functions as both deputy head-of-state and deputy head-of-government, serves as speaker of the Chamber of Deputies, and becomes the President if the President dies in office. In addition, the President also appoints the Cabinet of Tengaria to assist them in affairs of state. The current President is Teodora Koacheva, who was elected to office in 2014 after the death of her father and re-elected in 2018; upon her second term, she appointed Imre Király as her Deputy President.

  Patriotic Union: 330 seats
  Democratic Front: 12 seats
  Social Reform Front: 5 seats
  Independent: 33 seats

During the first Republic, the President was elected through a popular direct election. Under the 1948 Constitution, Tengaria uses an electoral college to indirectly elect the President. The College, called the Aduna Mala, is comprised of 150 eligible electors, although there may be fewer depending on the circumstances, at least 101 electors (two-thirds of eligible members) are needed to form a quorum. All sitting State Councilors, the sitting prefects from the six prefectures, the twenty-seven provincial praetors, and twenty-two representatives selected from the Chamber of Delegates are permitted to be part of the Aduna. The election is overseen by the previous Deputy President, who may cast the deciding vote in the case of a tie. Prior to the vote, the first sessions of the electoral college are meant as periods of deliberation and discussion before finally arriving at a chance to vote. A two-thirds majority of votes from the present electors is necessary for the President to be selected, and the Aduna may take many ballots as necessary until this is reached.

Legislative power is invested in the Senate, which is a bicameral legislature, consisting in the upper house, the State Council, and the lower house, the Chamber of Deputies. The Senate is officially a non-partisan legislature, and neither house has any group majority functionalities, instead operating on a system of consensus government. The State Council focuses on judicial oversight, presidential appointments, and cultural and ceremonial affairs of Tengaria. Councilors serve for life terms or until they resign, and are appointed by the President. There are 95 seats in the State Council. Members of the State Council are expected by the Constitution to have communal importance and high moral standing. The Chamber of Deputies is the house which deals more actively in legislative affairs, and can create legislation, declare war, has power of the purse, approves treaties, and other legislative prerogatives. There are 380 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, and members serve six year terms. Seats are divided among the eleven Provinces by population.

The government has been dominated by the Kovachev family, who have controlled the powerful Presidency for sixty years, and the political movement they lead, the Patriotic Union, which is socially conservative and explicitly anti-partisan, has consistently (but unofficially) dominated the legislature by huge margins. Although de jure a non-partisan democracy, the Union's dominance of the Presidency and Legislature makes it a de facto dominant-party state. Tengaria and its constitution is considered by most Eastern Euclean sources as undemocratic and authoritarian. Questions about the veracity of election results, combined with the promotion of the Patriotic Union in media, literature and education, and rumors of suppression of other political movements, give it a low ranking on many international democracy listings.

Foreign Relations and International Institutions

Main Article: Foreign Relations of Tengaria

Violeta Alba, current Minister of Foreign Affairs.

Tengaria's Foreign Policy is overseen by the President, who designates much of the responsibility and administration of this to the executive department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs , which is headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs. This ministry has been headed by Violeta Alba, the former ambassador to Soravia, since 2018. Ambassadors are appointed to their positions by the President and serve at the President's pleasure. Tengaria has established diplomatic relations with many states across the world; it has diplomatic embassies in over 40 countries, while many countries have embassies or diplomatic missions in the city of Lenovo.

Tengaria has historically been an ally and supporter of Soravia since the early 19th century. Although it previously was a part of and had closer kinship with Amathia, relations were greatly damaged after the Iconoclast Wars. In the early 20th century, as Ravnia and Amathia became more powerful, Tengaria fell under the sphere of influence of Soravia, which it has remained under. It was Soravia's ally during the Great War, and became indebted to Soravia during its occupation and rebuilding. Tengaria was one of the first non-former UPSR countries to join Samorspi in 1984. Tengaria is the only member of Samorspi which was never a part of the Soravian Empire or Republic, and is also the second most populous and powerful state in the alliance. Despite being closely aligned with Soravia in foreign policy, Tengaria has also made it a priority to maintain its sovereignty.

Tengaria is a founding member of the Community of Nations, joining the organization in 1935 along with its ally Soravia. Tengaria has usually supported its ally Soravia in CN decisions, although it has acted against it in particular decisions. Tengarian has fielded one Secretary-General of the Community of Nations, Theodosii Istina, from 1984 until 1988. Istina promoted global educational programs across the world, as well as for the protection of culture and world religions, which Tengaria has always supported. Tengaria has complicated relationships with its neighbors. In addition, Tengaria's status on the global scale is mixed. The country is a popular tourist destination, but is criticized by many for its undemocratic government and authoritarianism.

Because of Amathian occupation during the Great War and opposition to Equalism, tensions with Amathia persisted for many years but has greatly improved since the fall of the South Euclean People's Republic. This is due to the fact that the Tengarian government has stressed the common Solarian heritage of both nations and have sought increased political and economic cooperation after the fall of Equalism in Amathia. On account of this emphasis, it became an observer of the Association of Solarian Nations in 1982, barred full membership on account of the fact that Tengarian is generally considered a Marolevic rather than Solarian language, and participates enthusiastically with the programs as much as they are permitted. Internationally, Tengaria promotes itself as a country with strong Solarian heritage with Marolevic elements, working with both Southern and Western Euclean countries.

Judiciary and Law Enforcement

Main Article: Tengarian Judiciary, Tengarian Home Guard

The High Court building in Lenovo.

Tengaria uses a Civil Law System, which relies on a set code of laws. Under the second Constitution of Tengaria, this code has been the Promulgani (originally titled Promulgationes in Solarian, signifying the word "Promulgations"), which was codified and established by Emperor Vasil III in 1785. This is one of the oldest set of civil codes which are still in use; and is a through compilation of four hundred years Imperial Tengarian law, which is in turn derived from the old Solarian law and its successor Arcilucan law which were brought to Tengaria during the rule of the Empire of Arciluco. There have been changes since them and modifications to adapt to recent developments, but the fundamental basis of the code has remained the same and largely unaltered. As such, Tengaria's legal system is one of the most unique in the world, although it bears similarities to its neighbors as well as those which are influenced by Solarian law. Unlike other civil-law systems which use inquisitorial systems, Tengaria uses an adversarial system, but without a jury.

In Tengaria, the court system is overseen by the President and the Minister of justice. The Constitution of Tengaria establishes the highest judicial power is given to the High Court, comprised of three High Judges, with the most senior judge presiding over the case. Given the importance which Tengaria places on its legal code, the High Court does not practice judicial review, but rather is the court of last appeal. Below the High Court are the Civil Courts, Prefectural Courts, and Provincial Courts, which differ in degrees of authority and appeal. The President nominates all High and Civil Judges, all of which are approved through the Senate, while prefectural judges are appointed by Prefects and provincial juges by the Pretors. Judges may be removed by the President with the approval of the Senate, however, this only happens rarely, and many judges serve for life. Due to the heavy influence of the executive in judicial affairs, Tengaria has one of the lowest rankings of judicial independence in Euclea.

In addition to the civil courts, Tengaria also has military and ecclesiastical courts. The military courts have distinct system of military justice which applies to members of the Armed Forces, which is overseen by the Minister of Defense. Court-martials and crimes related to military service or property are dealt with by these courts, although usually only with the. The ecclesiastical court deals with crimes committed by clergy, against church property, or crimes against canon law. The authority and jurisdiction of these courts were greater in the Imperial era before the establishment of the Tengarian Republic, and were never completely dismantled. Most notably, Tengaria's ecclesiastical courts deal with almost all issues pertaining to marriage and divorce, except barring non-Episemialists who recieve a special civil-marriage recognition.

Members of the Home Guard in Lenovo.

The law is enforced jointly by the Tengarian Home Guard and the Tengarian Police. The primary of these, the Home Guard, is a gendarmerie force which is dedicated to maintaining order in Tengaria, as well as being able to protect government officials, respond to interior threats and emergencies. As it is a branch of the Tengarian Armed Forces, it is overseen by the President and the Minister of Defense, although it does also work in cooperation with the Minister of the Interior and the Minister of Justice. The Home Guard is equipped to deal with emergency situations, and also have specialized forces which can respond to anything, including being trained in anti-terrorism measures. In addition, the Home Guard also has branches which oversee border control and intelligence operations. The Police are overseen by the Minister of the Interior, and have responsibility for more mundane policing tasks, such as traffic policing and crime investigation. The Police are more commonly seen in cities and larger towns, and each municipal police force is overseen at the provincial level and ultimately at the country-wide level.

Tengaria has a relatively low crime rate, with fairly low homicide rates, and the majority of crime being related to transport, drug usage or theft. Recreational drug use is illegal in Tengaria, and excessive use of alcohol is also punishable by fine. Tobacco products are legal, but heavily taxed and discouraged by the government. In previous decades, government officials became increasing involved in cases of economic polticial corruption, such as bribery or misuse of public funds. Since Teodora took office in 2014, economic corruption has been severely cut back upon by her anti-corruption policies; however, international institutions accuse Tengaria of still practicing nepotism and rewarding loyalists rather than competent members.

Military

Main Article: Tengarian Armed Forces, Tengarian Army, Tengarian Navy, Tengarian Air Force

Members of the Army in the BLK-7 Istrov during a training exercise.

Tengaria has a long military tradition which dates from the Empire of Arciluco, with a heritage from the Solarian Empire. The military of Tengaria, known as the Tengarian Armed Forces, are divided into four major parts, the Tengarian Army, the Tengarian Navy, the Tengarian Air Force, and the Home Guard. Tengaria has a medium sized armed force, with over 90,000 active duty personnel and 60,000 reservists. Historically, the army has always been the principal branch of service, and receives most of the manpower and funding. The President is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces and still retains a great deal of influence than most other countries. However, most practical matters of defense are handled by the Minister of Defense, currently Angel Aclementi, in conjunction with the Chief of Staff.

As a member of Samorpsi, Tengaria is a participant in the Tsivebi Military Agreement, and its armed forces work and train in close conjunction with its ally Soravia. In addition, Soravia has several military bases around the country, and Soravia provides most of Tengaria's heaviest military equipment and practically all of its naval and aviation resources. Unlike other members of Samorpsi, Tengaria's military is all-volunteer, although all male citizens must register for conscription and may be called up for service upon the President's request and the Chamber of Deputies' consent. This means that Tengaria's forces are smaller than even some smaller countries, such as West Miersa. This has been a deliberate choice since the end of the Great War, when Simeon Kovachev introduced professionalization to focus on a smaller but more professional army due to major funding issues with the early republic. Tengaria fulfills its strategic role within Samorpsi by specializing its forces for specific uses of highly-trained soldiers, including special operations.

Tengaria spends roughly 5.13 billion on military spending each year, or 1.27% of GDP, which is one of the lowest per capita percentages on military spending in Samorspi. Tengarian arms companies mostly produce models and variations of Soravian equipment, such as the S-69 main battle tank, which is unique but based on of a Soravian design. However, Tengaria does produce some its own unique arms and equipment, such as the BLK-7 Istrov, but usually these line up with Soravian calibres and ammunition capacity. Tengaria invests some money into military research and development, investing in new and better technology, such as the S-75 in 2019, but usually only spends this money on the development of the Army.

Administrative Divisions

Main Article: Administrative divisions of Tengaria

Tengaria is divided into six administrative principal divisons called Prefectures (Prefectura) or regions, two of which, Calia and Armonia, are considered as autonomous. The autonomous prefectures have special priviledges and perrogatives, mostly dealing with cultural or educational aspects pertaining to the minorities which comprise the majority of the region. Each Prefecture is divided further into Provinces (Provincia), which in total number 25. Each province is further divided into various kinds of local municipalities, both urban and rural. As a unitary state, the regions and provinces are all answerable to the central government, but are designated responsibility by the central government to maintain the common good for the local areas. Each Prefecture has an elected Assembly, consisting of 75 members each (barring the region of Tengaria, which has 150 members), and an executive Prefect appointed by the President or elected in the two autonomous Prefectures. Provinces are run by a Pretor, appointed by the provincial prefect, and have a 30 member provinicial council to oversee affairs. Regional assemblies and provincial councils also generally serve six year terms, corresponding with the elections of the President and the Chamber of Deputies. Tengaria's government is highly centralized, and the regional governments usually have to rely upon the central government for funding, support, and other means.  

Map Region Coat of Arms Capital Population Prefect
Armonia Coat of Arms of Vilnius.svg Arló 3,206,013 Erzsébet Oláh
Auroria Russian coat of arms of Volga Bulgaria.svg Magnalia 3,377,767 Nikolay Atanasev
Calia KorkesCOA.png Armidne 3,090,291 Marius Lupu
Istria Arms of Lindsay of Cumberland.svg Istros 3,817,698 Kristina Veselinova
Tengaria Trump coa.svg Lenovo 10,038,949 Zhelyazko Ilianev
Visoclesia Coat of arms Bugry (Leningrad oblast).svg Visnagrad 3,757,499 Tihomir Angelev

71,811.09, 2 extra

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1500 5,000,000—    
1800 10,000,000+0.23%
1900 18,500,000+0.62%
1927 22,000,000+0.64%
1936 21,477,442−0.27%
1952 22,789,120+0.37%
1962 23,999,120+0.52%
1972 25,720,109+0.69%
1982 26,645,609+0.35%
1992 26,947,811+0.11%
2002 27,166,886+0.08%
2012 27,258,991+0.03%
2022 27,288,217+0.01%

According to the 2022 census, Tengaria's population was estimated to be 27,288,217 people. This means that the country's population density is 73.08 people per square kilometer, one of the lower density figures in Euclea. Most of the population is concentrated in the cities, with 30% of the population living in the country's twenty largest cities. The most heavily populated area is the valley around the city of Lenovo, which contains the Lenovo metropolitan area areound it. Population centres are mostly found around the River Len, as the primary waterway of the nation, or the coasts, either on the sea or of Lake Min. Outside of the urban areas, most of the communities are rural and not as densely populated, especially in the hilly and forested regions of in the north and west. Urban areas tend to be more developed and have lower birthrates, while the rural areas tend to have higher birthrates and are less developed. Tengaria has one of the highest birthrates in Euclea, with a total fertility rate at 1.85 child per woman, but this is still below the replacement rate. This figure has only been sustained by family promotion policies by the government in order to forestall the the population decline found in other Euclean countries, especially by President Kovacheva. After losing much of the population due to violence and famine in the Great War and economic hardship in the aftermath, Tengaria saw a population boom over the prosperous decades of the 1960s and 1970s. However, the growth rate started to decline during the 1980s, and continued to decrease before roughly flatening out in the 2010s. Population censuses in Tengaria are taken every 10 years. From the 2012 census Tengaria saw a overall population increase during the intervening decade, mostly due to foreign immigration from Coius, but by the 2032 census is projected to start losing population.

Ethnic Groups

See also: Savadi

Tengaria's ethnic groups are largely built around linguistic differences. Once the Empire of Arciluco conquered the region it imposed a common Solarian identity, and this policy was continued under the Empire of Tengaria. This succeeded in establishing and maintaining a common Solarian identity, although the languages continued to exist, although become modified by Solarian. For centuries, all of the major groups in Tengaria identified as Solarian primarily, although regional distinctions also coexisted. In the latter half of the 19th century, the rise of nationalism across Euclea first began to cause some to begin to drop the Solarian identity and to begin to push an ethnic or linguistic identity. Although this found some support, it was never universalised; only during the Tengarian State and the Tengarian Republic did the government adopt nationalist or ethnic policies. Nevertheless, it was largely unsuccessful at producing national identity; to this day, many citizens of Tengaria still refer to themselves as "Solarian" or consider it their primary identity. The Kovachev government halted nationalisation efforts and dropped the ethnic distinctions on the census. The Tengarian government does not officially record data on internal ethnic groups, leaving the judgement to outside sources. Independent statistics estimate that 77.8% of the population is Tengarian, 8.5% is Savadi, 6.9% is Calian, 1.8% is Piraean, 1.7% is Amathian, and 3.3% is other.

Savadi perform a traditional dance in Jánd.

The Tengarian ethnicity is used to refer the communities of those who speak the Tengarian language, which comes from the language of the Marolevs. The Tengars migrated to Tengaria from the North and the West during the early 4th century AD, and conquered or drove away the Kaloí, Piraean and Armonian peoples and assimilated those that were left, except for in the regions of Armonia and Calia. After the Empire of Arciluco incorporated the tribes under its control, the Tengars were heavily influenced by Solarian culture and largely lost a Tengar identity, although they still spoke a common language. The idea of a Tengarian ethnicity first appeared from pro-republican nationalists and pan-Marolevic thinkers in the 19th and early 20th centuries, although the idea failed to gain universal traction, as many continued to identify as Solarian. In current Tengarian society, the term Tengarian is a general term that refers to speakers of the language or to people who live in the country of Tengaria, and does not fit neatly into an ethnic category. Most outside researchers use it to refer to native citizens who do not belong to the following minority groups.

The largest minority is the Savadi people, who are more commonly called Savaders in Estmerish, or as Szabadok in their own tongue, and a subgroup of these called Armonians is present in Tengaria. Certain scholars believe that the Western and Northern regions of Tengaria were home to the Armonic peoples, a loose grouping based on a common Proto-Armonic language. It is speculated that the Kireno-Katemoshans which were to the north split from the southern Armonic peoples who would become the Savaders over time. The Armonic peoples were decisively beaten during the Marolevic invasions of the 4th century, leading to the scattering of the Savaders across Euclea, particularly to the North, and the majority old Armonia and adopted a migratory lifestyle. However, a group of Savadi managed to retain control the region which came to be known as Armonia, and were made foederati of the Empire of Arciluco, and centuries later were placed under the jurisdicition of the Tengarian Vicarii. Later they were granted special priveledges by the Vicarii and later Emperors in exchange for military service, and for centuries they formed the bulk of the Empire's cavalry forces. Over time they became mostly inculturated into Tengarian and Solarian society as a whole. The group faced perseuction during the Tengarian Republic, which inclined them to support the Patriot Cause during the Civil War; as a reward the Kovachev regime largely restored their historic priveledges, provided they remain loyal to the regime.

István Dömötör (1379-1464), a Savad and notable commander in the Iconoclast Wars.

With roughly 2,375,000 to over 2,500,000 Savadi, Tengaria has the greatest number of Savaders by far out of any country. Of these, approximately 2,100,000, or 90%, are of the Armonian subgroup, also known as the Változatlan, while the other 10%, or 250,000, are itinerant Savadi who are historically transient, known the Vándorlás. The Armonians form the majority of people in the region of Armonia, but communities of them also exist in the major cities of the country, and are significantly more incluturated in Tengarian society. The other Savadi still retain their migratory lifestyle and can be found all over Tengaria, in to be in much smaller numbers. In addition to these, more of Savadi descent have historically or currently have left the life of wandering to intermarry with Tengarians, and so many Tengarians have some kind of Savadi descent. Although the government has set aside grazing land for the migratory Savadi, those who live a migratory lifestyle face sigificant more distrust and discrimination than the settled ones. Although they are officially recognized as the Savadi people by all official sources, people use the Soravian term Kosak either out of custom or as a deliberate pejorative slur for them. In addition, Tengaria's Változatlan Savadi, due to not sharing the itinerant people, are often seen as distinct and seperate by members of main international Savader community.

The next largest minority in Tengaria is the Calian people, which descend from the Kaloí peoples which used to occupy the region before the arrival of the Tengars. The majority of the Kaloí were driven out or assimilated by the Tengars during the late fourth century, with many fleeing to Amathia and becoming foederati. When Arciluco conquered the region, the Kaloí were settled in the administrative region which became known as the Diocese of Calia. The Calians were initially much closer to Amathian influence than the Tengars, and Solarianization of language was much more thorough. In the twelfth century Calia fell under the political control of the Tengarian Vicarii, and thus began to branch off from complete assimilation. It is estimated that 6.9%, or approximately 1,900,000, of the population has Calian descent, concentrated primarily in the region of Calia, nearest to the Amathian border.

Aretian Piraeans in the city of Narona.

Tengaria also has a minority group of Piraeans which number at approximately 500,000, or 1.8%, of the population. Most of these located in the very soutwest of the country on the Aretian Peninsula, but smaller communities also exist in Istros and other cities along the south. These Piraeans are a historic group, having first settled in the region in the beginning of the seventh century BC, although further settlements in Aretia followed in the subsequent centuries. Sometimes, Tengarian Pireans are called "Aretians" on account of the gradual differences which have developed as the group has remained distinct from Piraea. The group has seen significant incluturation, and most Aretians do not speak their own dialect of Piraean.

The last significant ethnic group is that of Amathians, making up approximately 1.7% of the population, or roughly 465,000 people. These groups are primarily concentrated primarily on the Amathian border, but Lenovo and other Tengarian cities have sizeable groups as well, which date back to the Empire of Arciluco. Many of the settlers of the Arcilucan settlements, in Tengaria were initially Amathian, but later became outnumbered and largely assimilated by Tengarian influence, although communites managed to remain, and were later expanded by certain royalist Amathian exiles following the Amathian Civil War. It is estimated that the Amathian community in Lenovo form an ethnic enclave of about 40,000, the largest ethnic enclave in the city.

There are roughly 245,000 ethnic Bistravians in Tengaria, which form about 0.9% of the population, mostly concentrated around the Tengarian-Visoclesian border but also with migrant communities in the major cities. Other ethnic groups from Western Euclea such as Soravians, Miersans and Ravnians, as well as from the other Samorspi countries, make up about 1.3% of the population. Tengaria's stability during the Dissolution of the UPSR made it an attractive destination for some emigrants from the collapsing All-Soravian Union of Republics and all of its successor states, as well as those who came during Tengaria's historic friendship with Soravia. The remaining 1.1% of the population is comprised of migrants from Eastern Euclea and the rest of the world, such as those from Coius.

Languages

Main Article: Tengarian language, Calian

The first page of the Gospel of Mark from a 10th century Tengarian manuscript.

Tengaria has three official languages: Tengarian, Savader, and Calian.

The primary language spoken in Tengaria is the Tengarian language, which is used for almost all official legislative procedures, legal proceedings, laws and official announcements, except in certain jurisdicitions. Tengarian is one of the oldest documented Marolevic languages, but it also has a close kinship to the Amathian language and thus to the Solarian languages due to the extensive influence of the Empire of Arciluco. Tengarian was the inspirational language used by Arcilucan missionaries to develop Old Church Marolevic, although the Tengarian language was unwritten until the late 14th century. Tengarian is a digraphic language, primarily using a modified Solarian, but also with optional Apsinthian and Soravian scripts.

The second largest language in Tengaria is Savader, spoken mainly among the Savadi people. Most of the Armonian Savadi speak Armonian Savader, which although lingusitically distinct from the principal international Savader language has certain amount mutual intelligibility with it. It is estimated that roughly 1,500,000 speakers, or roughly 70% of Armonian Savadi, speak Armonian Savader as a mother tongue, although increasingly Savadi have been simply teaching children Tengarian. The language was taught by the first public schools established under the empire, but was not recognised during the Tengarian Republic and efforts were made to standardize all public schools in teaching only Tengarian, but since the beginning of the second constitution era is officially recognized as a language of Tengaria, alongside mainline Savader. As such there are several societies to promoting its revival and use in the Armonian Savadi communities. In addition, schools in Armonian speaking areas teach in Armonian, although they are also required to teach Tengarian as well. Mainline Savader is generally among the Vándorlás Savadi in their own communities, and has a rich oral tradition which is passed down among the various communities, and is estimated to have approximately 140,000 speakers. Tengaria is held to by some be the linguistic homeland of the Armonic langauges, although Armonian Savader is the only Armonic language commonly spoken in Tengaria.

The third largest language in Tengaria is Calian, which is a Solarian language which came from the fusion of the Kaloí language with spoken and written Solarian between the fourth to eighth centuries. It is spoken primarily by the Calian people, and had the most direct lingusitic influence by the Amathians than any of Tengaria's principal languages, although the language underwent changes to match the Marolevic influence of the Tengarian language during the Empire. The language remained the regional language of Calia throughout the duration of the Vicariate, and the Empire of Tengaria, but began to decline in use with the establishment of the Tengarian Republic, when the Tengarian language was enforced in all public schools. It saw a decline in speakers, although the Kovachev government also declared it a protected language and permitted its use in local education in Calia. Today there are estimated to be just over a 1,250,000 speakers, or roughly two-thirds of Tengaria's Calian population, but the number declines as more choose to simply teach Tengarian language.

Other mother tongues include Aretian Pirean, Amathian, Bistravian or those of the smaller ethnic minorities living in Tengaria. It is estimated that there are approximately 330,000 Amathian speakers in Tengaria, located in Amathian communities around the country, and approximately 135,000 Bistravian speakers in Tengaria, which form the next smallest languages. However, these languages are not protected or taught in public education, and exist mostly within the local communities, and have been dying out in part as time has progressed, especially Aretian. Despite the Aretian Piraeans outnumbering other smaller ethnic groups, their language has seen a sharp decline in the past centuries, with less than 100,000 speakers left in rural regions. Other more minor first languages of smaller groups in Tengaria include Soravian, Miersan, Ravnian, Rahelian, Pardarian, and several Satrian languages.

A sign for the town of Driven in both the Solarian and the Amathian alphabets.

Most schools in Tengaria use Tengarian as their primary language. Schools in Armonia and Calia use the respective regional language as primary but also teach Tengarian as a secondary language. All schools teach Solarian as a secondary or tertiary language due to its historic importance. Solarian was used for official documents during the Imperial era and on buildings as a mark of Imperial authority and Solarian heritage, and was used as the scholarly language for centuries during and following the Golden Age. Tengaria is notable for having all students learn three seperate alphabets: the Solarian, the Soravian, and the Amathian. In various places of the country, signs are made in multiple scripts in order to facilitate ease of understanding.

Besides for mandatory schooling, the government also sponsors institutions which promote the learning of other languages, mainly Soravian, Gaullican, or Estmerish. Those who go into diplomatic or international work will often study at these institutions upon finishing their schooling. These institutions also provide oppurtunities for students to learn outside of regular study or during higher education, and many students take the oppurtunity to do so, especially for using and conversing over the internet and to follow foreign job oppurtunities. Part-time classes for teaching foreign languages are also popular with older citizens who require training in other languages. Due to Tengaria's emphasis on ancient philosophy, Ancient Piraean is another popular choice for extracurricular study, so as to study works of Xenagoras or Theocritus or other ancient authors in the original language.

Religion

Main Article: Patriarchate of Istros

Religion in Tengaria

  Episemialist (95.7%)
  Other Sotirian (1.5%)
  Irreligion or Unknown (1.9%)
  Other religions (0.9%)

Tengaria is a Sotirian State, and gives a place of importance to Episemialist Sotirianity in its Constitution. The country has deep historic roots in Sotirianity, and although the Episemialism's influence is recognised, there are no formal restictions upon other religions or forms of Sotirianity or even non-religion.

According to government statistics, the percentage of combined Episemialist Churches in Tengaria comprise nearly 96% of the country, with over 21 million registered members. Of these, the primary Episemialist Church in Tengaria is the Patriarchate of Istros, an Autocephalous Church headed by the Patriarch of Istros, comprising 93.4% of the population. There are also Amathian Episemialists, which number at or about 1.1% of the population, while 1.2% follow other Episemialist Churches, such as the Soravian or Miersan Churches. Most of these communities are associated with immigrant groups who have migrated to the country within the last hundred years, although some Amathian communities on the Tengarian-Amathian border are under the proper jurisdicition of the Amathian Church.

The Patiarchate of Istros has four major divisions. The principal division, the main body of the Patriarchate, which uses Solarian as its litrugical language, oversees four Metropolitanates, each with Bishoprics and Archbishoprics underneath it, as well as all of the international dioceses. This is the principal organ of the Tengarian Church, and comprises most of Tengaria's territory and population, with about 16.6 million members. In addition to this, there also exist three autonomous Metropolitinates, or sub jurisdictions which excercise autonomy within larger framework of the Tengarian Church, which includes the Metropolitanate of Calia, with 3 million members, Metropolitanate of Armonia with 3.2 million members, and the Metropolitanate of Dubnitsa, mostly located in Bistravia but with communities in Tengaria.

An Episemialist Priest of the Tengarian Church.

After Episemialism, Irreligion takes the second place with 1.9% of the population. Although Tengaria ranks as one the highest countries in Euclea in terms of registered religious believers and religious homogeneity, the percentage of active members are lower than registered believers. This is for a variety of reasons. Irreligion is heavily frowned upon by society, and is seen by some as unnatural and detrimental to society for not believing in a Divine Authority, or association with destructive forces in Tengaria's past. Thus the number of people who are irreligious in practice or belief is actually higher, but many choose to identify as Sotirian without practicing out of habit, for beloning or in rare cases to avoid social conflict and stigma, further inflating the numbered of registered Sotirians.

Non-Episemialist forms of Sotirianity such as Solarian Catholicism and uniate Tengarian Rite Catholicism comprise 1.5% of the population, or about 335,000 followers. The influence of Thomism and Scholasticism in the writings of the Tengarian Golden Age as well as Tengaria's Teleological philosophy and historic hesitance towards Hesychasm and usage of Solarian for religious ceremonies disposed some Episemialist theologians and clergy to reunite themselves with the Solarian Church in the nineteenth century, corresponding with efforts from the Solarian Church to bring back Episemialist Sotirians. These have historically faced discrimation and prejudice, and have become pejoratively known as "Uniates" by those who remained Epismeialist. Aside from these, Amendist or other Sotrian groups exist in very small numbers. Finally, less than 1% of the population comprises members of other religions. Most of these are immigrants from Satria and Zorasan.

The religious centre of Tengaria is the historic city of Istros, where the Patriach resides, and also with the Basilica of St. John, a Church which is said to be over the burial site of St. John the Apostle. The current Basilica building dates from the mid-sixth century, built on top an older one. This has been a popular pilgrimage site for Sotirians. The city also possesses the large Cathedral of the Logos, the seat of the Patriarch. The city of Lenovo is also a popular place of pilgrimage, with the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom as one of the largest Churches in Western Euclea, built as an imitation of the Cathedral in Arciluco. Other famous church buildings include the Monastery of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos, located in the hills of Visoclesia, and the Cathedral of the Dormition of the Theotokos, a large Cathedral located outside the city of Silen.

Immigration and Emigration

Customs and Migration Agency building in Lenovo.

Migration and customs are overseen by the Ministry of the Interior, currently headed by Luca Acirili. Tengaria has a positive net immigration rate, with an estimated 0.9 immigrants entering the country per 1000 persons, although the rate is close to a neutral amount. Of the first and second generation migrants, the largest group were those from Western Eulcea, in particular the Samorspi countries, numbering at 250,000 or nearly 1.1% of the population. Many of these immigrated during the troubles during years of political and economic upheaval in Western Euclea in the 1970s and 1980s, although more went to other places. In addition, Amathians have migrated to Tengaria, including Amathians fleeing political persecution or political violence throughout the twentieth century. It is estimated thate there are approximately 80,000 Amathian first and second generation immigrants, although there are also more third generation immigrants from those who migrated during the Amathian Civil War, who largely settled into the prexisting Aamthian communites. In more recent years, immigrants from other areas of the world, in particular Zorasan and Satria, have immigrated to Tengaria to start a new life, or to study internationally. There are roughly 275,000 migrants, comprising about 1% of the population, who come from the rest of the world. In recent decades, Tengaria has increased the ease of naturalisation of foreign nationals in order to alleviate the declining population rate.

Tengaria during its history experienced periods of significant emigration, especially during the Amathian occupation during the Great War, the twelve-year economic failure of the Tengarian Republic, which saw the population drop. In addition, some groups of fear of reprisal or to avoid the new government following Stoychev's coup attempt. These factors came together to produce the Tengarian Diasporia. The major places of the diaspora include Amathia (with over 700,000 ethnic Tengarians), Galenia (nearly 160,000), and West Miersa (over 100,000), as well as places in the Asterias. After these events, however, Tengaria's emigration rate sharply declined as the country stablized and saw rapid economic growth, but began to gradually increase in the late 1980s and continued to increase in the following decades, although not significant enough to eclipse the immigration rate. The main factors of emigration are mainly due to increased financial oppurtunity in foreign economies or disatisfaction with the government or with basic health needs, and were strongest in the late 2000s, although rates have declined since Teodora Kovahcev took power.

Healthcare

Saint Katherine Hospital in Lenovo.

Tengaria has universal healthcare for primary, secondary and tertiary healthcare, run and directed by the Tengarian Health Service, which is in turn overseen by the Minister of Health, currently Mihail Adonati. Most of the hospitals and clinics throughout the country are publicly run and funded, although privately funded institutions exist as well. Tengaria has a developed healthcare system, but with significant problems and functional issues in comparison to Eastern Euclean countries, due to a myriad of factors. Tengaria has a life expectancy rating of 76.7 years of age, higher than the world average but significantly less than Eastern Euclea and less than the Samorpsi countries of Soravia and Vedmed. Healthcare on the whole tends to be much better developed in urban than in rural areas. Despite suggestions to privatize the healthcare system in the 1990s and 2000s, the Kovachev government has remained committed to providing universal care to all of its citizens.

Tengaria has a functionally two-tier healthcare system. All citizens are nominally covered for all basic health services through public spending, however, many of them are required to pay out-of-pocket costs anyways due to corruption and lack of funding, especially in more rural areas. These problems sometimes result from the lack of equipment, or the requirement of the recepient to provide more basic supplies, such as syringes and bandages. In light of some of the poor coverage which the main system has, wealthier citizens often choose to purchase their own private healthcare for an additional cost, which often gives them better or faster service. Tengaria practices a policy of compulsory insurance, either from the public system or from a private provider. Public funding for healthcare mostly comes from common taxpayer funding, ususally scaled to how much the person makes, with wealthier citizens paying a larger share into the country's health system.

Tengaria does not prioritize on medical research, but instead relies largely on Soravia or Eastern Euclea for the country's medical technology and research. Although comprable in many ways to other more developed countries, Tengaria's healthcare system has had significant problems with upkeep and modernisation. In rural areas, in addition to lack of equipment, much of the medical equipment and buildings are outdated and obsolete. This, coupled with funding issues, has led to the development of institutional corruption, with some patients being forced to bribe their doctors, a practice, which although illegal, has been consistently ongoing for decades. Recent attempts by the Kovacheva government to crack down on bribery have stopped some of this, but nevertheless it still remains an issue throughout most of the country's rural areas.

Education

Main Article: Education in Tengaria

The historic St. Vasil College of the University of Lenovo.

Tengaria's education system is one of the country's most unique features. With ancient roots dating back to Solaria and Piraea passed through the Empire of Arciluco, the contemporary educational system was standardised in the late empire with significant reforms by Simeon Kovachev. Kovachev believed that education was fundamental in building a well ordered and truly free society, placing great importance on the idea of a "liberal" education. Generally speaking, Tengarian education emphasizes a classical mode of education, placing the primary importance on philosophy, with the liberal arts being the pathways by which these are reached, as well as a stress on the moral education of "free and virtuous" citizens.

Education is heavily overseen and funded by the government, with almost all schools being managed by the government. All schooling is free to Tengarian citizens, but most institutions of higher education require the applicant to pass a test before admission. Education is mandatory for 11 years, from the roughly the ages of 6-17, but on average students take about 13 years of schooling. In addition to the main universal system of education which is mandatory throughout childhood, the government also sponsors technical or prepatory schools for students to specialize in the skills which they need to enter the workforce or to prepare further for higher education.

Level Name Duration Particular Focuses
Preschool Prescola (Preschool) 2 years (age: 4 to 6) Basic Reading and Writing, Experiential Learning
Primary education Lud (Letter school) 3 years (age: 6 to 9) Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, Geometry
Grammat (Grammar school) 3 years (age: 9 to 12) Grammar, Logic, Astronomy, Music
Secondary education Rethor (Rhetoric school) 5 years (age: 12 to 17) Universal studies, History, Literature, Rhetoric
Scola Preparata (Prepratory school) 1 or more years (age: 17 to 18 or later) Further Universal Studies
Scola Artū (Technical school) 1 or more years (age: 17 to 18 or later) Apprenticeship or other practical training
Tertiary education Licentiat (Bachelor's degree) 3 years Arts, advanced studies
Magistrat (Master's degree) 1 or 2 years Specialised Subject
Doctorat (Doctorate) 3 years or more Specialised Subject

Stages highlighted in yellow below are compulsory.

Economy

Main Article: Economy of Tengaria

Tengaria has a high-income mixed economy, considered by some sources to be a developed country but by others still to be a developing country. Tengaria has a 0.871 on the Human Development Index, placing it in the very high range, placing it above Senria but below Estmere. It has a per capita nominal gross domestic product of 14,707 Euclos, placing it above Satucin but below Senria; it also has a per capita gross domestic at product purchasing power parity of 30,530 Euclos, placing it above Amathia but below Vedmed. Tengaria was largely an agricultural country until it began to industrialize in the late eighteenth century; during the early republic period the economy stagnated and later collapsed, leading to the Tengarian Civil War. After the War Simeon Kovachev undertook massive reforms to revitalize the economy, further industrializing and later greatly expanding the service sector of the economy. Since then the Tengarian economy has diversified and developed, being a mixture of a mostly free market with economic interventionism and state-owned enterprises influenced by corporatist principles. Currently, services, energy, agriculture, education, mining, metallurgy, and tourism are important parts of the economy.

Energy

The Dragomir III Nuclear Power Plant is Tengaria's largest source of energy.

Main Article: Energy in Tengaria

Tengaria's energy industry is mostly controlled by public companies overseen by the Tengarian Energy Holding. Due to its use of nuclear and hydroelectric power, Tengaria is mostly self-sufficient in energy, and exports energy to neighboring countries. In addition, the dominance of these two kinds of energy ensures that Tengaria functions on an mostly low-carbon economy. Like its ally Soravia, Tengaria is considered a fairly environmentally-friendly country; Simeon Kovachev believed firmly in the preservation of Tengaria's natural lands, while his successors saw the economic gain of non-reliance on exterior energy, which Tengaria did not have the resources to sustain a full economy on. This resulted in significant investure in the mostly-green Nuclear power and the reduction of fossil fuels.

Nuclear energy accounts for 73.9% of Tengaria's energy output, mostly taken from the Dragomir III Nuclear Power Plant, although several other nuclear power plants exist. Based on international research done in the 1960s which produced a successful molten salt reactor, Tengaria was the first country to invest significant resources into the research and development of Thorium-based nuclear power, working on the development of a stable and efficient liquid fluoride thorium reactor throughout the 1970s, before investing in the construction of these on a commercial level in the 1980s, eventually taking over as the dominant source of energy for the nation as more reactors are built. Thorium development posed a unique challenge in terms of increased cost and development; however, it also has several advantages, such as reduced need on Uranium in lieu of the more common material of Thorium, and an almost minimal chance of a nuclear meltdown. In addition to being used by Tengaria, energy from the reactors is also exported to nearby countries. Tengaria remains a leader in the Thorium based nuclear power industry, with several other countries later deciding on implementing thorium based power. It is one of the countries most dependent on Nuclear energy in Western Euclea.

The Silver Gate Dam, Tengaria's largest hydropower plant on the River Len.

The second largest source of power is taken from hydropower, which makes up 24.7% of the country's energy output energy. These come from the country's two primary rivers, the River Len and the River Ciste. However, due to the historic and cultural importance of the River Len and the proliferation of settlements and trade along the river, the Kovachev government only permitted one dam, the Silver Gate Dam, which is situated along the Silver Gate gorge of the River Len in Visoclesia, and the narrowest point of the river. This Dam is one of the larger producers of hydroelectricity in Euclea. Other hydroelectric facilities exist along the River Ciste, mostly located in the sparsely populated province of Khulm.

Fossil fuels and biomass are not widely used for energy production, yielding only roughly 1.4% of the country's energy production, but are still used for such things as motor vehicles, military use, and construction equipment. After the country's switch to nuclear power in the 1980s, usage of these fuels were gradually phased out. Almost all of the oil and natural gas needs of Tengaria are met through the pipeline supplies from Soravia, and the country exports most of the oil and the natural gas it produces. Although Tengaria does have an abudance of coal in the northern hills, most of it is lignite, which lowers its potential value, and most coal mining operations have decreased over the twentieth century. Since 2014, the government has halted efforts of further hydraulic fracturing.

Agriculture

Industry

Tourism

The Visoclesian Railway, one of the country's most popular tourist attractions.

Tourism is a major contributor to Tengaria's economy. Tengaria has many popular sites, both manmade and natural, and has worked to promote tourism from the late 1970s. In the decades following the Civil War, the government has promoted its tourist sites on the international, especially to wealthy East Eucleans, made possible by reform of the country's transportation system and economic recovery. Tengaria recieves nearly 22 million foreign visitors each year, making it a high-ranking tourist country, though by no means the largest. Tengaria's most popular tourist areas are the coastline along the Acheloian Sea, Visoclesia and the coastline around Lake Min, the historic cities of Lenovo and Istros, and the River Len. In addition to foreign tourism, domestic tourism is also prominent.

The southern coastline along the Acheloian Sea offers resorts, designated beaches, and other attractions, especially along its southern coastline. The warmer climate of the south makes it a very popular vacation destination for its Samorspi allies, which is facilitated by a customs union it has with the other Samorspi states. Sailing or boating is a popular tourist activity. Tengaria's coastal resorts generally tender to be cheaper than many in Eastern Euclea, making the destination attractive for less expensive coastal vacations. The southern coastline's tourist season generally peaks in the winter, but continues throughout the whole year. In addition, the coast has some of the country's largest population centres located along it, such as Istros and Magnalia, which allow for tourists to have major centres of transportation and convience in the area.

The Great Baths in Lenovo.

Visoclesia is one of Tengaria's largest regions, and includes coastline, major cities, and large areas of preserved forest and rugged hills. The coast of Lake Min, although cold in the winter months, is temperate during the summer and has a long border with the freshwater lake. The coast alternates between hilly and smooth, with beaches and resorts at certain areas and high-overlooks and cliffs in others. Inland, there are many natural parks, nature reserves and such areas which tourists may visit, with oppurtunities to hike and explore. In addition, the River Len flows from Lake Min through the Visoclesian hills, which at its narrowest point forms the Silver Gates, a popular tourist attraction for the steep walls which the river runs through. Another major attraction of the region is the Visoclesian Railway, a scenic heritage tourist railway built in the late nineteenth century which goes through the hills along the coastline. In addition to natural or resort attractions, this region also has the cities Visnagrad and Garna, the third and fifth largest cities in the country, providing places to stay as well as shops.

In addition to the coastlines and natural areas, Tengaria is also known for its cultural and historical areas. The cities of Lenovo and Istros are particularly known for being important centres of historic or major cultural landmarks and buildings. The city of Istros has well preserved Piraean ruins, inlcuding of the historic Agora School and the well preserved Xanthos Library. It also has major religious sites, such fourth century Church of Holy Wisdom, one of the oldest still-standing churches in the world and the the Basilica of St. John, a Church which is said to be over the death site of John the Apostle. The city of Lenovo is filled with tourist destinations, and is a major hub of foreign tourism. Prominent tourist sites include the iconic Palace of the Senate, the Great Baths, the Imperial Palace, and Saint Vasil Cathedral. These cities also have many cultural events and other activities which tourists can experience and partake in. In addition to these areas, there are many other particular sites spread throughout the country, such as the Monastery of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos and the Radomin Arches, which are also attractive to tourists. In recent years, river cruises along the River Len have become popular.

Infrastructure and Transport

A train on the Rapid, Tengaria's high-speed rail line. Tengarian locomotives are usually marked by their unique yellow colour.

The primary mode of transportation in Tengaria is by rail, and the government has made rail transport its priority in terms of funding and investment. Most of rail transport in Tengaria is managed by the publicly owned company Tengarian Rail. Most of the major rail lines lead back to the central city of Lenovo, but many smaller lines operate out of most cities and connect most towns throughout Tengaria. Tengaria's four largest cities all include above or underground subways which connect the parts of the city together. The country's rail network is connected to Arciluco through close proximity, and thus to the major Euclostar rail networks by extension. In 2018, Tengaria completed a high-speed rail line, known as Rapid, running vertically along the country along the Len River from Visnagrad to Istros, making it the country's first high-speed rail network, which can reach up to speeds of 294 km/h. Plans exist to extend high-speed rail lines into Bistravia and Amathia for increased ease of international travel, as well as an eventual connexion to Soravia's prosposed "Spine of Euclea" project. Tengarian railways almost exclusively support electric locomotives, which have helped to reduce the costs of maintainence and fueling with coal or diesel and which have worked with the country's growth in nuclear power. There are a few exceptions, such as the Visoclesian Railway, which operates with modified coal-powered steam engines, the only railway in the nation to still do so, by special government mandate. On the whole, the major railways tend to be better funded and maintained, and are known for good service, but some of the branch lines and more rural lines are less well maintained and generally more inefficient.

Tengaria has extensive roadways across the country, most of which are paved. Tengarian road infrastructure is overseen by the Tengarian Highway Authority, which oversees the construction and maintenance of roads throughout the country. Roads are an important way of travel and shipping for people living in rural areas away from railway stations, however, most travel and freight is done or carried by railways instead. Major highways include the имперски магистрала (Imperski Magistrala, or Imperial Highway) which stretches from the city of Visnagrad down along the Len River valley through Lenovo and eventually on to Istros, and the крайбрежна магистрала (Kraĭbrezhna Magistrala or Coastal Highway), which stretches along the southern coast of the country. Public bus services also utilize the roadways, particularly focused around major cities. Do to the country's emphasis on railway travel, roads are not as well constructed or funded as other countries, and so Tengaria has a relatively low road quality outside of the cities.

Air travel in Tengaria is overseen and managed by the Tengarian Aviation Authority. Tengaria has four international airports, the largest being Saint Vasil the Great Airport in Lenovo, followed by Xenagoras Airport in Visnagrad, Saint John Airport in Istros, and Holy Wisdom Airport in Magnalia. In addition, many of Tengaria's larger cities have domestic airports as well, although these are not always commonly used, and tend to be fair smaller. The largest carrier in Tengaria is Air Tengaria, which is the nation's flag carrier. Air travel is one of the primary ways of long-distance international travel, and are used by both foreign and outgoing tourists for entry into the country. Although Tengaria's international air travel is well developed, Tengaria has had major issues with its domestic flight system, on account of old infrastructure and funding going to rail.

Tengaria's telecommunications networks and internet infrastructure are mostly handled and overseen by the publicly owned Tengarian Communications corporation. Almost all people have some access to forms of telecommunication, although the telecommunications structure in rural areas is often outdated an in need of modernization. Around 69% of the population has access to internet, mostly focused around the urban areas of the country; however, this number has increased since the government began a plan to bring broadband to all areas in 2018. Tengaria is known for implementing censorship on certain internet programs and websites, mostly pornographic or blasphemous in nature, although increased access to virtual private networks provides a work around for this.

Science and Technology

Computer station operated by the technology company Lenovo.

Tengaria's scientific development was first marked by the influence of Empire of Arciluco, through which it recieved the scientific works the ancient world. During the Tengarian Golden Age, the inspiration of the classical studies saw the formation of several scientific institutions associated with the various branches of knowledge. Due to its importance in the Quadrivium, an astronomical school was established in Lenovo in 1392, and soon became associated with the University of Lenovo. The proliferation of Xenagoras's works of natural philosophy saw a revival of biological and zoological studies, as well as studies of physics. However, these studies were largely done in the context of a Geocentric model and according to theories such as the theory of impetus.

Eventually, with the advent of the Scientific Revoultion, the scientific works in Tengaria would be outclassed by Soravian and Eastern Euclean scientists, many of whom would overturn the foundational theories held in classical science. Some of these scientists, Lawrence Lugin, studied for a time in Tengaria due to the availability of texts and extensive research already done. Tengaria was reluctant to accept the new findings at first, however, as better equipment and experimentation came along, they started to gradually accept the newer findings. Many sought to reconicle the new scientific findings with the basic priniciples of the classical authors; this was most notably carried out by the polymath Ivan Istina and Znaniya school. In the late 20th century, Tengaria would become a pioneering force in nuclear physics because it spent significant funding and research to develop Thorium based nuclear technology, becoming the first country to produce a commercially viable liquid fluoride thorium reactor. Iordan Apauli was the head scientist on the project, and became a well known nuclear scientist in the field. Tengaria is a member state of the Atomic Energy Commission.

Since the 1990s, Tengaria has seen an expansion in technology manufacturing as well as information and communications work, especially within the context of Samorspi. Maufacturing companies such as Lenovo produced computers and other electronic devices throughout the early 2010s on a domestic scale, however these companies were incorporated into larger international companies.

Culture

(From Top Left) Xenagenes (346–265 BC), Renat the Confessor (1345–1422), Ivan Istina (1875–1928), Boris Idenev, (1942–), notable Tengarian Philosophers

Philosophy

Main Article: Philosophy in Tengaria, Universal School

Philosophy has played an important role in the development and formation of Tengarian culture and political society. At first influenced by Teleological philosophy through a school established by Xenagenes in the independent city state of Istros, it was later influenced by the philosophy of the Empire of Arciluco, and so discussed Sophism and Stoicism. although following some aspects of Eastern Euclean scholasticism, began to produce its own philsophers, especially during the Tengarian Golden Age, combining both the philsophical knowledge of Western and Eastern Euclea. During this time, Tengaria became the centre of learning in Western Euclea and throughout the Episemialist church, until Soravia's geopolitical power eventually overshadowed that of Tengaria in the sixteenth century.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Tengaria underwent a philosophical revival during a general period of cultural output, especially under a group of philosophers, artists and authors who comprised the Universal School, which proposed a 'universal' philosophy, which largely attempted to fit traditional teleological philosophy to modern developments in the natural sciences while also protecting Sotirian theology. Although this period was largely ended by the Great War, under Simeon Kovachev the Universal school was extremely influential in influencing the creation of the country's Second Constitution and its new education program. The government continues to stress the importance of philosophy, and due to its education and focus on the intellectual life, philosophy is considered a key part of Tengarian culture.

Currently, Tengaria is considered a leader in the field of classical studies, historical philosophy, and Episemialist theology. Tengaria is home to several influential international philosophical awards and organizations, such as the Aletheia Award, considered one of the greatest academic distinctions for Philosophic work, the International Philosophy Institute, a global group of philosophers and historians of philosophy, and the Xenagoras Society, the primary association of Teleological philosophers or those who specialize in the study of the works of Xenagoras.

Art & Architecture

Main article: Art in Tengaria, Archictecture in Tengaria

The oldest preserved visual art in Tengaria dates from the Kaloí peoples, who used pigments to paint frescos and murals on the walls of their temples and their tombs. Statues dating from the Piraean and Solarian periods can be found in the city of Istros, such as the second-century statues in the Library of Xenagoras. Art from the Classical period of Istros also includes mosaic structures as well, as found in several homes. The dominance of the Empire of Arciluco in the sixth century, introduced a new style of Western Solarian art. One of the major movements of this was the development of the religious Icon, which became a widespread devotion across the Episemialist world. Icons became central to liturgical practice in Tengaria, with its culmination being the development of the Iconostasis.

An artistic revival began during this period, which continued throughout the beginnings of the century. Art during this period also began to take on various elements of Neoclassicism and Romanticism, but did not fully embrace either. In the early twentieth century, the art community became divided between those who favored more traditional Tengarian styles of art while others wanted to adopt the trends of Eastern Euclean modern art and of Soravia. When Kovachev took power, the traditionalist artists were given pride of place, and art percieved as "ugly" and "disordering" largely was driven underground.

Interior of the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Lenovo.

Despite a period of decline after the sixteenth century, nevertheless the artistic community still managed to design art for churches, although much along the same lines as had been accomplished during the Golden Age. This changed in the middle of the nineteenth century, when increased building gave artists new chances to do art for new ornate buildings, such as the churches built during this time or new political buildings.

Since the beginning of the second-constitution era, the government has supported the visual arts, and has several publicly funded museums which house important collections of art from Tengaria but also other countries around the world. Many historic pieces of art were restored or put under careful preservation under the care of the government. The Tengarian government stresses the importance that works of art ought to be of "religious, cultural or moral merit", and so will generally fund artist based on a set of criteria that usually fits in with traditional art styles and values. Tengaria is a prominent producer of religious art, especially Episemialist art, and is known for its historic schools of iconography. Despite the effots made by the government to preserve certain kind of art, many around the art world criticize the Tengarian government for the measures it takes against art which goes against its values, and that the government purposefully stifles creativity in art in exchange for the enforcing of the cultural norm.  

The Palace of the Senate in Lenovo, one of Tengaria's most famous buildings.

Main article: Archictecture in Tengaria Tengaria's architecture is largely inspired by historical trends belonging to Eastern and Western Euclea. The early Armonic and Kaloí peoples built buildings of stone, including burial mounds which remain preserved to the current day. The Piraean settlement of Istros saw buildings mainly in the Piraean classical style, although many of the buildings later had the influence of Solarian architecture as well, especially most of the preserved buildings in the city. Tengaria has some of the best preserved Piraean ruins in the world, most of which date from the second century AD. Later, the conquest of the Tengars by the Empire of Arciluco saw the expansion of Arcilucan architecture take prominence, especially in the building of Churches. Examples of this include the sixth-century Basilica of St. John, one of Tengaria's oldest Churches, which is done in the Arcilucan style. The most famous example of this in Tengaria is the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Lenovo, which imitates the principal church in Arciluco.

At the beginning of the Tengarian Golden Age, styles from Eastern Euclea were brought over, most prominently, the Gaullican and Etrurian styles. The first buildings of the University of Lenovo were built in a Gaullican style. Tengarian architects took these styles together along with the Classical and Arcilucan styles and, taking what they thought best and most beautiful from each, use the combination to create the fusion based Tengarian style, which has dominated Tengarian architecture for centuries. Certain buildings tended to show one more prominently than the others. The architect Luca Aeditor laid down the principles of the style in his 1488 book Rules of the Builder, which has been a landmark text in Tengarian architecture since. As a result of using a variety of styles together, Tengarian architects were quite flexible in how they could construct buildings. The style did taken on further baroque influences, but not from schools like rococo. Because of its flexibility, it adapted well with neoclassical and neogaullican revivals across Euclea. The famous building of the Palace of the Senate, built in the late nineteenth century, is a prominent example of the Tengarian style, as it combines several styles together, although most prominently Gaullican.

Following its introduction to the country in the wake of the Great War, there arose an hostile reaction to modern architecture from the Tengarian architectural community over the percieved lack of "beauty". After Kovachev took power, he implemented building restrictions on styles which were seen as unbecoming or unbeautiful, especially in cultural and historic centres such as the city of Lenovo and Istros, both of which have comparitavely fewer buildings such as skyscrapers than other cities. The Kovachev government spent significant resources to repair and restore historic buildings. Under subsequent presidents, the rules were laxed slighty to allow for more industry, but remain firmly in place for places deemed of significant cultural value.

Literature

Main Article: Literature of Tengaria

An Arcilucan manuscript of the Gospels in the Apsinthian Alphabet.

Written literature in Tengaria dates back to the ancient Piraean city state of Istros, along the Southern Coast of the country. The Piraeans were the first ones to use written scripts, and also brought important works of Piraean literature and poetry throughout the centuries from the other Piraean cities. Thus the works of authors such as those of Homer, Sophocles and Pindar were first spread to the city. Trade from the city state to the later Solarian authors would also bring works of Solarian literature, from Vergil to Cicero and Horace, among other works. Many of these literary works, along with many other written works of various categories, had copies preserved at the Xanthos Library. The building eventually fell into decay and was not taken care of, but some of the documents it held were preserved by members of the clergy, making Tengaria possess certain books which had been lost in the Eastern portions of Euclea with the fall of the Solarian Empire. However, most of the literary output of the scholars of Istros consisted in philosophic works, and not works of imaginative literature.

The Kaloí and the Armonic peoples did not have their own written language, but several legends and myths were recounted in literature by their Piraean neighbors, mostly in passing references. These legends, often recounted in philosophical tracts, usually pertained to the Kaloí's beliefs with pertained to philosophical questions of the school. Several scholars of the Agora school claimed that the primary means of oral transmission of folk tales among the Kaloí was through musical poetry; however, no extant examples have survived. Some legends survived in different form when the conquered peoples were assimilated into the Marolevic Tengar tribes in the fourth and fifth centuries, usually being incorporated as certain elements of the new legends, but at the same time the dominance of the Tengars ensured that the folk legends became predominantly Marolevic in origin.

With the conquest of the Tengar tribes by the Empire of Arciluco in the fifth and sixth centuries and coinciding with the rise of Sotirianity among the Tengars, the first written literature in the future territory of Tengaria began to arise. Writings in Solarian and Vulgar Solarian, as well as copying of the Holy Scriptures and important religious and philosophical texts, formed the majority of the literary output during this period. This was latered followed by the development of a variety of poetry and prose, but not in Tengarian, but instead in the language of the Empire. Most of the literature from this period is religious in nature, and the largest subset of extant literature are religious poetry which speaks on Sotirian messages and themes. Secular poetry also was made, though on a lesser scale. Religious prose included sermons, devotional works, theological tracts, while secular prose includes examples of legal documents, histories, and various scholarly works. This period also is remarked for its legends of Saints of the Church, many transmitted from earlier sources but greatly expanded upon, which became a popular and plentiful source of literature. Legal and political writing also multiplied during this time.

(From Top Left) Angel Aurus (1435–1506), Donat Arenati (1861–1931), Mari Avalentini (1896–1930) and Clara Iantoni (1944–), notable Tengarian authors

As the Empire of Arciluco continued to decline, the Tengarian literary output became both more numerous and prominent as well as unique in style and thought. As the Eastern portions of the Empire began a largely negative reaction against Solarian influences due to the influence of the Papacy, the Western portions of the Empire began to embrace the Solarian identiy more. With the development of the Iconoclast controversy in the 1370s, the literary output of Tengaria increased as Tengarian theologians took a firmly opposed stance to the Iconoclast movement. With the proclamation of the Imperial translation in 1385 and the beginning of the Tengarian Golden Age, Tengaria's golden age of literature began. The theological and philsophical tracts during this time were the primary literary output, but far from the only ones. Literary works sought to revive some of the literary practices from antiquity. Epic Poetry saw a revival during this, with authors writing various kinds of epics concerning saints, princes and classical figures. Of these, the most famous were two works by the author Angel Aurus (1435-1506), one being the Legend of Saint George, which details the life of Saint George, and another called simply The Pilgrimage, an epic which details the spiritual and moral journey of a man through the difficulties of life personified in mythical form. The output of both religous and secular poetry of various kinds increased significantly, from various styles- some imitating the classical or older Tengarian forms, while others popularized a new style of verse known as the Imperial style. Poets from this period included Constatin Magnus (1344-1411), author of many poems done in imitation of the classical styles, and Andrei Arece (1414-1468), who is credited with developing the Imperial style of poetry. Plays also saw a revitalization during this period, in addition to other works of various kinds. Many works published during this time in Tengaria spread to other Eastern Euclean countries. Although Solarian was the predominant language of this revitalisation, Tengarian was first written during this time, which allowed for the eventual and gradual rise of venacular literature.

When the Tengarian Golden Age began to end, the literary output of the country began to decrease, but did not fall off altogether. Poets continued to produce poetry, mostly in the Imperial style, creating periods of "Early Imperial", "Middle Imperial", and "Late Imperial" poetry. Epics no longer to be published on the scale on which they once were, and most of the literary discussion focused on the works which had already been produced. However, despite the decrease in terms of total output, the increase in means of sharing and spreading literature resulted in the beginnings of literary criticism, extending from religious exegisis and commentary to commentary on the works produced. Theodos Neste's (1634-1704) Commentary on the Legend of Saint George remains an important text in the development of Tengarian literary criticism. However, unlike literary criticism developing in other parts of the world, Tengaria's tended to focus less on Eastern Enlightenment ideas but instead retained the importance on the Xenagoran methods of understanding literature. Milan Selus's (1712-1778) Nova Poetica is based on Xenagoras's poetics and attempts to revive the principles in relation to the more recent developments in literature.

Due to the influence Soravian and East Euclean literature, which saw the introduction of the literary form of the novel would be introduced in the nineteenth century. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, Tengarian literature saw a great revival with the rise of the Universal School, as several authors joined the movement and participated in it. The most prominent of these was Donat Arenati (1861-1931), an author and political theorist who wrote several works of literature, including the epic length novel Golden Sun, which is considered the modern landmark work of modern Tengarian literature; and Mari Avalentini (1896-1930), a poet who transformed Tengaria's poetical landscape, and wrote the epic poem, the Vasilad. Largely inspired by the poets of the Golden Age Avalentini's poetry was instrumental in reviving Tengarian poetical practice, causing others to follow in his footsteps. Thus for the time period just before the Great War, the Empire saw another great revival in literary output. Tengaria's literary scene declined during the Great War and the political turmoils of the early republic, but began to reestablish itself in the Kovachev era. Some current notable figures in Tengaria's literary scene are Clara Iantoni, author and a winner of the Foirbeis Award in Literature for her novel The Voice of Truth and Stefan Krasimirev, poet laureate and literary critic.

Music

Main Article: Music in Tengaria

Traditional Tengarian Folk Singers in concert.

The Kaloí tribes were known for their wide variety of cultural music for all kinds of events and customs, which in part led the Piraeans to give their name to the civilization. This made the foundation for Tengarian folk music, which is still preserved in certain forms today all across the country, although it has grown and changed greatly over the centuries. Tengarian folk music is wide and varied, often varying by region. It often has unique features such as asymmetrical rhythms, wide usage of modes and tunings differing from most modern instruments, drone accompaniment, and unique blend of harmony and unison. Folk instruments include the gadulka (bowed instrument), gaida (bagpipe), tambura (lute), kaval (rim-blown flute) and zurna (oboe). Both men and women generally tend to participate in folk music, but often men would be the main singers and musicians while women would more often be the main dancers. to value and prize lower voices, although the range of music is wide.

Knowledge and theory of Piraean Music and the musical ratios of Pythagoras came to the city of Istros. Legend holds that Xenagoras, which was more likely his pupil Xenagenes, taught about the importance of music in the moral education of the youth and how proper and well-ordered music orders the passions, and made music, and the Teleological scholars of Istros made note how deeply music was woven deep into the tribes of the Kaloí. Through Istros the word of the music of the Kaloí was spread to the rest of the Piraean world, and entered into the early music theory, giving the name to harmoniai and later Gregorian modes of music, called the Kaloían mode. This mode was reputed to build a noble and serious character in the listener. In addition to its practical and moral character, the scholars of Istros also embraced the Pythagorean idea of the importance of music as a speculative mathematical study. Music theory was an important part of the Agora school in Istros. When the Tengar tribes invaded and overran the Kaloí, they brought their own music, but incorporated the music of the conquered peoples into their own, creating a new fusion of music during the periods of conquest that would further impact the future folk music of the country.

When the region was conquered by the Empire of Arciluco, music began to become more formalized and studied by Arcilucan scholars. In addition, with the country's conversion to Sotirianity, music was an important part of the Divine Liturgy. It was in the Liturgy that Tengarian music really began to become more developed and codified. As liturgical practices devloped in the Western territories of the Empire, Tengaria began to form a unique vocal tradition for their Divine Liturgies. It developed a unique monodic (one-voice) singing style which fused together the traditions of Arciluco and yet brought together elements of Tengarian folk music, bar the instruments. Chant together with droning became common usage in Liturgies. The music of the Church played a part in the formation of the Episemialist Octoechos system of tones. However, it did not always follow this system exactly, and it made itself unique in several ways, most notably in the way it preserved some of its more ancient modes in its music.

With the proclamation of the Empire of Tengaria in 1385 and the beginning of the Tengarian Golden Age, Tengaria began to develop choral polyphonic (many-voices) music in its Divine Liturgies. A vast quantity of pieces were composed during this time; many have been lost, but still many remain. During this time, music became a prominent speculative study as it had under the days of the Piraean scholars in Istros. The work of the Tengarian musicians soon became the primary source work for polyphonic Episemialist music in the following centuries. Since the Arcilucan music had been mostly based off of the ancient Piraean mode Diatonic Genus, the musical system developed in Tengaria during the Tengarian Golden Age developed independently from but with many of the same conclusions of Eastern Euclean music scholars of the later Renaissance reached. As the Tengarian Golden Age declined, so did the production of music in Tengaria, and more influence began to enter into Tengaria from its neighboring countries, bringing in more instruments and expanding Tengarian music from just choral music to instrumental symphonies as well.

Iosef Istrie, famous Tengarian bass and Oktavist.

A prominent classical composer was Iaoni Toni, who composed the hymn How Admirable is Thy Name in the Whole Earth in 1754, which was a patriotic song associated with the monarchy and used for coronations before it was adopted as the Anthem of Tengaria in 1958. In the late nineteenth century, when several musicians and composers variously associated with the Universal School began a revitalization of Tengarian music, blending together the rich musical traditions of Tengaria with western notation and tuning systems. Of these composers, one of the most famous included Vasile Avictori, a choral composer, especially for his pieces Do not Cast me Off in My Old Age and Salvation is Created. Ever since, Tengaria has been a place of prominent composition and musical production, mostly featured in choral or instrumental pieces. Tengaria has produced such world-renown singers such as Iosef Istrie, who is considered one of the greatest bass singers of the twentieth cenutry. Yavorev won the country's only Euclovision title in 1964 with his rendition of Deep River Len.

Since the beginning of the second-constitution era, music has had a special pride of place, mostly using the principles of the ancient authors. Simeon Kovachev claimed that "good music is necessary to incline men towards good moral action; hence bad music, which inclines men towards bad moral action, is harmful to the good of the state." As such, the government plays an active role in promotion of what it sees as "good" music, such as giving government subsidies or sponsorships to composers and musicians it deems worthy. Music is an integral part of the educational system, and every student is required to pursue some form of musical study for at least six years. Conversely, the government has been very strict on music it considers to be "disordering". Since 1960, most contemporary popular music of eastern Euclean styles have been restricted and regulated in various forms, such certain concerts being made illegal, restrictions on music sales and broadcasts, and heavy government oversight over the music industry. As such many modern pieces from around the world are considered as underground music. Tengaria also was the country where the program Tonos, a music streaming service which focuses on choral, classical, and folk music, as an alternative to other music streaming services.

Due to the country's position on most contemporary music, Tengaria has had a difficult relationship sometimes with the music scene of the world. The country has never applied to join the Euclovision Song Contest, at first due to firm opposition from Simeon Kovachev, and later because the public broadcaster, Tengarna Televisioni, said it had "no interest" in participating. In a statement given in 2012, the spokesman for the broadcaster said in response to inquiries that "we do not believe it would be the best use of our resources to engage with the song competition". Some polls have indicated that there is not a lot of widespread interest in the competition at large.

Dress

Traditional Tengarian dress for Denilazari.

Cuisine

Theatre and Dance

Tengarian plays, saw a great revival during this period, with men such as Gregori Rumen and Dimitri Vasilev writing influential tragedies and comedies.

Cinema and Animation

(From Top Left) Vasil the Great (1958), Kovacheva, (2018–2019), From the Depths (2020), Joy in the Silence (2021), notable Tengarian films and series

Tengaria was relatively late to the cinematic scene, only recieving major Soravian filming equipment after the end of the Great War. Several smaller scale films had been made in the final days of the Empire, but tended to focus mostly on newsreels or straight records rather than the development of movies. In its early days, the Tengarian film industry was dominated by the stage acting community, and its first movies were filmed productions of the great Tengarian plays. The floundering of the economy caused the film industry to flounder for two decades. Movies from this time period tend to be fairly minimalist and low-budget, due to the lack of funding. Several more avant-gard directors during this time began to attempt to produce works during this time, but were unable to be widely scaled due to the lack of funding and money. With the film industry remaining small, movie theatres were not widely built, and so the movies produced only tended to be spread on a smaller scale.

During the economic boom following his ascension to power, Simeon Kovachev helped to sponsor the production of the very ambitious and high-cost epic film of Vasil the Great. This film was supposed to mark the beginning of the new Tengaria, and utilized the story of the first Emperor to do so. It premiered at the 1958 Montecara Film Festival and secured the country's first and only Béco Aùreo, and even became a popular international success. The movie jumpstarted the Tengarian film industry, which began to expand and quickly developed. However, the circumstances of its development resulted in the industry being noticeably different than most other film industries due to government involvement. The Tengarian government monitors the various films in production and approves and sponsors the ones with strong moral, philosophical or pro-government messages, while at the same time heavily discouraging films which criticize the government or promote vice. Almost all Tengarian filming companies utilize government subsidies for their movies, and so this allows the government to effectively minimize undesirable films. This means that the Tengarian film industry tends to be far more conservative than its worldwide counterparts, as in order to secure government funding and recognition the studios tend to censor ideas which are hostile to the government or scandalous. In addition, most film critics are part of the government sponsored Tengarian Film Association, which oversees film and television awards, as well as which nominates the movie to go to the Montecara Film Festival.

Television only took off slowly during the 20th century after film, as most households did not have access to television during the early republic or Simeon Kovachev's reign, although small-scale television did exist in Tengaria during Kovachev's presidency. The rule of successive presidents saw the government begin to develop a government-run television industry as a means of informing the public with state news broadcasts and about major athletic events. This was seen as another means of spreading the government's message directly to the people. Thus television was from its beginnings a public industry. As the use of television increased in Tengaria, programming itself increased as it became more popular, as people began to use television for entertainment purposes as well. Because it was a public industry, the government was able to exercise a good degree of control over the creation and airing of TV shows, ensuring that like the films they are not too scandalous or critical of the government. In addition, the state tends to be particularly careful with children's media, so out of the few options in terms of television watching for young children, all are very heavily regulated. The television industry has grown but is still quite small in comparison to other countries. Several foreign shows are made available in Tengaria through television, but ones with questionable content are not permitted to be aired on live television. The rise of international streaming services allowed many to circumvent these rules, leading to the government to take certain measures against what the streaming services could show.

In recent years under President Teodora Kovacheva, the film and television industry have seen more government sponsorship and development, leading to what Tengarian film critics are referring to as the "Tengarian film golden age". This has seen a number of successful and well-recieved television shows and movies arise. In 2016, a show called Find the Truth became popular both throughout the country and internationally, which is a talk-show about Philosophical topics, and Philosophers from all over the world are invited to come and speak either with the host or with other philosophers. To attract international viewers, it is filmed in Gaullican but a Tengarian dub is always broadcast in Tengaria. Increasingly popular among the younger audiences is Senrian anime style of media, which has led to producers around the coutnry scale begin to utilize the style. In 2018, an anime cartoon done about President Kovacheva, called Kovacheva, met with popular acclaim. This show really marked the first time which animation had seen success in Tengarian media. The 2020 film From the Depths was well critically acclaimed and found favorable at the 81st Montecara Film Festival, leading to both a countrywide and international release. The long awaited Joy in the Silence, a film detailing the lives of the monks of Monastery of the Incarnate Logos, debuted at the 82nd Montecara Film Festival.

Entertainment and Gaming

Mass Media and Broadcasting

Main Article: Solarni Novini, Mass media in Tengaria

Headquarters of the Solarni Novini in Lenovo.

There are several news and journalistic corporations in Tengaria, who distribute information to citizens through various means. Print journalism is dominated by Tengaria's oldest print and online newspaper, the Solarni Novini, which dates back to the early 18th century, making it one of the longest running papers in Western Euclea and the world as a whole. The Novini publishes in four languages, and has the vast majority of the country's journalistic structure and funding. However, the Novini, although privately owned, is known for having prominent ties to the government and having a significant degree of media bias. Although there were historic newspapers which rivalled the Novini, such as the Lenovo Novini, many of them were shuttered after their support of Vasilov's coup attempt. Although the Novini does not have any major competitors, there exist a variety of smaller newspapers throughout the country, mostly representing localities or special fields such as sports. Most newspapers rely heavily on the resources and stories form the Novini for major events.

In addition to print and online news sources, there also several broadcasting organisations for both radio and television. The Tengarian Ministry of Communications runs a state-run television and radio channel for official state announcements and programming, in addition to the government channels dedicated to entertainment. These public channels are controlled by Tengarna Televisioni and Tengarnom Radio respectively. Besides these, there exist several private broadcasters from certain other organisations for both television and radio, but most of these broadcast entertainment or music. Solarian Media, the corporation which runs the Novini, runs country-wide news broadcasts for both radio and television which are not the only widespread option not run by the government or local channels, limiting the options for country-wide news from other sources. Local stations both for television and radio are broadcast to localities and deal with local or regional news, traffic and train delays.

Freelance journalists and newspapers, while not illegal, can be cracked down on account of heavily enforced defamation laws which can result in the shutdown of an independent news source or can punish papers severely for printing misinformation. In addition, due to the de facto monopoly of news into the hands of the government and friendly private corporations, it is nearly impossible for any upstart news organisation to acquire the resources to succeed on a large scale. These factors have lead to criticism of Tengaria as lacking true freedom of the press, and Tengaria is one of the countries in Euclea with the lowest ranks in press freedom.

Sport

See Also: Sport in Tengaria, 1918 Summer Invictus Games, Tengaria at the Invictus Games

(From Top Left) Angel Iantoni (1901–1964), Boris Azlatani (1938–2015), Lubomir Avictori (1988–) and Anastasia Aioani (1992–), notable Tengarian athletes.

Tengaria has many sporting clubs and leagues, some serious, and some more recreational, and most of which encompass a variety of sporting groups and events. The four primary sports in Tengaria are athletics, baseball, tennis, and volleyball. Other semi-popular sports in Tengaria include Zadany, Basketball, biathlon and cross-country skiing, while sports with a much smaller presence include Association Football and Rugby.

Athletics is the most popular individual sport in the country, particularly those events at longer distances or those encompassing all the practices The most prestigious and highly competitive sport is the decathlon, as it is seen as a universal sport and a mastery of many things. Each of its component parts is also highly valued, and so Tengaria places great interest track and field tradition as well. In addition, Tengaria has a strong marathon and more recently ultramarathon community. These sports were historically dominated by men, however, in recent decades, women's athletics has become more accepted and popular.

Baseball is the most popular team sport in terms of viewership, and is the most popular team sport played by men. The Solarian Baseball League is the primary and most wealthy professional sporting organisation in the country, but many amateur and recreational leagues and clubs exist as well. In addition to baseball, Tengaria has two traditional bat-and-ball games- Oină and Rombila. Oină is a sport shared with Amathia, while Rombila is popular in the western regions of Tengaria. Although they are not as professionalised or lucrative as baseball, nevertheless they remain popular as amateur sports, with thousands of clubs and smaller leagues organised through the country. Both of these sports are taught in physical education classes in schools.

Tennis is another popular individual or doubles sport for both women and men, and various clubs exist to facilitate the playing of the sport. The predominant courts used in Tengaria are clay courts, but hard courts also exist as well. Tengaria is also home to the Lenovo Open, which although not one of the Grand Slams is one of the primary tournaments of the Masters Series.

The primary organized women's sport of Tengaria is that of volleyball, although men's leagues do exist. Focus and coverage of the sport tends to focus more on the female side, and also because the women tend to be better on the international level. The principal group for this is the Tengarian Volleyball League, which is higher in viewership than any other professional league in Tengaria, barring only baseball. Both in the men's and women's teams have found success at the Invictus games for volleyball.

Tengaria joined the Invictus Games in 1898, and has competed in each of the Invictus Games since, being one of the few countries to do so, having the same Invictus Committee under both the Empire and the Republic. Tengaria won the bidding to host the 1918 Summer Invictus Games in the city of Lenovo, being the sixth iteration of the Invictus Games, which was its most successful year in the games. Although financial difficulties saw Tengaria's performance at the games fall significantly short in the years following the Great War, Tengaria began to put more funding and interest in the era of the Second Constitution, and had its best period in the summer games from 1966 to 1974.

Public holidays

Fireworks over Lenovo in celebration of St. Vasil's Day.

Tengaria has thirty officially recognised holidays. Of these, twenty-four of these are classed as public holidays, whereby all workers and students in Tengaria are entitled to paid days off of labour. The remaining six cultural holidays, although they are not paid public holidays, are still recognized as important days and many localities or businesses observe them. Most holidays in Tengaria are religious in nature, including all but four of the public ones, due to Patriotic Union's focus on promoting the Episemialist Faith. Twelve of the public holidays coincide with the twelve Great Feasts of Episemialist Church, together with a higher thirteenth, the great feast of Pascha. The other holidays are days of other kinds of significant importance, such as Unification Day, which marks the signing of Tengaria's second constitution, and President's Day, which celebrates the Presidency and is held on the day which the politicians take office after an election. President's Day used to be on the day when Simeon Kovachev was born but was changed in early 2021, when Kovachev was proclaimed a Saint to not overlap with the new feast day. Several holidays are both religious and cultural holidays, namely the feasts of the patron Saints of Tengaria, which in addition to Saint Simeon's Day also includes St. Mihail's Day and St. Vasil's Day, among others. Until the 20th century, Tengaria followed the old calendar which Soravia still uses, which was thirteen days off from when they are around the rest of the world, but the Patriarchate of Tengaria followed Arciluco and adopted the revised calendar for its feasts.

Tengaria has two major holiday seasons, one in late December and January around the Theophany and the other in the spring centered around Pascha. The Theophany Season begins on the first of January with the Forefeast to the Nativity, continues through the joint Feast of the Circumcision of Christ and St. Vasil the Hierarch, and finally culminates in the Great Feast of the Theopany of Our Lord, finally ending on January 15th with the conclusion of the Afterfeast of Theophany. Theophany is the primary feast of the season, and is usually accompanied with great dancing and celebration not associated with the other two feasts. On Theophany, the cleansing of the waters is a Tengarian tradition, where a Cross is cast into a body of often icy-cold water, then requiring men to retrieve it. Gift-giving is a popular custom on the Feast of the Circumcision, particularly with the joint patronage of the Theotokos and Saint Joseph as gift-givers. Because of this, gift-giving is traditionally done on the part of individual families, in particular parents to children, but in recent years the expansion of gift-giving has extended to others more generally. This is often done as Tengarians have grown to recognize Nativity with gift-giving as well, due to its common association with gift-giving around the rest of the world; Nativity is seen by some as the days to get presents for friends and lovers, while family gifts are reserved for the Circumcision.

Bright Week Procession in Cosmingrad.

The Pascha holiday season begins on Lazarus Saturday at the very end of the Great Lent, which marks the beginning of Holy Week, which has within it important feasts such as Palm Sunday, one of the Great Feasts; Holy Thursday, which traditionally features both a rite of anointing and of washing of the feet; and Good Friday, one of the three days of the year at which the Royal Hours are sung. Although the Great Lent is over, nevertheless Holy Week is also marked with fasting and penitential observances culminates with the solemn celebration of Paschal Vigil and Pascha Sunday. This marks the height of the liturgical year. After Pascha Sunday, the generally celebrated season continues on for all of Bright Week until Thomas Sunday, where the doors of the Iconostasis are left open to celebrate Sotirias's triumph over the grave and daily processions happen after each Divine Liturgy. However, the forty-day afterfeast of Pascha continues on until the Feast of the Ascension of Jesus. Various traditions are done throughout this season; Denilazari celebrations, which primarily feature young women dressed brightly and celebrating, are common on Lazarus Saturday, while on Good Friday it is customary to have a large but silent Procession with the Cross through the streets. Red painted Eggs are given on Pascha to the faithful to represent the new life and end of the fasting while also calling to mind the blood of Sotirias.

Tengaria also has Sunday laws in place which restrict Sunday shopping on all Sundays and religious public holidays of the year, whereby most stores and busisnesses are banned from opening on Sunday. On Sundays and religious public holidays, most businesses are required to give workers time off and are not allowed to be open. Exemptions are made for emergency workers, such as police and emergency responders, and for certain "necessary" work, such as designated businesses which function to serve travelers, or an individual's private work. Workers are also required by law to have at least five work weeks or 25 days of paid leave, though some businesses give more, because most businesses operate on a five-day work week. In addition, the worker will get additional days of paid leave depending on the amount children they have, with three days for one child, six days for two children, twelve days for more than two children. On public holidays which fall upon a Saturday, the public holiday is celebrated on Friday, and with those which fall on Sunday, are celebrated the Monday after. Women can also get paid maternity leave for up to 52 weeks, but men do not get any paid paternity leave. Many businesses also give additional paid or more often unpaid leave, usually around the Theophany and Pascha seasons. Tengaria's laws on leave and labour were largely put in place by Simeon Kovachev, who was opposed to excessive focus on work, and believed that leisure was important for culture as well as the moral well-being of the population, as a source of both intellectual and spiritual renewal.

Date Name Public Holiday Notes
January 1 Circumcision of Christ Yes The combined feast of the Circumcision of Jesus and St. Vasil the Hierarch. Start of the new calendar year.
January 6 Paramony Yes Eve of the Theophany. A day of strict fast and special liturgical functions.
January 7 Theopany of Our Lord Yes Celebration of the Baptism of the Lord. Third highest feast of the year.
February 2 Presentation of the Lord Yes Celebration of the Presentation of the Lord in the Temple.
March 4 Liberation Day No Celebration of Liberation from Amathian Occupation.
March 15 Constitution Day Yes Anniversary of the signing of Tengaria's Second Constitution.
March 25 Annunciation Yes Celebration commemorating the Annunciation and Incarnation.
moveable Saturday Denilazari No The day before Palm Sunday.
moveable Sunday Palm Sunday Yes One week before Pascha.
moveable Friday Good Friday Yes Two days before Pascha.
moveable Saturday Holy Saturday Yes Day before Pascha.
moveable Sunday Pascha Yes Celebration of the Resurrection of Sotirias, highest feast of the Year.
moveable Thursday Ascension Yes Forty days after Pascha. Feast of the Ascension of Sotirias.
moveable Sunday Pentecost Yes Fifty days after Pascha. Feast of the Descent of the Holy Spirit and second highest feast of the year.
April 17 St. Simeon's Day Yes Formerly President's day, changed with proclamation Simeon's of Sainthood in 2020.
April 23 Saint George's Day No Feast of Saint George as celebrated by the Tengarian Church.
July 10 St. Mihail's Day Yes Feast of the Apostle to the Tengars, St. Mihail
August 6 Transfiguration Yes Celebration commemorating the Transfiguration of Sotirias.
August 15 Dormition of the Theotokos Yes Celebration of the Falling Asleep of the Holy Theotokos.
September 1 Indiction No Start of the liturgical year.
September 8 Nativity of the Theotokos Yes Commemoration of the Birth of the Holy Theotokos.
September 9 Army Day No Day celebrating the Tengarian Army.
September 14 Elevation of the Holy Cross Yes Celebration of Saint Helen finding the True Cross. A day of strict fast.
October 10 St. Hristofor's Day No Feast of St. Hristofor the Holy, Emperor of Tengaria.
November 6 St. Vasil's Day Yes Feast of the first Emperor of Tengaria.
November 14 President's Day Yes Celebration of the Presidency of Tengaria. Moved from April 17th in 2020.
November 21 Presentation of the Theotokos Yes Commemoration of the Theotokos's entrance into the Temple.
December 24 Nativity's Eve Yes Day before the Nativity.
December 25 Nativity Yes Celebration of the birth of Jesus Sotiras.
December 31 Vigil of the Circumcision Yes Day before the Feast of the Circumcision.

Symbols

St. Uriel, Guardian angel and personification of Tengaria

See also: Flag of Tengaria, How Admirable is Thy Name in the Whole Earth

Due to its rejection of nationalism following the Tengarian Republic in favour of the historic common Solarian identity, Tengaria does not have any "national" symbols, barring generally Republican symbols which represent the Tengarian "nation". However, it has some very important symbols which are connected to various parts of its history during the Empire of Arciluco and the Empire of Tengaria, which are officially adopted and supported by the Tengarian government.

The flag of Tengaria is a horizontal triband of yellow, white and yellow, with no defacing. Although the exact origin of the flag is unclear, it is recorded that the Vicarii of the Vicariate of Tengaria, important figures in the later part of the Empire of Arciluco, used it as their war-banner in the 13th century. After the formation of the Empire of Tengaria in 1385, the Emperors continued to use it as the battle standard, although later the Imperial Banner- gold with the Imperial Eagle displayed- was used for civil functions. During the Republic, it was used by the Patriots in opposition to Vasilov's regime and the green-white-green Republican triband, and was adopted as the country's flag in 1948.

Tengaria's coat of arms was adapted from the triband of the Vicarii, which became used by the Emperors as a dynastic device and personal coat of arms. This was distinct from the Imperial Coat of Arms was a white Grapevine cross on a golden field supported on a double-headed eagle, which was directly inspired by the symbol of the Empire of Arciluco. In the 18th century, the Emperors began adding the angels as supporters to their personal arms. In 1948, the coat of arms of the Emperors was adopted for the whole country, replacing the Republican green and white triband on a shield.

The country has several important patrons, all of whom have religious origins. Various figures from Tengaria's history are patron saints- saints John the Apostle, Mihail of Tengaria, Vasil the Great and Simeon Kovachev- and see widespread veneration in addition to other Saints. However, the country's most important patron is the archangel Uriel, seen as both the country's personification as well as its guardian angel. St. Uriel, in the Tengarian tradition, is seen as the archangel of wisdom, justice and beauty. As the angel of fire (his name means "God is my flame"), is presented as being the Angel to hold the flaming sword of Genesis 3:24, or else is shown holding the sun, or a scroll or book. He is closely associated with the imagery of the sun, which also was a symbol used by the Emperors as symbolic of their Solarian patrimony. As the angel of wisdom and beauty, Uriel is seen as a patron of education as well as the arts and sciences.

The country's anthem is the hymn How Admirable is Thy Name in the Whole Earth, composed originally as a coronation piece in 1769. Originally using the Solarian text of Psalm 8, it was the unofficial anthem of the Empire until the adoption of God Save the Emperor in 1832. It continued to be widely used popularly and by the crown, however, and was adopted as the anthem in 1955 after the Tengarian Republic. Other prominent music includes the Solarian March, composed in 1869 to commemorate the victory over the traitors during the Green Revolution.

The animal most commonly seen as symbolic for the country is Eagle. The Eagle is a more important and historical symbol, with a strong association with both the Solarian Empire and St. John the Apostle, signifying glory, wisdom and far-sightedness. It is used in many symbols both during and after the Imperial period, and is commonly seen as the country's animal. The lion is a more recent symbol designed to show strength and fortitude used primarily to signify military strength, and is largely associated with its use in the military, although the eagle imagery is also used extensively by the military. The country's floral emblem is the yellow rose, and the tree is the oak.

The colours of the country are primarily yellow (including gold) followed by white, both of which date back to both the Vicariate and the early Empire. The early Emperors made a deliberate choice to focus on gold, rather than silver, as symbolic of the translatio Imperii from Arciluco to Lenovo once it became clear that the reconquest of Arciluco from the Iconoclasts was unlikely. Green is a prominent historical colour, used both by the armed forces, the city of Lenovo and the University of Lenovo; however, the colour green also is the primary colour of Tengarian Republicanism and nationalism, and thus has some negative connotations.