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Louzen language: Difference between revisions

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'''<big>Bold</big>''' ''are the common sounds, while'' <big>regular</big> ''sounds may happen in dialects and/or in a world for easier pronunciation
'''<big>Bold</big>''' ''are the common sounds, while'' <big>regular</big> ''sounds may happen in dialects and/or in a world for easier pronunciation
=Regulation=
{{Infobox institute
| name              = {{Black|Institute for literary Louzen language}}
| image            = Praha-Federální-shromáždění2018.jpg
| image_size        = 400px
| image_upright    =
| image_alt        =
| caption          = Building housing the institutue
| latin_name        = Consortio linguæ emendati Luzenorum
| other_name        = Institut pro literelný Lúzinſký Âzyk
| motto            = ''„Afferant montes pacem populo“''
| mottoeng          = ''„May the mountains bring prosperity to the people“''<ref>Quote from [[wikipedia:Latin|Linguic]] Bible, [https://biblehub.com/psalms/72-3.htm Psalm 72:3]</ref>
| parent            =
| founder          =
| established      = {{date|1943|01|01}}
| mission          = Maintainment of a literary basis for the Louzen language
| focus            =
| president        = Vácslav Grüný
| chairman          = Âromír Geſ̂inský
| head_label        = Head of senior [[wikipedia:Linguistics|linguists]]
| head              = Igor Fiṡmil Najmänċ
| faculty          =
| adjunct_faculty  =
| staff            = ~400 employees
| key_people        =
| budget            = ~20M [[Sekinar|SEK]] (~25M [[wikipedia:United States dollar|ACU]])
| endowment        =
| debt              = None
| num_members      = ~85
| subsidiaries      =
| owner            =
| slogan            =
| former_name      =
| address          = Haldenskégo Märẛe, 430
| location          =
| city              = Lozeng
| state            = [[Duchy of Louzeni]]
| province          =
| country          = {{flag|Gadorien}}
| coordinates      = <!-- or |coor= -->
| website          =
| dissolved        =
| footnotes        =
}}
Louzen language has a regulatory organ, named the "Institute for literary Louzen language", AKA "Institut pro literelný Lúzinſký Âzyk" in Louzen. This organ was founded as a regulatory body to the language, stabilizing the grammar, orthography and phonology.
First change was stabilization of the alphabet, changing multiple letters to a more stable form:
*Ǧ → G (/[[wikipedia:Voiced velar plosive|g]]/)
*G → J (/[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]/)
*J → Í (/[[wikipedia:Close front unrounded vowel|iː]]/)
*Ƿ → V (/[[wikipedia:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]/)
*Ch → Ḣ (/[[wikipedia:Voiceless velar fricative|x]]/)
*Ṡċ → Ŝ (/[[wikipedia:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]͡[[wikipedia:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|ʧ]]/)
*I͡a → Â (/[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]͡[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]] ~ [[wikipedia:Palatalization (phonetics)|ʲ]][[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]/)
*I͡e → Ê (/[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]͡[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]] ~ [[wikipedia:Palatalization (phonetics)|ʲ]][[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]/)
*I͡u → Û (/[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]͡[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]] ~ [[wikipedia:Palatalization (phonetics)|ʲ]][[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]/)
Another changes include establishment of a [[wikipedia:Cyrillic script|Govoric script]], which is stabilized on that part, establishment of rules on [[wikipedia:S|Rounded S (s)]] & [[wikipedia:Long s|Long S (ſ)]], and officially removed [[wikipedia:R rotunda|Rounded R (ꝛ)]] from the orthography (It used to be written behind B, D, Ḋ, h (only miniscule), ḣ (only miniscule), O, Ó, Ö, P or Q).
====Establishment and removal of Å ([[wikipedia:Å|A-Ring]])====
{{Symb|Å å|serifs}}
For adjectives, the plural accusative suffix -ou shifted to -au (/[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]͡[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]/ → /[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]͡[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]/). The letter O was temporairly replaced by Å, although the later was later unified with A in the 1970's.
The opposite change can be seen in for example [[wikipedia:Polish language|Scouse]] and [[wikipedia:Czech language|Utochise]], where the /[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]͡[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]/ shifted to /[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]͡[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]/. In Scouse, the suffix is denoted as Ą (A-ogoniek), where in [[wikipedia:Czech language|Utochise]], the letter was replaced by O and is used in the digraph OU.<!--fluctuated back to /[[wikipedia:Open back rounded vowel|ɒ]]͡[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]/, and is denoted by a digraph ÅU (-åu).-->
Currently, the letter Å is not used as is replaced by A in all cases.
====Removal of Ŏ (O-Breve)====
{{Symb|Ŏ ŏ|serifs}}
This change also included abolishment of the letter Ŏ, which was denoting a [[wikipedia:Vowel shift|vowel shift]] from O/Ó/Uo (Equivalent to Ө in [[Zhoushi language#Alphabet|Zhoushi]]) to U/Ú ([[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]] → [[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]) in the words such as "Slŏn" (Elephant), "Lŏmên" (Broken cane) or "Sŏlâ" (Salt), replacing it with a letter "U" or "Ú", depending on lenght of the vowel → "Slún", "Lumên", "Súlâ".
Similar change can be seen in [[wikipedia:Czech language|Utochise language]], where the shift O → Ú is denoted by [[wikipedia:Czech orthography#Letter Ů|ringed U (Ů)]], or in [[wikipedia:Polish language|Scouse language]], where the same shift is denoted by [[wikipedia:Ó|O-accute (Ó)]].
====Removal of Ø ([[wikipedia:Ø|Slashed O]])====
{{Symb|Ø ø|serifs}}
Similairly, letter Ø was abolished as a vowel shift from O/Ó/Uo (Equivalent to Ө in [[Zhoushi language#Alphabet|Zhoushi]]) to Ö ([[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]] → [[wikipedia:Open-mid front rounded vowel|œ]]). Those letters were simply replaced by Ö. Example of such word could be "Døm" (House), "Møka" (Flour) or "Løẛe" (Bleach) → "Döm", "Möka", "Löẛe"
=Grammar=
=Grammar=
==Nouns==
==Nouns==

Revision as of 15:40, 16 May 2021

Louzen language
Louzenish, Nordulevan
Lúzinſ̂ina - Lúzinſký Âzyk
LouzeniFlag.png
Flag of the Duchy of Louzeni
Pronunciation/luːzinɕʧina/ Speaker Icon.svg
Native to
RegionSlavic Belt in Thuadia
EthnicityLouzeni Slavs
Native speakers
L1: 5,812,000
L2: 2,317,000
FL: 520,000
Standard forms
Louzen language great wordbook
Dialects
  • Qash mixed dialects
  • Louzeni[1]
  • Mountainous Haldenian
Official status
Official language in
Recognised minority
language in
Language codes
ISO 639-1LI
ISO 639-2LOI
ISO 639-3LOI
LouzenLangMap.png
Distribution of the language
  Absolute majority
  >30% of native speakers
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Louzeni language is a Slavic language out of Kento-Polyash language group, which is a official language of the autonomous Duchy of Louzeni in Gadorien and is a recognized minority language in Zhousheng, Gadorien and Qazhshava

Introduction

The language has a slavic root and grammar, but has developed along with strong germanic influences, which shaped the grammar of the language. Unlike most of other slavic languages, Louzen maintained use of Dual as a grammatical number.

Orthography and Phonology

Main article: Louzen orthography

Alphabet

Although until the 18th century, Louzeni used Protopolyash script, the strong influence of Gadori germanic tribes using latin pushed it towards Latin script, which eventually became the most used script and eventually gained a linguistic monopoly in the middle of 19th century.

Until the rebirth movement in the end of 19th century, Louzen used only Graphemes to denote multiple sounds, which did not have a standard 26-alphabet letter given to them, but later, a system of diacritic marks was devised, creating a version, where any important phoneme is denoted by a single letter. Louzen, although not officially using it, sometimes used lenghtened marks for vowels and syllabic consonants. Those symbols were used in some historical transcripts, but were eventually faded in eary 1900's.

A a
/a/ 		Á á
/aː/ 		Ä ä
/æː/ 		Â â
/ʲa ~ ja/ 		B b
/b/ 		C c
/ʦ/ 		Ċ ċ
/ʨ ~ ʧ/ 		D d
/ɖ ~ d/ 		Ḋ ḋ
/ɟ/ 		E e
/ɛ/
É é
/ɛː/ 		Ê ê
/ʲe ~ je/ 		F f
/f/ 		G g
/g/ 		H h
/ɦ ~ h/ 		Ḣ ḣ
/x/ 		I i
/i/ 		Í í
/iː/ 		J j
/j/ 		K k
/k/
L l
/l/ 		Ŀ ŀ
/ʎ ~ lʲ/ 		M m
/m/ 		N n
/n/ 		Ṅ ṅ
/ɲ/ 		O o
/o ~ ɔ/ 		Ó ó
/oː ~ ɔː/ 		Ö ö
/œ ~ œː/ 		P p
/p/ 		Q q
/q ~ kv/
R r
/r ~ ʀ/ 		S s ſ
/s/ 		Ṡ ṡ ẛ
/ɕ ~ ʃ/ 		Ŝ ŝ ſ̂
/ɕʧ/ 		T t
/ʈ ~ t/ 		Ṫ ṫ
/c/ 		U u
/u/ 		Ú ú
/uː/ 		Ü ü
/ɨ ~ y/ 		Û û
/ʲu ~ ju/
V v
/v/ 		Ƿ ƿ
/w ~ ʋ/ 		X x
/ks/ 		Y y
/ɪ/ 		Ý ý
/ɪː/ 		Z z
/z/ 		Ż ż
/ʑ ~ ʒ/
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
A Á Ä Â B C Ċ D Ḋ E É Ê F G H Ḣ I Í J K L Ŀ M N Ṅ O Ó Ö P Q R S Ṡ Ŝ T Ṫ U Ú Ü Û V Ƿ X Y Ý Z Ż
a á ä â b c ċ d ḋ e é ê f g h ḣ i í j k l ŀ m n ṅ o ó ö p q r s ſ ṡ ẛ ŝ ſ̂ t ṫ u ú ü û v ƿ x y ý z ż
a aː æː ʲa b t͡s t͡ʃ d ɟ ɛ ɛː ʲe f g h x i iː j k l ʎ m n ɲ ɔ ɔː œː p k͡v r s ʃ ʃt͡ʃ t c u uː y ʲu v w k͡s ɪ ɪː z ʒ

Phonology

Labial Coronal Dorsal Laryngeal
Bilabial Labiodental Linguolabial Dental Alveolar Postal-veolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Nasal m̥ m n̥ n ɳ ɲ
Plosive p b t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k g q
Sibilant affricate ʦ ʣ ʧ ʤ ʈʂ ɖʐ ʨ ʥ
Non-sibilant affricate
Sibilant fricative s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative f v ʝ x ɣ χ h ɦ
Approximant ʋ j w
Tap/Flap
Trill r̥ r ʀ̥ ʀ
Latelar affricate
Latelar fricative
Latelar approximant l ʎ
Latelar tap/flap
Tongue position Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close i y ɨ u
Near-close ɪ
Close-mid e o
Mid ə
Open-mid ɛ œ ɔ
Near-open ɐ
Open a ɑ ɒ
Diphthong a͡u
Long vowels aː ~ ɛː ~ eː ~ iː ~ ɪː ~ oː ~ ɔː ~ œː ~ uː ~ ɨː

Bold are the common sounds, while regular sounds may happen in dialects and/or in a world for easier pronunciation

Grammar

Nouns

Grammatical gender

Zhoushi languages distinguishes a total of 3 grammatical genders, one being latter subdivided into animate and inanimate forms,[2] although that doesn't change the rules on the usage, only works for listing the inflection patterns:

  • Masculine (symbol ♂, letter M)
  • Feminine (symbol ♀, letter F)
  • Neuter (symbol ⚲, letter N)

Grammatical cases

Louzen langauge works with 3 grammatical numbers (singular, dual and plural) and 6 separate grammatical cases:

  • Nominative (Imêník): Subject or a Predicate noun or adjectiv (Shorcut Nom., № 1)
  • Genitive (Pridrżník): Possessive or partial direct object, without Subject (Shorcut Gen., № 2)
  • Dative (Geŝník): Giving to Subject, phrases linked to certain verbs (Shorcut Dat., № 3)
  • Accusative (Jednateŀník): Interract with Subject (see, hear, harass...) (Shorcut Acc., № 4)
  • Locative (Míſník): In Subject, on Subject, past Subject, nearby Subject, about Subject (Shorcut Loc., № 5)
  • Instrumentative (Drużník): Using Subject, with Subject (Shorcut Ins., № 6)

There are 12 Inflection patterns (5 for Masculine, 4 for Feminine and 3 for Neuter)

Grammatical inflection

Translation to Common Code Singular Dual Plural
Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Loc. Ins. Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Loc. Ins. Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Loc. Ins.
Masculine
Brother B Brat Brata Bratu Brata Bratovi Bratom Brata Brat Bratám Brata Bratáḣ Bratḣi Brati Bratú Bratúm Braty Brateḣ Bratmi
∅ -a -u -a -ovi -om -a ∅ -ám -a -áḣ -ḣi -i -ú -úm -y -eḣ -mi
House D Döm Dömy Dömu Döm Dömu Dömom Dömy Dömu Dömoma Dömê Dömáḣ Dömyma Dömové Dömú Dömúm Dömy Dömêḣ Dömami
∅ -y -u ∅ -u -om -y -u -oma -ê -áḣ -yma -ové -ú -úm -y -êḣ -ami
Man M Muž Muže Muži Muže Muži Mužem Muža Muž Mužoma Mužém Mužaḣ Mužmi Muži Mužú Mužúm Muže Mužíḣ Mužma
∅ -e -i -e -i -em -a ∅ -oma -ém -aḣ -mi -i -ú -úm -e -íḣ -ma
Country K Kraj Kraja Kraji Kraja Kraji Krajom Kraja Kraju Krajoma Krajê Krajaḣ Krajoma Kraje Krajú Krajom Kraje Krajáḣ Krajmi
∅ -a -i -a -i -om -a -u -oma -ê -aḣ -oma -e -ú -om -e -áḣ -mi
Stone A Kámen Kámene Kámeni Kámen Kámeni Kámenem Kámena Kámenu Kámenama Kámena Kámeneḣ Kámeni Kámeny Kámenêv Kámenúm Kámeny Kámeníḣ Kámeny
∅ -e -i ∅ -i -em -a -u -ama -a -eḣ -i -y -êv -úm -y -íḣ -y
Feminine
Woman Z Żena Żeny Żenê Żenu Żenê Żenau Żenê Żenu Żenama Żenê Żeníḣ Żenimê Żeny Żen Żenám Żeny Żenáḣ Żenami
-a -y -ê -u -ê -au -ê -u -ama -ê -íḣ -imê -y ∅ -ám -y -áḣ -ami
Hope N Nadêlâ[3] Nadêlê Nadêli Nadêlû Nadêli Nadêŀü Nadêlê Nadêlû Nadêlâ Nadêlê Nadêlâḣ Nadêlimê Nadêlê Nadêlê Nadêlâm Nadêlê Nadêlíḣ Nadêŀjáḣ
-â -ê -i -û -i -ü -ê -u -a -ê -âḣ -imê -ê -ê -am -ê -íḣ -jáḣ
Bone K Koſṫ Kosti Kosti Koſṫ Kosti Kosṫó Kosti Kostû Koſṫma Kosti Kostáḣ Koſṫma Kosti Kostí Kostím Kosti Kosteḣ Kostêmi
∅ -i -i ∅ -i -ó -i -û -ma -i -áḣ -ma -i -í -ím -i -eḣ -êmi
Mother (archaic) T Máti Máti Máti Máti Máti Máṫ Mátê Mátû Máṫma Máti Mátiḣ Máṫma Mátije Mátijí Mátijím Mátê Mátíḣ Máṫmi
-i -i -i -i -i ∅ -ê -û -ma -i -iḣ -ma -ije -ijí -ijím -ê -íḣ -mi
Neutrum
Word S Slovo Slova Slovu Slovo Slovu Slovem Slovji Slovû Slovêma Slovji Slovjíḣ Slovêma Slova Slov Slovám Slova Slováḣ Slovy
-o -a -u -o -u -em -ji -û -êma -ji -jíḣ -êma -a ∅ -ám -a -áḣ -y
Sea R Morê Morê Mori Morê Mori Morom Mora Mor Morím Mora Morê Mormi Morê Morí Morím Morê Moríḣ Morami
-ê -ê -i -ê -i -om -a ∅ -ím -a -ê -mi -ê -í -ím -ê -íḣ -ami
Name I Imê Imênê Imû Imê Imi Imi Imê Imú Imom Imê Imêḣ Imem Imê Imí Imêm Imêje Imíḣ Imêma
-ê -ênê -û -ê -i -i -ê -ú -om -ê -êḣ -em -ê -í -êm -êje -íḣ -êma

  1. ↑ Often referred as "Literary form", as Louzeni accent is the one Louzeni language grammar rules are based on.
  2. ↑ See Wikipedia articles about Grammatical gender and Animacy
  3. ↑ Term Nadêlâ has a root "Nadêŀ", not "Nadêl", which makes the inflection more difficult as ŀa must be written as lâ etc...
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