Hisaristan: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox country
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name    = Empire of Hisaristan
| conventional_long_name    = Republic of Hisaristan
| native_name                = ''Шоҳаншоҳии Ҳисористон'' <small>(Dehgan and Hazarakhan)</small> <br> ''Империя Хисаристана'' <small>(Hisari Sclavonic)</small> <br> ''Ҳулокуийлар Давлати'' <small>(Kazkan and Dasht)</small> <br> Ил Хаант Улс <small>(Sükhbaataryn)</small>
| native_name                = {{native phrase|Fa|جمهوری حصارستان}} <br> <small>''Jomhūrī-ye Hisoriston''</small>
|common_name                = Hisaristan
|common_name                = Hisaristan
|image_flag                  = Empire of Hisaristan-Flag.png
|image_flag                  = Hisari_flag.png
|alt_flag                    =  
|alt_flag                    = [[Flag]]
|image_coat                  =  
|image_coat                  = Hisari_coat_of_arms.png
|alt_coat                    =  
|alt_coat                    = [[Coat of Arms]]
|symbol_type                =  
|symbol_type                =  
|national_motto              =  
|national_motto              =  
|national_anthem            = {{unbulleted list|Surud-i Milli-ye Shahanshahiye Hisaristan}} ''{{unbulleted list|Anthem of Imperial Hisaristan}}''
|national_anthem            = ملي سرود <br> <small>''Millī Surūd''</small> <br>
[[File:MediaPlayer.png|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FGqMMpMkKXs|200px]]
|royal_anthem                =  
|royal_anthem                =  
|other_symbol_type          =  
|other_symbol_type          =  
|other_symbol                =  
|other_symbol                =  
|image_map                  =  
|image_map                  = Hisaristan-lower-quality-map.png
|alt_map                    =  
|alt_map                    =  
|map_caption                =  
|map_caption                = Map of Hisaristan [[https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/564204994736291849/564494136091082762/Hisaristan_map.png]]
|image_map2                  =  
|image_map2                  =  
|alt_map2                    =  
|alt_map2                    =  
|map_caption2                =  
|map_caption2                =  
|capital                    = [[Hasanhisar]]
|capital                    = [[Hasanhisor]]
|largest_city                = [[Rukhmeydan]]
|largest_city                = [[Rukhmaydon]]
|official_languages          = {{unbulleted list
|official_languages          = {{unbulleted list
   | {{wp|Tajik language|Dehgan}}
   | {{wp|Tajik language|Hashtadi}}
   | {{wp|Hazaragi dialect|Hazarakhan}}
   | {{wp|Arabic|Gheiravic}}
  | {{wp|Mongolian language|Sükhbaataryn}}
   | {{wp|Spanish language|Veleazean}}
   | {{wp|Russian language|Hisari Sclavonic}}
   | {{wp|Uzbek language|Sarmati}}
   | {{wp|Uzbek language|Kazkan}}
   | {{wp|Kazakh language|Dashti}}
   | {{wp|Kazakh language|Dasht}}
   | {{wp|Avestan|Avestan}}
   | {{wp|Arabic}}
  }}
  }}
|national_languages          =  
|national_languages          =  
Line 36: Line 36:
|languages_type              = {{wp|Official script}}
|languages_type              = {{wp|Official script}}
|languages                  = {{unbulleted list
|languages                  = {{unbulleted list
  | {{wp|Cyrillic alphabet|Hisari script}}
   | {{wp|Persian alphabet|Decanian script}}
   | {{wp|Persian alphabet|Dehgan script}}
  | {{wp|Mongolian script|Sükhbaataryn script}}
  }}
  }}
|regional_languages          =  
|regional_languages          =  
Line 45: Line 43:
   | [[Irsad#Muadhi|Muadhi Irsad]]
   | [[Irsad#Muadhi|Muadhi Irsad]]
   | [[Irsad#Malufi|Malufi Irsad]]
   | [[Irsad#Malufi|Malufi Irsad]]
  | {{wp|Zoroastrianism|Mazdayasna}}
   | [[Alydianism]]
   | [[Alydianism]]
   | [[Göktanrism]]
   | [[Göktanrism]]
  }}
  }}
|ethnic_groups              =  {{unbulleted list
|ethnic_groups              =  {{unbulleted list
   | 27.5% {{wp|Tajiks|Hashtad}}
   | 75% {{wp|Tajiks|Hashtadis}}
   | 21.125% {{wp|Russians|Dal'nevostochnik}}
   | 6.25% {{wp|Uzbeks|Sarmatistanis}}
   | 22.5% {{wp|Hazaras|Hazarakhan}}
   | 5% {{wp|Arabs|Gheiravin}}
   | 10.875% {{wp|Uzbeks|Kazkan}}
   | 3.75% {{wp|Kazakhs|Dashtistanis}}
   | 7.5% {{wp|Kazakhs|Dasht}}
   | 2.5% {{wp|Russians|Slavs}}
   | 3.25% {{wp|Mongols|Sükhbaataryn}}
  | 1% {{wp|Spaniards|Veleazeans}}
   | 2.25% {{wp|Pashtuns|Pashtun}}
   | 0.5% {{wp|Kurds|Gholestanis}}
   | 5% Other
   | 0.5% {{wp|Mongols|Sükhbaataryn}}
   | 3% Other
  }}
  }}
|ethnic_groups_year          =  
|ethnic_groups_year          =  
|demonym                    = Hisari
|demonym                    = Hisari
|government_type            = {{wp|Unitary state|Unitary}} {{wp|Parliamentary system|parliamentary}} {{wp|Constitutional monarchy|constitutional monarchy}}
|government_type            = {{wp|Unitary state|Unitary}} {{wp|Islamic socialism|Irsadic socialist}} {{wp|Presidential system|presidential}} {{wp|republic}}
|leader_title1              = [[Shahanshah and Khagan of Hisaristan|Shahanshah-i Khaan]]
|leader_title1              = [[President of Hisaristan|President]]
|leader_name1                = [[Timurbaatar III|Timurbaatar III Hulegin]]
|leader_name1                = [[Rahmatullo Rostamzoda]]
|leader_title2              = [[Prime Minister of Hisaristan|Prime Minister]]
|leader_title2              = [[Shaykh al-Irsad of Hisaristan|Shaykh al-Irsad]]
|leader_name2                = [[Ashraf Khan]]
|leader_name2                = [[Hafizullah Markazi]]
|legislature  = {{unbulleted list
|legislature  = {{unbulleted list
   | [[Council of the Empire]]
   | [[Majlis-i Shura]] (Consultative Council)
   | [[Greater Kurultai]]
   | [[Majlis-i Milli]] (House of the Nation)
   | [[Lesser Kurultai]]
   | [[Majlis-i Namoyandagon]] (House of Representatives)
  }}
  }}
|sovereignty_type            =Formation
|sovereignty_type            = Formation
|sovereignty_note            =  
|sovereignty_note            =  
|established_event1          =[[Hisari Khanate]]
|established_event1          = [[Ardashirvan]]
|established_date1          = 1510
|established_date1          = 600 b.c.e.
|established_event2          =[[Timurbaatar's Reforms|Empire of Hisaristan]]
|established_event2          = [[Mihranid Empire]]
|established_date2           = April 18th, 1867
|established_date2          = 124 c.e.
|established_event3         =[[Consitutional Reforms of 1910|Parliamentary Monarchy]]
|established_event3          = [[Haydarid Caliphate]]
|established_date3           =1910
|established_date3          = 815
|established_event4          = [[Ilkhanate]]
|established_date4          = 1256
|established_event5          = [[Hisari Khanate]]
|established_date5          = 1494
|established_event6          = [[Hisari Empire]]
|established_date6           = 18 April 1876
|established_event7         = [[Constitutional Revolution of 1929|Constitutional Revolution]]
|established_date7          = 1929
|established_event8          = [[Hisari Revolution]]
|established_date8          = 1985
|established_event9          = [[Republic Declared]]
|established_date9           = 14 May 1985
|area_rank                  =  
|area_rank                  =  
|area_magnitude              =  
|area_magnitude              =  
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|area_label2                =  
|area_label2                =  
|area_dabodyalign            =  
|area_dabodyalign            =  
|population_estimate        = 60,000,000
|population_estimate        = 80,000,000
|population_estimate_rank    =  
|population_estimate_rank    =  
|population_estimate_year    = 2019
|population_estimate_year    = 2019
|population_census          = 58,210,300
|population_census          = 78,210,300
|population_census_year      = 2018
|population_census_year      = 2018
|population_density_km2      =  
|population_density_km2      =  
|population_density_sq_mi    =  
|population_density_sq_mi    =  
|population_density_rank    =  
|population_density_rank    =  
|GDP_PPP                    = $464 billion USD
|GDP_PPP                    = $640 billion USD
|GDP_PPP_rank                =  
|GDP_PPP_rank                =  
|GDP_PPP_year                = 2018
|GDP_PPP_year                = 2018
Line 136: Line 148:
|footnotes                  =  
|footnotes                  =  
}}
}}
'''Hisaristan''', officially the '''Empire of Hisaristan''' ({{wp|Tajik language|Dehgan}} and {{wp|Hazaragi language|Hazarakhan}}: Шоҳаншоҳии Ҳисористон {{wp|Transliteration of Tajik|tr.}} ''Shohanshohiye Hisoriston'' {{wp|Literal translation|lit.}} ''Imperial Hisaristan'', {{wp|Russian language|Hisari Sclavonic}}: Империя Хисаристана {{wp|Transliteration of Russian|tr.}} ''Imperiya Hisaristana'' lit. ''Empire of Hisaristan'', {{wp|Uzbek language|Kazkan}} and {{wp|Kazakh language|Dasht}}: Ҳулокуийлар Давлати {{wp|Transliteration of Uzbek|tr.}} ''Hulokuiylar Davlati'' lit. ''Hulegin State'', {{wp|Mongolian language|Sükhbaataryn}}: Ил Хаант Улс {{wp|Transliteration of Mongolian|tr.}} ''Il Khaant Uls'' lit. ''Ilkhanate'') is a {{wp|sovereign state}} in Western [[Catai]]. The country is bordered by [[Vynozhia]] to the north, [[Uwhistan]] and [[Dayganistan]] to the south, [[Ústekia and Dýnaria]] to the east, and [[Dreyvisveyvich]] to the west. Led by [[Shahanshah and Khagan of Hisaristan|Shahanshah-i Khaan]] [[Timurbaatar III]] of the {{wp|Borjigin|House of Hulagu}}, Hisaristan is a {{wp|Federal state|federal}} {{wp|constitutional monarchy}} comprised of eight [[Vilayets of Hisaristan|vilayets]], four [[Ilkhanate of Hisaristan|ilkhanates]], four [[Beyliks of Hisaristan|beyliks]], four [[Knyazdoms of Hisaristan|knyazdoms]], and one [[Hasanhisar|imperial city]].
The territory that now constitutes Hisaristan was first settled by nomadic pastoralists and later {{wp|Scythians|Razumi}} nomads from [[Kazhwir]] who founded independent kingdoms in the [[Dasht-e Kazkan]] and [[Dal'niyvostok]] regions. These kingdoms were conquered by [[Ardeshir the Great]], whose Empire collapsed after his death in the 9th century bce. During the 6th century bce, the {{wp|Sogdian civilization|Mazyari civilization}} arose in the region, centered around cities such as [[Rukhmeydan]], [[Shahestan]], and [[Hazarakhan]] that developed into regional centers of trade due to their strategic location on the Silk Road. These city-states were eventually united under the [[Tokhar Kingdm]] and were ruled by various Razumi dynasties such as the [[Mihranid Kingdom|Mihranids]] for the remainder of antiquity. In the 7th century ce, [[Hamza Ghazi]], a convert to [[Irsad]] conquered Hisaristan and established the [[Zaidi Sultanate]]. Thanks to intensified contact with the Muridin world, the wealthy cities of [[Hashtadistan]] and the Dasht-e Kazkan developed into important centers of science and learning. Meanwhile, [[Türük]] incursions from [[Transcandar]] intensified, leading to the [[Kazkan Migrations|Kazkan]] and [[Dasht Migrations|Dasht]] migrations. The region was later devastated by the Sükhbaataryn invasions and came under the contorl of the [[Sükhbaataryn Empire|Sükhbaataryn Khaganate]] until its collapse in the 14th century, after which Hashtadistan and the Dasht-e Kazkan were largely dominated by Türük and Sükhbaataryn states. In the 15th century, the [[Kahramanli Sultanate]] and the [[Haydari Imamate]] became the most powerful states in the region. They were later overthrown by [[Tarkhan I]], a descendant of {{wp|Hulagu Khan}} and the founder of the [[Hisari Khanate]].
Under [[Tarkhan II]], the Hisari Khanate conquered many of the successor states of the Sükhbaataryn Khaganate until a defeat at the hands of the [[Chezderino Kingdom]] in 1551 saw the loss of what is now [[Serjebizci]] and the Dal'niyvostok. The steppes of Dal'niyvostok saw a prolonged period of Sclavonic settlement under Chezderino control. Tarkhan II's successors maintained a strong economy and a flexible military that underwent significant reforms with [[Kodesh|Kodeshi]] aid in the 17th century, allowing the Khanate to gradually enter a prolonged period of expansion that saw it double its territory. In 1640, the Chezderino Kingdom collapsed, leading the reconquest of the Dal'niyvostok and significant portions of Serjebizci. The reconquest of these regions left Hisaristan with a significant Sclavonic population. At the invitation of [[Kazan Khan]], {{wp|cossacks}} from [[Vynozhia]] were invited to the Dal'niyvostok to act as vassals of the Hisari khans, resulting in the gradual {{wp|Russification|Vynozhification}} of the region. In 1675, Hisaristan entered a political union with a now-independent Serjebizci to counter the rising influence of [[Dreyvisevich Component States' History#Czechiroslovania (Czechirosvanya)|Czechiroslovania]]. Despite the union, the Hisari khans and Sclavonic kings acted largely independent of one another for much of the 18th century.
During the 19th century, Hisaristan became on the largest producers of cotton in the world, allowing [[Timurbaatar I]] to institute a series of military, administrative, and economic [[Hisari Spring|reforms]] that transformed the Hisari state into a modern bureaucracy that could sponsor the industrialization of the cotton and textile industries. In the 1880s, the Socialist revolution in Serjebizci led to the breakup of the union and the declaration of the Empire of Hisaristan by [[Timurbaatar II]] in 1884. [[Firuz Shah]], Timurbaatar's successor, led a series of conquests into the Dasht-e Kazkan, the Dasht-e Ghazan, Qaradag, and Southern Vynozhia that tripled Hisaristan's territory, leaving behind an Empire stratching from Dayganistan to the [[Chokashia|Chokashian]] frontier. Ruling from 1896 to 1938, Firuz Shah was responsible for large-scale modernization schemes and oversaw a prolonged period of rapid urban and industrial expansion that marked the height of Hisari power. Among his achievements were the [[Constitutional Reforms of 1910]], which led to the foundation of a {{wp|constitutional monarchy}} and the [[Imperial Parliament (Hisaristan)|Imperial Parliament]].
Firuz Shah's death in 1938 triggered a lengthy succession crisis that led to the weakening of Hisari central authority in the Empire's northern frontier. In 1939, the [[Aeian Socialist Union|ASU]] declared war on Hisaristan, forcing the Hisaris to cede the entirety of their {{wp|Tatars|Tatar}} territories in Southern Vynozhia. This was the start of a long period of decline that saw Hisari influence over its neighbors wane as the central government struggled to hold the country together after losing a fifth of its territory. In 1953, the ASU invaded Qaradag and installed a Socialist regime there. In 1970, the ASU invaded Hisaristan with the intention of installing a Socialist regime in [[Hasanhisar]]. Led by [[Timurbaatar II]], the Hisaris with the help of Shurawi mujahids and foreign volunteers from across the Muridin world defeated the Vynozhians after seven long years of intense fighting in the Khatlon Mountains. The [[ASU Invasion of Hisaristan]] was turning point in the [[Aeian Cold War]] that eventually led to the [[ASU Civil War]]. The reconstruction of Northern Hisaristan saw the implementation of major social, economic, and administrative reforms that effectively modernized the Hisari state and military and allowed it to re-establish itself as an influential force in Western Catai.
Hisaristan has a population of 60 million that is largely comprised of {{wp|Tajiks|Hashtads}}, {{wp|Russians|Dal'nevostochniks}},
{{wp|Hazaras|Hazarakhans}}, {{wp|Uzbeks|Kazkans}}, {{wp|Kazakhs|Dashts}} and {{wp|Mongols|Sükhbaataryn}}. The official languages are {{wp|Tajik language|Dehgan}}, {{wp|Hazaragi dialect|Hazarakhan}}, {{wp|Russian language|Hisari Sclavonic}}, {{wp|Uzbek|Kazkan}}, {{wp|Kazakh|Dasht}}, {{wp|Mongolian language|Sükhbaataryn}}, and {{wp|Arabic}}. Irsad is the state religion of Hisaristan and is followed by 79.17% of the population. Although Hisaristan is officially a democratic constitutional monarchy, [[Timurbaatar III]] dominates the central government, wields significant influence over the legislature, and has been accused of human rights abuses and the suppression of political dissent. Human rights activists have described Hisaristan as an authoritarian autocracy with limited civil rights and political freedoms. Hisaristan has a {{wp|Mixed economy|mixed market economy}} and is an important producer of cotton, textiles, oil, natural gas, and hydroelectricity.


==Name==
==Name==
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The first usage of the name "Hisoriston" was recorded in a diplomatic treaty written in Dehgan between the [[Kahramanli Sultanate]] and the [[Haydari Imamate]] in 1436 describing the [[Hashtadehrud River Valley]] as a "land of forts", referring to the famous chain of fortresses built by [[Imam Haydar]] during the [[Haydari-Kahramanli War of 1421]]. This name came to be associated with the valley and was later adopted as the name of the [[Hisari Khanate]] by its founder, [[Tarkhan I]]. Over time, "Hisaristan" became associated with the area controlled by the Khanate and eventually supplanted "Tokharia" and "Mazyaristan".
The first usage of the name "Hisoriston" was recorded in a diplomatic treaty written in Dehgan between the [[Kahramanli Sultanate]] and the [[Haydari Imamate]] in 1436 describing the [[Hashtadehrud River Valley]] as a "land of forts", referring to the famous chain of fortresses built by [[Imam Haydar]] during the [[Haydari-Kahramanli War of 1421]]. This name came to be associated with the valley and was later adopted as the name of the [[Hisari Khanate]] by its founder, [[Tarkhan I]]. Over time, "Hisaristan" became associated with the area controlled by the Khanate and eventually supplanted "Tokharia" and "Mazyaristan".
Hisaristan has several official names depending on the language used. "Imperial Hisaristan" is used in {{wp|Tajik language|Dehgan}} and {{wp|Hazaragi dialect|Hazarakhan}} where it is written as ''Шоҳаншоҳии Ҳисористон'' in {{wp|Cyrillic alphabet|Hisari}}, ''Shohonshohiye Hisoriston'' in {{wp|Latin script|Latin}}, and ''شاهنشاهی حسارستان'' in {{wp|Persian alphabet|Dehgan}}. "The Empire of Hisaristan is used in {{wp|Russian language|Hisari Sclavonic}} where it is written as ''Империя Хисаристана'' in Hisari and ''Imperiya Hisaristana'' in Latin.
"Hulegin State", referring to [[Hulagu|Hulagu Khan]] of the [[Ilkhanate]], is used in {{wp|Uzbek language|Kazkan}} and {{wp|Kazakh language|Dasht}} where it is written as ''Ҳулокуийлар Давлати'' in Hisari and ''Hulokuiylar Davlati'' in Latin. "Ilkhanate" is used in {{wp|Mongolian language|Sükhbaataryn}} where it is written as ''Ил Хаант Улс'' in Hisari and ''Il Khaant Uls'' in Latin. Traditionally, "Turkmen State" was used in {{wp|Mongolian script|Sükhbaataryn}} sources before 1867 where it was written as ''Туркмен Улс'' in Hisari, ''Turkmen Uls'' in Latin, and {{MongolUnicode|ᠲᠦᠷᠻᠮᠸᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ|mnc}} in {{wp|Mongolian script|Sükhbaataryn}}.


==History==
==History==
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Archaeological evidence indicates that humans have been in Hisaristan since the {{wp|Upper Paleolithic}}. Charcoal and red ocher paintings of lynx, deer, and mammoths dating to 20,000 years ago discovered at the [[Mstislavets Cave]].
Archaeological evidence indicates that humans have been in Hisaristan since the {{wp|Upper Paleolithic}}. Charcoal and red ocher paintings of lynx, deer, and mammoths dating to 20,000 years ago discovered at the [[Mstislavets Cave]].


From the 10th to the 7th millennium bce, early agricultural communities collectively referred to as the {{wp|Jeitun#Jeitun culture|Sozkand culture}} flourished in [[Hashtadistan]] and the [[Dasht-e Kazkan]].
From the 10th to the 7th millennium bce, early agricultural communities collectively referred to as the {{wp|Jeitun#Jeitun culture|Sozkand culture}} flourished in [[Hashtadiston]] and [[Dashtiston]].


During the {{wp|Chalcolithic}}, the {{wp|Bactria-Margiana archaeological complex|Khatlon civilization}} arose in [[Ashrafshah]] and founded large-scale settlements featuring monumental structures such as those at [[Hafizan]], [[Ostandarbagh]], and [[Zravankurgan]]. Evidence suggests that the Khatlon civilization engaged in large-scale metallurgy and agricultural irrigation.
During the {{wp|Chalcolithic}}, the {{wp|Bactria-Margiana archaeological complex|Khatlon civilization}} arose in [[Hashtadiston]] and founded large-scale settlements featuring monumental structures such as those at [[Hafizan]], and [[Shahidon]]. Evidence suggests that the Khatlon civilization engaged in large-scale metallurgy and agricultural irrigation.


===Antiquity and early Mazyari period===
===Antiquity and early Mazyari period===
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===Media===
===Media===


[[Category:Aeia]]
[[Category:Hisaristan]]
[[Category:Hisaristan]]
{{Aeia}}
{{Aeia}}

Latest revision as of 13:14, 22 March 2020

Republic of Hisaristan
جمهوری حصارستان (Persian)
Jomhūrī-ye Hisoriston
Flag
Flag
Coat of Arms
Coat of arms
Anthem: ملي سرود
Millī Surūd
MediaPlayer.png
Map of Hisaristan [[1]]
Map of Hisaristan [[2]]
CapitalHasanhisor
Largest cityRukhmaydon
Official languages
Official script
Recognised religions
Ethnic groups
Demonym(s)Hisari
GovernmentUnitary Irsadic socialist presidential republic
• President
Rahmatullo Rostamzoda
Hafizullah Markazi
Legislature
Formation
600 b.c.e.
124 c.e.
815
• Ilkhanate
1256
1494
18 April 1876
1929
1985
14 May 1985
Population
• 2019 estimate
80,000,000
• 2018 census
78,210,300
GDP (PPP)2018 estimate
• Total
$640 billion USD
• Per capita
$8,000 USD
Gini (2016)36.8
medium
HDI (2016)Increase .70
high
CurrencyRial (R) (HR)
Date format
  • dd/mm/yyyy (CE)
Driving sideright
Calling code+22
ISO 3166 codeHIS
Internet TLD.his

Name

The name "Hisaristan" means "Land of Forts". The suffix "-stan" is Dehgan for "place of" or "country" and is derived from the Proto-Indo-Iranian *sthana-. "Hisar" is derived from the Arabic "حصار" meaning "fortress", stemming from the root ح ص ر‎ (ḥ-ṣ-r).

Historically, the region now know as Hisaristan was referred to as "Tokharia", meaning "land of the Tokhars" by the West due to the writings of Fiorentine historians who referred to all of Hisaristan after the Tokhar Kingdom that ruled the region at the time. The Mazyaris of Hashtadistan and Ravshandaran originally referred to the region as "Mazyaristan", meaning "land protected by the yazata of the moon" - a name which would continue to be associated with the region throughout history.

The first usage of the name "Hisoriston" was recorded in a diplomatic treaty written in Dehgan between the Kahramanli Sultanate and the Haydari Imamate in 1436 describing the Hashtadehrud River Valley as a "land of forts", referring to the famous chain of fortresses built by Imam Haydar during the Haydari-Kahramanli War of 1421. This name came to be associated with the valley and was later adopted as the name of the Hisari Khanate by its founder, Tarkhan I. Over time, "Hisaristan" became associated with the area controlled by the Khanate and eventually supplanted "Tokharia" and "Mazyaristan".

History

Prehistory

Archaeological evidence indicates that humans have been in Hisaristan since the Upper Paleolithic. Charcoal and red ocher paintings of lynx, deer, and mammoths dating to 20,000 years ago discovered at the Mstislavets Cave.

From the 10th to the 7th millennium bce, early agricultural communities collectively referred to as the Sozkand culture flourished in Hashtadiston and Dashtiston.

During the Chalcolithic, the Khatlon civilization arose in Hashtadiston and founded large-scale settlements featuring monumental structures such as those at Hafizan, and Shahidon. Evidence suggests that the Khatlon civilization engaged in large-scale metallurgy and agricultural irrigation.

Antiquity and early Mazyari period

Late Mazyari period and Tokhar Kingdom

Mihranid Kingdom and Rise of Irsad

Sükhbaataryn invasion and early medieval period

Ilkhanate and Kahramanli Sultanate

Hisari Khanate

Union with Dreviseyvich

Hisari Khaganate and modernization

Recent history

Geography

Climate

Flora and fauna

Government and politics

Administrative divisions

Autonomous Ilkhanates, Beyliks, and Knyazdoms

House of Hulagu

Legislature

Political parties

Law

Foreign relations

Military

Military history

Economy

Agriculture

Infrastructure

Industry

Energy

Science, technology, and education

Demographics

Ethnic groups

Languages

Religion

Shurawiyya

Culture

Art

Architecture

Literature

Philosophy

Music

Theater

Cinema

Holidays

Cuisine

Sports

Media

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