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|colspan="32" style="font-size:0.7em;border-right:none;border-left:none;border-top:none;border-bottom:none;"|◌̇ + C → Ċ; ◌̇ + c → ċ; ◌̇ + D → Ḋ; ◌̇ + d → ḋ; ◌̇ + H → Ḣ; ◌̇ + h → ḣ; ◌̇ + L → Ŀ; ◌̇ + l → ŀ; ◌̇ + N → Ṅ; ◌̇ + n → ṅ; ◌̇ + S → Ṡ; ◌̇ + s → ṡ; ◌̇ + ſ → ẛ; ◌̇ + T → Ṫ; ◌̇ + t → ṫ; ◌̇ + Z → Ż; ◌̇ + z → ż
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Revision as of 08:41, 4 May 2021

Louzen language
Louzenish, Nordulevan
Lúzinſ̂ina - Lúzinſký Âzyk
LouzeniFlag.png
Flag of the Duchy of Louzeni
Pronunciation/luːzinɕʧina/ Speaker Icon.svg
Native to
RegionSlavic Belt in Thuadia
EthnicityLouzeni Slavs
Native speakers
L1: 5,812,000
L2: 2,317,000
FL: 520,000
Standard forms
Louzen language great wordbook
Dialects
  • Qash mixed dialects
  • Louzeni[1]
  • Mountainous Haldenian
Official status
Official language in
Recognised minority
language in
Language codes
ISO 639-1LI
ISO 639-2LOI
ISO 639-3LOI
LouzenLangMap.png
Distribution of the language
  Absolute majority
  >30% of native speakers
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Louzeni language is a Slavic language out of Kento-Polyash language group, which is a official language of the autonomous Duchy of Louzeni in Gadorien and is a recognized minority language in Zhousheng, Gadorien and Qazhshava

Introduction

The language has a slavic root and grammar, but has developed along with strong germanic influences, which shaped the grammar of the language. Unlike most of other slavic languages, Louzen maintained use of Dual as a grammatical number.

Orthography and Phonology

Alphabet

Although until the 18th century, Louzeni used Protopolyash script, the strong influence of Gadori germanic tribes using latin pushed it towards Latin script, which eventually became the most used script and eventually gained a linguistic monopoly in the middle of 19th century.

Until the rebirth movement in the end of 19th century, Louzen used only Graphemes to denote multiple sounds, which did not have a standard 26-alphabet letter given to them, but later, a system of diacritic marks was devised, creating a version, where any important phoneme is denoted by a single letter. Louzen, although not officially using it, sometimes used lenghtened marks for vowels and syllabic consonants. Those symbols were used in some historical transcripts, but were eventually faded in eary 1900's.

A a
/a/
Á á
/aː/
Ä ä
/ɛ ~ ɛː/
 â
/ʲa ~ ja/
B b
/b/
C c
/ʦ/
Ċ ċ
/ʨ ~ ʧ/
D d
/ɖ ~ d/
Ḋ ḋ
/ɟ/
E e
/e/
É é
/eː/
Ê ê
/ʲe ~ je/
F f
/f/
G g
/g/
H h
/ɦ ~ h/
Ḣ ḣ
/x/
I i
/i/
Í í
/iː/
J j
/j/
K k
/k/
L l
/l/
Ŀ ŀ
/ʎ ~ lʲ/
M m
/m/
N n
/n/
Ṅ ṅ
/ɲ/
O o
/o ~ ɔ/
Ó ó
/oː ~ ɔː/
Ö ö
/œ ~ œː/
P p
/p/
Q q
/q ~ kv/
R r ꝛ
/ʀ/
S s ſ
/s/
Ṡ ṡ ẛ
/ɕ ~ ʃ/
Ŝ ŝ ſ̂
/ɕʧ/
T t
/ʈ ~ t/
Ṫ ṫ
/c/
U u
/u/
Ú ú
/uː/
Ü ü
/ɨ ~ y/
Û û
/ʲu ~ ju/
V v
/v/
Ƿ ƿ
/w ~ ʋ/
X x
/ks/
Y y
/ɪ/
Ý ý
/ɪː/
Z z
/z/
Ż ż
/ʑ ~ ʒ/

Detailed table

Official diacritic version Digraph version Fraktur version Govoric version IPA Symbol Example of a common word with the sound
1 A a A a 𝔄 𝔞 A a About this sound/a/ After
2 Á á Aa aa 𝔄𝔞 𝔞𝔞 А́ а́ About this sound/aː/
3 Ä ä Æ æ 𝔄̈ 𝔞̈ About this sound/ɛ/ Bed (General American accent)
Ä ä Ǽ ǽ Ꞛ́ ꞛ́ Ꙗ́ ꙗ́ About this sound/ɛː/
4 Â â Ja ja 𝔄❜ 𝔞❜ Я я /ʲa/~/j͡a/ Not in common. Example: "Яблоко/Âbloko" in Tiskai language
5 B b B b 𝔅 𝔟 Б б About this sound/b/ Label
6 C c C c 𝔠 Ц ц About this sound/ʦ/ Its
7 Ċ ċ Cz cz ℭ𝔷 𝔠𝔷 Ч ч About this sound/ʧ/ Check
8 D d D d 𝔇 𝔡 Д д About this sound/ɖ/ Done
9 D' d' 𝔇❜ 𝔡❜ Ԃ ԃ About this sound/ɟ/ Voiced palatal plosive (not in common)
10 E e E e 𝔈 𝔢 Е е About this sound/e/ Bed (Australian accent)
11 É é Ee ee 𝔈𝔢 𝔢𝔢 Е́ е́ About this sound/eː/
12 Ê ê Je je 𝔈❜ 𝔢❜ Є є /ʲe/~/j͡e/ Belarus
13 F f F f 𝔉 𝔣 Ф ф About this sound/f/ Fine
14 G g G g 𝔊 𝔤 Ґ ґ About this sound/g/ Game
15 H h H h 𝔥 Г г About this sound/ɦ/
About this sound/h/
Hello
16 Ch ch 𝔊𝔥 𝔤𝔥 Х х About this sound/x/ Loch Ness
17 I i I i 𝔦 І і About this sound/i/ Free
18 Í í Ie ie ℑ𝔢 𝔦𝔢 Í í About this sound/iː/
19 J j J j 𝔍 𝔧 Ј ј Й й About this sound/j/ You
20 K k K k 𝔎 𝔨 К к About this sound/k/ Key
21 L l L l 𝔏 𝔩 Л л About this sound/l/ Later
22 Ŀ ŀ L' l' 𝔏❜ 𝔩❜ Љ љ About this sound/lʲ/ Million
23 M m M m 𝔐 𝔪 М м About this sound/m/ Mother
24 N n N n 𝔑 𝔫 Н н About this sound/n/ Month
25 N' n' 𝔑❜ 𝔫❜ Њ њ About this sound/ɲ/ New
26 O o O o 𝔒 𝔬 О о About this sound/o/
About this sound/ɔ/
Yawn / Not
27 Ó ó Oo oo 𝔒𝔬 𝔬𝔬 О́ о́ About this sound/oː/
About this sound/ɔː/
28 Ö ö Œ œ 𝔒̈ 𝔬̈ Ҩ ҩ About this sound/œ/ Bird
Ö ö Ő ő Œ́ œ́ Ꞝ́ ꞝ́ Ҩ́ ҩ́ About this sound/œː/
29 P p P p 𝔓 𝔭 П п About this sound/p/ Play
30 Q q Q q 𝔔 𝔮 Қ қ About this sound/q/ ~ /k͡v/ Caught
31 R r ꝛ R r 𝔯 Р р About this sound/ʀ/ Red
32 S s ſ S s ſ 𝔖 𝔰 С с About this sound/s/ Surprise
33 Ṡ ẛ ṡ ẛ Sz ſz 𝔖𝔷 𝔰𝔷 Ш ш About this sound/ɕ/ Show
34 Ŝ ŝ ſ̂ Sx ſx 𝔖𝔵 𝔰𝔵 Щ щ /ɕ͡ʧ/ Not in common. Example: "Щенок/Ŝenok" in Tiskai language
35 T t T t 𝔗 𝔱 Т т About this sound/ʈ/ Time
36 T' t' 𝔗❜ 𝔱❜ Ћ ћ About this sound/c/ Voiceless palatal plosive (not in common)
37 U u U u 𝔘 𝔲 У у About this sound/u/ Boot
38 Ú ú Uu uu 𝔘𝔲 𝔲𝔲 У́ у́ About this sound/uː/
39 Ü ü UEcapital.png 𝔘̈ 𝔲̈ Ы ы About this sound/ɨ/ Lip (London accent)
Ü ü Ű ű UEcapital.pnǵ ᵫ́ Ꞟ́ ꞟ́ Ы́ ы́ About this sound/ɨː/
40 Û û Ju ju 𝔘❜ 𝔲❜ Ю ю /ʲu/~/j͡u/ Not in common. Example: "Любить/Lûbitʹ" in Tiskai language
41 V v V v 𝔙 𝔳 В в About this sound/v/ Valve
42 Ƿ ƿ W w Ƿ ƿ W w 𝔚 𝔴 Ў ў About this sound/w/
About this sound/ʋ/
Weep
43 X x X x 𝔛 𝔵 Ѯ ѯ /k͡s/ A bigram of /k/ and /s/, for example in Maximal
44 Y y Y y 𝔜 𝔶 И и About this sound/ɪ/ Bit (General American)
45 Ý ý Ye ye 𝔜𝔢 𝔶𝔢 И́ и́ About this sound/ɪː/
46 Z z Z z 𝔷 З з About this sound/z/ Zoo
47 Ż ż Z' z' ℨ❜ 𝔷❜ Ж ж About this sound/ʑ/ Vision

Phonology

Labial Coronal Dorsal Laryngeal
Bilabial Labiodental Linguolabial Dental Alveolar Postal-veolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Nasal m n ɳ ɲ
Plosive p b t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k g q
Sibilant affricate ʦ ʣ ʧ ʤ ʈʂ ɖʐ ʨ ʥ
Non-sibilant affricate
Sibilant fricative s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative f v ʝ x ɣ χ h ɦ
Approximant ʋ j w
Tap/Flap
Trill r ʀ̥ ʀ
Latelar affricate
Latelar fricative
Latelar approximant l ʎ
Latelar tap/flap
Tongue position Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close i y ɨ u
Near-close ɪ
Close-mid e o
Mid ə
Open-mid ɛ œ ɔ
Near-open ɐ
Open a ɑ ɒ
Diphthong a͡u
Long vowels ~ ɛː ~ ~ ~ ɪː ~ ~ ɔː ~ œː ~ ~ ɨː

Bold are the common sounds, while regular sounds may happen in dialects and/or in a world for easier pronunciation

Softening

Sounds for letters D, L, N, T preceding letters Â, Ê, I, Í, Û are softened/palatalized.

Softening Regular
Written Read Wrong Written Read
di /ɟi/ ḋi dy /ɖɪ/
li /ʎi/ ŀi ly /lɪ/
ni /ɲi/ ṅi ny /nɪ/
ti /ci/ ṫi ty /ʈɪ/

Important note is, that in case of softening with Â, Ê, Û, the /j/ sound is not pronounced:

Softening Regular
Written Read Wrong Written Read
/ɟa/ ḋa dja /ɖja/
/lʲa/ ŀa lja /lja/
/ɲa/ ṅa nja /nja/
/ca/ ṫa tja /ʈja/

Keyboard overlay

Keyboard overlay with Shift (⇧) turned on
Û Â Ê Ċ Ŝ Ż Ý Á Í É Ó ◌́
Q Ƿ E R T Y U I O P Ú Ö (
A S D F G H J K L Ü Ä
Z X C V B N M ? ! :
Space
Keyboard overlay with Shift (⇧) turned off
û â ê ċ ŝ ż ý á í é ó ◌̇
q ƿ e r t y u i o p ú ö )
a s d f g h j k l ü ä
z x c v b n m , . -
Space
Keyboard overlay with Alt (⎇) turned on
0 1 2 3 ſ̂ 4 5 6 7 8 9
W w ֆ ÷ × < >
ſ [ ]
Ӿ Ŀ ŀ
Space
◌̇ + C → Ċ; ◌̇ + c → ċ; ◌̇ + D → Ḋ; ◌̇ + d → ḋ; ◌̇ + H → Ḣ; ◌̇ + h → ḣ; ◌̇ + L → Ŀ; ◌̇ + l → ŀ; ◌̇ + N → Ṅ; ◌̇ + n → ṅ; ◌̇ + S → Ṡ; ◌̇ + s → ṡ; ◌̇ + ſ → ẛ; ◌̇ + T → Ṫ; ◌̇ + t → ṫ; ◌̇ + Z → Ż; ◌̇ + z → ż

Â, Ê, Û vs. Ja, Je, Ju

 â
 â
Ê ê
Ê ê
Û û
Û û

Rules on Â, Ê, Û vs. Ja, Je, Ju are:

  • Letters Â, Ê and Û are written on the beginning of the word
  • Digraphs Ja, Je and Ju are written in single syllable words
  • Unless the first letter is a M, where it is allowed for Mâ, Mê and Mû to exist
  • Letters Â, Ê and Û are written behind letters D, L, N, T if they are supposed to be read as /ɟ/, /ʎ/, /ɲ/ and /c/
  • Digraphs Ja, Je and Ju are written behind letters D, L, N, T if they are supposed to be read as /d/, /l/, /n/ and /t/
  • Letters Â, Ê and Û are written if the letter before is B, P, R, V for /j͡a/, /j͡e/ and /j͡u/ sounds
  • Letters Â, Ê and Û are written if the letter before is M and it is supposed to be read as /mɲa/, /mɲe/ and /mɲu/
  • Digraphs Ja, Je and Ju are written behind all remaining letters
  • Digraphs Ja, Je and Ju are written behind vowels

Multiple miniscule letters

Letters R, S, Ṡ and Ŝ have two miniscule versions, rounded (ꝛ, s, ṡ, ŝ) and long (r, ſ, ẛ, ſ̂).

Long and rounded S, Ṡ and Ŝ

S s ſ
S s ſ
Ṡ ṡ ẛ
Ṡ ṡ ẛ
Ŝ ŝ ſ̂
Ŝ ŝ ſ̂

Louzen language recognizes both long and rounded S letters as a miniscule.

The rules on writing those are:

  • Rounded S (s) (or rounded Ṡ/Ŝ - ṡ/ŝ) are written on the end of a syllable or if they act as a syllabic consonant
  • Long S (ſ) (or long Ṡ/Ŝ - ẛ/ſ̂) are written, if they are on the beginning or in the middle of a syllable

Both Rounded S (s) & Long S (ſ), if capitalizated, are written as a regular R

Those rules can be seen for example in the Noun inflections (Koſt (Nom.) → Kosti (Gen.))

Regular and rounded R

R r ꝛ
R r ꝛ

Louzen language recohnizes both long and rounded R letters as a miniscule.

The rules on writing those are:

  • Rounded R (ꝛ) is written, if it is behind letters B, D, Ḋ, H, Ḣ, O, Ó, Ö, P or Q
  • Long R (r) is written, if it is behind any other letter or on the beginning of a word

Both Rounded R (ꝛ) & Long R (r), if capitalizated, are written as a regular R, but rounded R (ꝛ), if capitalizated, can also be written as a capitalized version "Ꝛ", as there is a lack of clear cut rules for the writing.

Although the letter rounded R (ꝛ) is officially still recognized, it is not considered wrong if the miniscule is simply written as "r" all the time.

Regulation

Institute for literary Louzen language
Praha-Federální-shromáždění2018.jpg
Building housing the institutue
Latin: Consortio linguæ emendati Luzenorum
Other nameInstitut pro literelný Lúzinſký Âzyk
Motto„Afferant montes pacem populo“
Motto in English„May the mountains bring prosperity to the people“[2]
Established1943
MissionMaintainment of a literary basis for the Louzen language
PresidentVácslav Grüný
ChairmanÂromír Geſ̂inský
Head of senior linguistsIgoꝛ Fiṡmil Najmänċ
Staff~400 employees
Budget~20M SEK (~25M ACU)
DebtNone
Members~85
AddressHaldenskégo Märẛe, 430
Location
Lozeng
, ,

Louzen language has a regulatory organ, named the "Institute for literary Louzen language", AKA "Institut pro literelný Lúzinſký Âzyk" in Louzen. This organ was founded as a regulatory body to the language, stabilizing the grammar, orthography and phonology.

First change was stabilization of the alphabet, changing multiple letters to a more stable form:

  • Ǧ → G (/g/)
  • G → J (/j/)
  • J → Í (//)
  • Ƿ → V (/v/)
  • Ch → Ḣ (/x/)
  • Ṡċ → Ŝ (/ʃ͡ʧ/)
  • Ja → Â (/j͡a ~ ʲa/)
  • Je → Ê (/j͡e ~ ʲe/)
  • Ju → Û (/j͡u ~ ʲu/)

Another changes include establishmend of a Govoric script, which is stabilized on that part, establishment of rules on Rounded S (s) & Long S (ſ), Rounded R (ꝛ) and Long R (r) and capizalisation.

Establishment of Å (A-Ring)

Å å
Å å

For adjectives, the plural accusative suffix -ou shifted to -au (/ɔ͡u/ → /a͡u/). The letter O was temporairly replaced by Å, although the later was later unified with A in the 1970's.

The opposite change can be seen in for example Scouse and Utochise, where the /a͡u/ shifted to /ɔ͡u/. In Scouse, the suffix is denoted as Ą (A-ogoniek), where in Utochise, the letter fluctuated back to /ɒ͡u/, and is denoted by a digraph ÅU (-åu).

Currently, the letter Å is not used as is replaced by A in all cases.

Removal of Ŏ (O-Breve)

Ŏ ŏ
Ŏ ŏ

This change also included abolishment of the letter Ŏ, which was denoting a vowel shift from O/Ó/Uo (Equivalent to Ө in Zhoushi) to U/Ú (ɔu) in the words such as "Slŏn" (Elephant), "Lŏmên" (Broken cane) or "Sŏlâ" (Salt), replacing it with a letter "U" or "Ú", depending on lenght of the vowel → "Slún", "Lumên", "Súlâ".

Similar change can be seen in Utochise language, where the shift O → Ú is denoted by ringed U (Ů), or in Scouse language, where the same shift is denoted by O-accute (Ó).

Removal of Ø (Slashed O)

Ø ø
Ø ø

Similairly, letter Ø was abolished as a vowel shift from O/Ó/Uo (Equivalent to Ө in Zhoushi) to Ö (ɔœ). Those letters were simply replaced by Ö. Example of such word could be "Døm" (House), "Møka" (Flour) or "Løẛe" (Bleach) → "Döm", "Möka", "Löẛe"

Grammar

Nouns

Grammatical gender

Zhoushi languages distinguishes a total of 3 grammatical genders, one being latter subdivided into animate and inanimate forms,[3] although that doesn't change the rules on the usage, only works for listing the inflection patterns:

  • Masculine (symbol ♂, letter M)
  • Feminine (symbol ♀, letter F)
  • Neuter (symbol ⚲, letter N)

Grammatical cases

Louzen langauge works with 3 grammatical numbers (singular, dual and plural) and 6 separate grammatical cases:

  • Nominative (Imêník): Subject or a Predicate noun or adjectiv (Shorcut Nom., № 1)
  • Genitive (Pridrżník): Possessive or partial direct object, without Subject (Shorcut Gen., № 2)
  • Dative (Geŝník): Giving to Subject, phrases linked to certain verbs (Shorcut Dat., № 3)
  • Accusative (Jednateŀník): Interract with Subject (see, hear, harass...) (Shorcut Acc., № 4)
  • Locative (Mísník): In Subject, on Subject, past Subject, nearby Subject, about Subject (Shorcut Loc., № 5)
  • Instrumentative (Drużník): Using Subject, with Subject (Shorcut Ins., № 6)

There are 12 Inflection patterns (5 for Masculine, 4 for Feminine and 3 for Neuter)

Grammatical inflection

Translation to Common Code Singular Dual Plural
Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Loc. Ins. Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Loc. Ins. Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Loc. Ins.
Masculine
Brother B Bꝛat Bꝛata Bꝛatu Bꝛata Bꝛatovi Bꝛatom Bꝛata Bꝛat Bꝛatám Bꝛata Bꝛatáḣ Bꝛatḣi Bꝛati Bꝛatú Bꝛatúm Bꝛaty Bꝛateḣ Bꝛatmi
-a -u -a -ovi -om -a -ám -a -áḣ -ḣi -i -úm -y -eḣ -mi
House D Döm Dömy Dömu Döm Dömu Dömom Dömy Dömu Dömoma Dömê Dömáḣ Dömyma Dömové Dömú Dömúm Dömy Dömêḣ Dömami
-y -u -u -om -y -u -oma -áḣ -yma -ové -úm -y -êḣ -ami
Man M Muž Muže Muži Muže Muži Mužem Muža Muž Mužoma Mužém Mužaḣ Mužmi Muži Mužú Mužúm Muže Mužíḣ Mužma
-e -i -e -i -em -a -oma -ém -aḣ -mi -i -úm -e -íḣ -ma
Country K Kraj Kraja Kraji Kraja Kraji Krajom Kraja Kraju Krajoma Krajê Krajaḣ Krajoma Kraje Krajú Krajom Kraje Krajáḣ Krajmi
-a -i -a -i -om -a -u -oma -aḣ -oma -e -om -e -áḣ -mi
Stone A Kámen Kámene Kámeni Kámen Kámeni Kámenem Kámena Kámenu Kámenama Kámena Kámeneḣ Kámeni Kámeny Kámenêv Kámenúm Kámeny Kámeníḣ Kámeny
-e -i -i -em -a -u -ama -a -eḣ -i -y -êv -úm -y -íḣ -y
Feminine
Woman Z Żena Żeny Żenê Żenu Żenê Żenau Żenê Żenu Żenama Żenê Żeníḣ Żenimê Żeny Żen Żenám Żeny Żenáḣ Żenami
-a -y -u -au -u -ama -íḣ -imê -y -ám -y -áḣ -ami
Hope N Nadêlâ[4] Nadêlê Nadêli Nadêlû Nadêli Nadêŀü Nadêlê Nadêlû Nadêlâ Nadêlê Nadêlâḣ Nadêlimê Nadêlê Nadêlê Nadêlâm Nadêlê Nadêlíḣ Nadêŀjáḣ
-i -i -u -a -âḣ -imê -am -íḣ -jáḣ
Bone K Koſṫ Kosti Kosti Koſṫ Kosti Kosṫó Kosti Kostû Koſṫma Kosti Kostáḣ Koſṫma Kosti Kostí Kostím Kosti Kosteḣ Kostêmi
-i -i -i -i -ma -i -áḣ -ma -i -ím -i -eḣ -êmi
Mother (archaic) T Máti Máti Máti Máti Máti Máṫ Mátê Mátû Máṫma Máti Mátiḣ Máṫma Mátije Mátijí Mátijím Mátê Mátíḣ Máṫmi
-i -i -i -i -i -ma -i -iḣ -ma -ije -ijí -ijím -íḣ -mi
Neutrum
Word S Slovo Slova Slovu Slovo Slovu Slovem Slovji Slovû Slovêma Slovji Slovjíḣ Slovêma Slova Slov Slovám Slova Slováḣ Slovy
-o -a -u -o -u -em -ji -êma -ji -jíḣ -êma -a -ám -a -áḣ -y
Sea R Moꝛê Moꝛê Moꝛi Moꝛê Moꝛi Moꝛom Moꝛa Moꝛ Moꝛím Moꝛa Moꝛê Moꝛmi Moꝛê Moꝛí Moꝛím Moꝛê Moꝛíḣ Moꝛami
-i -i -om -a -ím -a -mi -ím -íḣ -ami
Name I Imê Imênê Imû Imê Imi Imi Imê Imú Imom Imê Imêḣ Imem Imê Imí Imêm Imêje Imíḣ Imêma
-ênê -i -i -om -êḣ -em -êm -êje -íḣ -êma

  1. Often referred as "Literary form", as Louzeni accent is the one Louzeni language grammar rules are based on.
  2. Quote from Linguic Bible, Psalm 72:3
  3. See Wikipedia articles about Grammatical gender and Animacy
  4. Term Nadêlâ has a root "Nadêŀ", not "Nadêl", which makes the inflection more difficult as ŀa must be written as lâ etc...