Zhoushi grammar: Difference between revisions
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!colspan="20"|Inflection table of nouns | !colspan="20"|Inflection table of nouns | ||
|- | |- | ||
|colspan="20"|Note: symbol [[wikipedia:Soft sign|Ь]] denotes | |colspan="20"|Note: symbol [[wikipedia:Soft sign|Ь]] denotes softening of the previous sound from the root:<br> | ||
C → Ч; D → Đ; Ƌ → Џ; E → Є; H → Ȝ; L → Λ; N → Ƞ; R → Ꝛ; S → Ш; T → Ꞇ; Z → Ʒ | |||
---- | ---- | ||
Symbol [[wikipedia:Hard sign|Ъ]] denotes hardening of the previous sound from the root:<br> | |||
K → G; Đ → D; C → Ƌ; Ч → Џ; Λ → L; Ƞ → N; Ꞇ → T | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2"|Translation to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common] | ! rowspan="2"|Translation to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common] | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|∅ | |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|∅ | ||
| - | | -ъu | ||
| -u | | -u | ||
| ∅ | | ∅ | ||
| - | | -ъu | ||
| -em | | -em | ||
| -y | | -y | ||
Line 782: | Line 784: | ||
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5| -a | | bgcolor=#F5F5F5| -a | ||
| ∅ | | ∅ | ||
| - | | -ъūm<br>-ъөm | ||
| -a | | -a | ||
| -eȝ | | -eȝ | ||
Line 951: | Line 953: | ||
!colspan="20"|Inflection table of adjectives | !colspan="20"|Inflection table of adjectives | ||
|- | |- | ||
|colspan="20"|Note: symbol [[wikipedia:Soft sign|Ь]] denotes | |colspan="20"|Note: symbol [[wikipedia:Soft sign|Ь]] denotes softening of the previous sound from the root:<br> | ||
C → Ч; D → Đ; Ƌ → Џ; E → Є; H → Ȝ; L → Λ; N → Ƞ; R → Ꝛ; S → Ш; T → Ꞇ; Z → Ʒ | |||
---- | ---- | ||
Symbol [[wikipedia:Hard sign|Ъ]] denotes hardening of the previous sound from the root:<br> | |||
K → G; Đ → D; C → Ƌ; Ч → Џ; Λ → L; Ƞ → N; Ꞇ → T | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2"|Translation to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common] | ! rowspan="2"|Translation to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common] |
Revision as of 08:43, 25 May 2021
The Zhoushi grammar (Zhoushi: Ʒөшinƌka gramatyka) is a set of rules that guide the usage of the Zhoushi language.
Orientation table
Besides the original Zhoushi alphabet (A-B-C-Ч-D-Đ-Ƌ-E-Є-F-G-Џ-H-Ȝ-I-J-K-L-Λ-M-N-Ƞ-O-Ө-P-Q-R-Ꝛ-S-Ш-T-Ꞇ-Þ-U-V-Ƿ-X-Y-Z-Ʒ), this article also uses the educational characters:
Symbol | Standart | IPA | Placement | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ā | ā | A | a | aː | Macron is added in noun & adjective inflections for suffix vowels | ||
Ą | ą | A | a | a ~ ə | Ogonek is added in verbs for sounds reducted into Mid central vowel (/ə/) | ||
Ē | ē | E | e | ɛː | Macron is added in noun & adjective inflections for suffix vowels | ||
Ę | ę | E | e | ɛ ~ ə | Ogonek is added in verbs for sounds reducted into Mid central vowel (/ə/) | ||
Ê | ê | E | e | — | ɛ ~ ◌ | Used for noun & adjective inflections, where j can, but doesn't need to, be included | |
Є̄ | є̄ | Є | є | eː | Macron is added in noun & adjective inflections for suffix vowels | ||
Ꚕ | ꚕ | G | g | H | h | g ~ ɦ ~ h | Used in adjective inflections, as both g and h are grammatically correct |
Ī | ī | I | i | iː ~ ɪː | Macron is added in noun & adjective inflections for suffix vowels | ||
Î | î | I | i | — | i ~ ɪ ~ ◌ | Used for noun & adjective inflections, where i can, but doesn't need to, be included | |
Ĵ | ĵ | J | j | — | j ~ ◌ | Used for noun & adjective inflections, where j can, but doesn't need to, be included | |
Ō | ō | O | o | oː ~ ɔː | Macron is added in noun & adjective inflections for suffix vowels | ||
Ө̄ | ө̄ | Ө | ө | u͡oː | Macron is added in noun & adjective inflections for suffix vowels | ||
Œ | œ | E | e | O | o | o ~ ɔ ~ ɛ | Used in adjective inflections, as both e and o are grammatically correct |
Ꝥ | ꝥ | Þ | þ | ð | Used as a modified version of Thorn (Þ) to denote only Voiced version of the sound | ||
Ū | ū | U | u | uː | Macron is added in noun & adjective inflections for suffix vowels | ||
Ų | ų | U | u | u ~ ə | Ogonek is added in verbs for sounds reducted into Mid central vowel (/ə/) | ||
Û | û | U | u | — | u ~ ◌ | Used for noun & adjective inflections, where j can, but doesn't need to, be included | |
Ʋ | ʋ | V | v | Ƿ | ƿ | v ~ w ~ ʋ | Used in adjective inflections, as both v and ƿ are grammatically correct |
Ȳ | ȳ | Y | y | ɨː | Macron is added in noun & adjective inflections for suffix vowels | ||
Ŷ | ŷ | Y | y | — | ɨ ~ ◌ | Used for noun & adjective inflections, where j can, but doesn't need to, be included |
A a | Ā ā | Ą ą | B b | C c | Ч ч | D d | Đ đ | Ƌ ƌ | E e | Ē ē | Ę ę | Ê ê | Є є | Є̄ є̄ |
F f | G g | Џ џ | H h | Ꚕ ꚕ | Ȝ ȝ | I i | Ī ī | Î î | J j | Ĵ ĵ | K k | L l | Λ λ | M m |
N n | Ƞ ƞ | O o | Ō ō | Ө ө | Ө̄ ө̄ | Œ œ | P p | Q q | R r | Ꝛ ꝛ | S s | Ш ш | T t | Ꞇ ꞇ |
Þ þ | Ꝥ ꝥ | U u | Ū ū | Ų ų | Û û | V v | Ʋ ʋ | Ƿ ƿ | X x | Y y | Ȳ ȳ | Ŷ ŷ | Z z | Ʒ ʒ |
Nouns
Grammatical gender
Zhoushi languages distinguishes a total of 3 grammatical genders, one being latter subdivided into animate and inanimate forms[1] and one non-gender labeled as "Indifferent",[2] which has the simplest inflection rules:
- Masculine (Muʒsky)
- Masculine animate (Muʒsky Ʒiƿny) (symbol ♂, letter M)
- Masculine inanimate (Muʒsky Ƞeʒiƿny) (symbol ⚦, letter D)
- Feminine (Ʒonsky) (symbol ♀, letter F)
- Neuter (Srєdsky) (symbol ⚲, letter N)
- Indifferent (Ƞemistny) (symbol ⚥, letter I) (used is some foreign words, such as "Zombie" or with a religious terms. Name "Preah"[3] (In Zhoushi "Priєȝ") is for example inflected as indifferent. As intedefferent are also declined terms for countries and regions ending as -ijє)
Grammatical cases
Zhoushi langauge works with 2 grammatical numbers (singular (Odnetƞik) and plural (Mnoʒƞik), some dual forms are still present for some words) 8 separate grammatical cases:
- Nominative (Miƞik): Subject or a Predicate noun or adjectiv (Shorcut Nom., № 1)
- Genitive (Rodƞik): Possessive or partial direct object, without Subject (Shorcut Gen., № 2)
- Dative (Darƞik): Giving to Subject, phrases linked to certain verbs (Shorcut Dat., № 3)
- Accusative (Viƞik): Interract with Subject (see, hear, harass...) (Shorcut Acc., № 4)
- Locative (Mistƞik): In Subject, on Subject, past Subject, nearby Subject, about Subject (Shorcut Loc., № 5)
- Instrumentative (Tvorƞik): Using Subject, with Subject (Shorcut Ins., № 6)
- Ablative (Mєrƞik): Part of Subject, compared to Subject, the way (Shorcut Abl., № 7)
- Vocative (Volaƞik): Referring to Subject, calling Subject (Shorcut Voc., № 8)
There are 16 Inflection patterns (4 for Masculine animate, 4 for Masculine inanimate, 4 for Feminine and 4 for Neuter)
Grammatical inflection
Inflection table of nouns | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Note: symbol Ь denotes softening of the previous sound from the root: C → Ч; D → Đ; Ƌ → Џ; E → Є; H → Ȝ; L → Λ; N → Ƞ; R → Ꝛ; S → Ш; T → Ꞇ; Z → Ʒ Symbol Ъ denotes hardening of the previous sound from the root: | |||||||||||||||||||
Translation to Common | Code | Singular | Plural | ||||||||||||||||
Nom. | Gen. | Dat. | Acc. | Loc. | Ins. | Abl. | Voc. | Nom. | Gen. | Dat. | Acc. | Loc. | Ins. | Abl. | Voc. | ||||
Masculine Animate | |||||||||||||||||||
Man | M | Muʒ | Muʒe | Muʒi | Muʒє | Muʒi | Muʒem | Muʒi | Muʒi! | Muʒy Muʒove |
Muʒө | Muʒūm | Muʒe | Muʒyȝ | Muʒmy Muʒemy |
Muʒymy | Muʒy! | ||
∅ | -e | -i | -є | -i | -em | -i | -i! | -y -ovē |
-ө | -ūm | -e | -yȝ | -my -emy |
-ymy | -y! | ||||
Sir | P | Pan | Pana | Panovi | Pana | Panovi | Panem | Pani | Pane! | Pany Panove |
Panū | Panūm | Pany | Paneȝ | Pany | Panymy | Paƞy! | ||
∅ | -a | -ovi | -a | -ovi | -em | -i | -e! | -y -ovē |
-ū | -ūm | -y | -eȝ | -y | -ymy | -ьy! | ||||
Mayor | S | Starosta | Starosty | Starostovi | Starostu | Starostovi | Starostө | Starosti | Starosto! | Starosty Starostove |
Starostө | Starostūm | Starosty | Starosteȝ | Starosty | Starosty | Staroste! | ||
-a | -y | -ovi | -u | -ovi | -ө | -i | -o! | -y -ovē |
-ө | -ūm | -y | -eȝ | -y | -y | -e! | ||||
Leader | V | Vөdce | Vөdce | Vөdcovi | Vөdce | Vөdcovi Vөdci |
Vөdcem | Vөdci | Vөdce! Vөdчe! |
Vөdci Vөdcove |
Vөdcū | Vөdcūm | Vөdce | Vөdciȝ | Vөdci | Vөdcy | Vөdci! | ||
-e | -e | -ovi | -e | -ovi -i |
-em | -i | -e! -ьe! |
-i -ovē |
-ū | -ūm | -e | -iȝ | -i | -y | -i! | ||||
Masculine Inanimate | |||||||||||||||||||
State | Ш | Шtat | Шtatu | Шtatu | Шtat | Шtatu | Шtatem | Шtaty | Шtate! | Шtaty | Шtatө | Шtatom | Шtaty | Шtateȝ | Шtatmy Шtatamy |
Шtatemy | Шtaty! | ||
∅ | -ъu | -u | ∅ | -ъu | -em | -y | -e! | -y | -ө | -om | -y | -eȝ | -y -amy |
-emy | -y! | ||||
Forest | L | Lєs | Lєsa Lєsu |
Lєsu | Lєs | Lєse | Lєsem | Lєsy | Lєse! | Lєsy | Lєsө | Lєsөm | Lєsy | Lєseȝ | Lєsmy | Lєsemy | Lєsy! | ||
∅ | -a -u |
-u | ∅ | -e | -em | -y | -e! | -y | -ө | -өm | -y | -eȝ | -my | -emy | -y! | ||||
Machine | T | Stroj | Stroje | Stroji | Stroj | Stroji | Strojem | Strojy | Stroji! | Stroje | Strojө | Strojөm | Stroje | Strojiȝ | Strojmi Strojemi |
Strojamy | Stroje! | ||
∅ | -e | -i | ∅ | -i | -em | -y | -i! | -e | -ө | -өm | -e | -iȝ | -mi -emi |
-amy | -e! | ||||
Church | C | Cerkev[4] | Cerkvi | Cerkvi | Cerkev | Cerkvi | Cerkvi Cerkvө |
Cerkvy | Cerkevo! | Cerkve | Cerkvө | Cerkvөm | Cerkve | Cerkveȝ | Cerkvimi Cerkvamy |
Cerkavy | Cerkve! | ||
-ev | -vi | -vi | -ev | -vi | -vi -vө |
-vy | -evo! | -ve | -vө | -vөm | -ve | -veȝ | -vimi -vamy |
-avy | -ve! | ||||
Feminine | |||||||||||||||||||
Woman | Ʒ | Ʒona | Ʒony | Ʒonje | Ʒonu | Ʒonє | Ʒonө | Ʒoni | Ʒono! | Ʒoni | Ʒon | Ʒonām | Ʒony | Ʒonaȝ | Ʒonami Ʒonama |
Ʒonimi Ʒonima |
Ʒoniє! | ||
-a | -y | -je | -u | -є | -ө | -i | -o! | -i | ∅ | -ām | -y | -aȝ | -ami -ama |
-imi -ima |
-iє! | ||||
Rose | Ө | Rөʒe | Rөʒe | Rөʒi | Rөʒi | Rөʒi | Rөʒiji | Rөʒej | Rөʒe! | Rөʒe | Rөʒī | Rөʒīm | Rөʒє | Rөʒiȝ | Rөʒemi Rөʒema |
Rөʒimi | Rөʒe! | ||
-e | -e | -i | -i | -i | -iji | -ej | -e! | -e | -ī | -īm | -є | -iȝ | -emi -ema |
-imi | -e! | ||||
Cherry | Ч | Чerшeƞ | Чerшƞe | Чerшƞi | Чerшeƞ | Чerшƞi | Чerшƞiji | Чerшƞi | Чerшƞi! | Чerшƞe | Чerшƞī | Чerшƞīm | Чerшƞє | Чerшƞiȝ | Чerшƞemi Чerшƞimi |
Чerшƞimi | Чerшƞe! | ||
-eƞ | -ƞe | -ƞi | -eƞ | -ƞi | -ƞiji | -ƞi | -ƞi! | -ƞe | -ƞī | -ƞīm | -ƞє | -ƞiȝ | -ƞemi -ƞimi |
-ƞimi | -ƞe! | ||||
Joy | Ꞇ | Radosꞇ | Radosꞇi | Radosꞇi | Radosꞇ | Radosꞇi | Radosꞇiji | Radosꞇi | Radosꞇi! Radosꞇ! |
Radosꞇi | Radosꞇīȝ | Radosꞇem | Radosꞇi | Radosꞇeȝ | Radosꞇmi Radosꞇami |
Radosꞇim | Radosꞇi! Radosꞇє! | ||
∅ | -i | -i | ∅ | -i | -iji | -i | -i! ∅! |
-i | -īȝ | -em | -i | -eȝ | -mi -ami |
-im | -i! -є! | ||||
Neuter | |||||||||||||||||||
Sea | Ꝛ | Moꝛe | Moꝛe | Moꝛi | Moꝛє | Moꝛi | Moꝛem | Moꝛy | Moꝛe! | Moꝛe | Moꝛîĵī | Moꝛīm | Moꝛe | Moꝛiȝ | Moꝛima Moꝛema |
Moꝛimi | Moꝛe! | ||
-e | -e | -i | -є | -i | -em | -y | -e! | -e | -îĵī | -īm | -e | -iȝ | -ima -ema |
-imi | -e! | ||||
City | Ƞ | Miƞєsto | Miƞєsta | Miƞєstu | Miƞєsto | Miƞєstu | Miƞєstem | Miƞєsty | Miƞєsto! | Miƞєsta | Miƞєst | Miƞєstūm Miƞєstөm |
Miƞєsta | Miƞєsteȝ | Miƞєsty | Miƞєsti | Miƞєsta! | ||
-o | -a | -u | -o | -u | -em | -y | -o! | -a | ∅ | -ъūm -ъөm |
-a | -eȝ | -y | -i | -a! | ||||
Chicken | K | Kuꝛe | Kuꝛete | Kuꝛeꞇi | Kuꝛє | Kuꝛeꞇi | Kuꝛetem | Kuꝛy | Kuꝛe! | Kuꝛata | Kuꝛat | Kuꝛatūm Kuꝛatөm |
Kuꝛata | Kuꝛateȝ Kuꝛataȝ |
Kuꝛaty | Kuꝛati | Kuꝛata! | ||
-e | -ete | -eꞇi | -є | -eꞇi | -etem | -y | -e! | -ata | -at | -atūm -atөm |
-ata | -ateȝ -ataȝ |
-aty | -ati | -ata! | ||||
Reeds | R | Rakosij[5] | Rakosi | Rakosi | Rakosijє | Rakosiĵî | Rakosi | Rakosij | Rakosîĵe! | Rakosiĵ | Rakosīȝ Rakosit |
Rakosī | Rakosijє | Rakosiĵîȝ | Rakosi | Rakosij | Rakosîĵe! | ||
-ij | -i | -i | -ijє | -iĵî | -i | -ij | -îĵe! | -iĵ | -īȝ -it |
-ī | -ijє | -iĵîȝ | -i | -ij | -îĵe! | ||||
Indifferent | |||||||||||||||||||
Zombie | I | Zombie | Zombi | Zombi | Zombi | Zombi | Zombi | Zombi | Zombi! | Zombiei | Zombīĵei | Zombīĵei | Zombīĵei | Zombīĵei | Zombīĵei | Zombīĵei | Zombīĵei! Zombīje! | ||
-e | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅! | -ei | ∸ĵei | ∸ĵei | ∸ĵei | ∸ĵei | ∸ĵei | ∸ĵei | ∸ĵei! ∸je! | ||||
Anteria | Є | Anterijє | Anterije | Anteriji | Anterijє | Anteriji | Anteriji | Anteriji | Anterijє! Anterije! |
Anterije | Anterijiȝ | Anterijōm | Anterije | Anterijiȝ | Anterijimi | Anterijimy | Anterije! | ||
Note: Anteria as a term is almost never inflected as plural (multiple "Anteriae"). | |||||||||||||||||||
-є | -e | -i | -є | -i | -i | -i | -є! -e! |
-e | -iȝ | -ōm | -e | -iȝ | -imi | -imy | -! |
Adjectives
Association to gender
Zhoushi adjectives could be divided into four groups:
- Descriptive soft
- Descriptive hard
- Possessive soft
- Possessive hard
Possessive adjectives describe a association to or a ownership of a certain object (such as "Father's car" - Oþcovo auto), while the descriptive adjectives describe a atribute or a property of the said object (such as "Blue car" - Modre auto). Adjectives do not differentiate between masculine inanimate and masculine animate.[6] Indifferent gender words are declined using neuter forms.
There are 4 Inflection patterns (One for each group of adjectives)
Grammatical inflection
Inflection table of adjectives | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Note: symbol Ь denotes softening of the previous sound from the root: C → Ч; D → Đ; Ƌ → Џ; E → Є; H → Ȝ; L → Λ; N → Ƞ; R → Ꝛ; S → Ш; T → Ꞇ; Z → Ʒ Symbol Ъ denotes hardening of the previous sound from the root: | |||||||||||||||||||
Translation to Common | Code | Singular | Plural | Gender | |||||||||||||||
Nom.+Voc. | Gen. | Dat. | Acc. | Loc. | Ins. | Abl. | Nom.+Voc. | Gen. | Dat. | Acc. | Loc. | Ins. | Abl. | ||||||
Descriptive Hard | |||||||||||||||||||
Young | J | Malodȳĵ | Malodœꚕo | Malodœmu | Malodœꚕo | Malodīm Malodēm |
Malodȳm | Malodīmy | Malođi | Malodȳȝ | Malodȳm | Malodîĵe | Malodȳȝ | Malodȳmi | Malodȳmy | Masculines | |||
Malodē | Malodā | Malodēȝ | Neuter | ||||||||||||||||
Malodā | Malodîĵe | Malodē | Malodө̄ | Malodє̄ | Malodө̄ | Malodө̄ | Malodē | Malodīȝ | Feminines | ||||||||||
-ȳĵ | -œꚕo | -œmu | -œꚕo | -īm -ēm |
-ȳm | -īmy | -ьi | -ȳȝ | -ȳm | -îĵe | -ȳȝ | -ȳmi | -ȳmy | Masculines | |||||
-ē | -ā | -ēȝ | Neuter | ||||||||||||||||
-ā | -îĵe | -ē | -ө̄ | -є̄ | -ө̄ | -ө̄ | -ē | -īȝ | Feminines | ||||||||||
Descriptive Soft | |||||||||||||||||||
Summer | E | Letƞī | Letƞīꚕo | Letƞīmu | Letƞī | Letƞīm | Letƞīm | Letƞīm | Letƞī | Letƞīȝ | Letƞīm | Letƞī | Letƞīȝ | Letƞīmi | Letƞīmy | Masculine | |||
Letƞī | Letƞī | Letƞī | Letƞī | Letƞī | Letƞī | Letƞī | Letƞīȝ | Letƞīm | Letƞī | Letƞīȝ | Letƞīmi | Letƞīmy | Feminine Neuter | ||||||
-ī | -īꚕo | -īmu | -ī | -īm | -īm | -īm | -ī | -īȝ | -īm | -ī | -īȝ | -īmi | -īmy | Masculine | |||||
-ī | -ī | -ī | -ī | -ī | -ī | -ī | -īȝ | -īm | -ī | -īȝ | -īmi | -īmy | Feminine Neuter | ||||||
Possessive Hard | |||||||||||||||||||
Father's | O | Oþcө̄ʋ Oþcovo |
Oþcova | Oþcovu | Oþcovo | Oþcovo Oþcovє |
Oþcovo Oþcovym |
Oþcovi | Oþcovi Oþcovy |
Oþcovyȝ Oþcovo |
Oþcovym | Oþcovy | Oþcovyȝ Oþcovo |
Oþcovymi | Oþcovymy | Masculines Neuter | |||
Oþcөva | Oþcovy | Oþcoʋjє | Oþcovu | Feminine | |||||||||||||||
-ө̄ʋ -ovo |
-ova | -ovu | -ovo | -ovo -ovє |
-ovo -ovym |
-ovi | -ovi -ovy |
-ovyȝ -ovo |
-ovym | -ovy | -ovyȝ -ovo |
-ovymi | -ovymy | Masculines Neuter | |||||
-өva | -ovy | -oʋjє | -ovu | Feminine | |||||||||||||||
Possessive Soft | |||||||||||||||||||
Mother's | Ч | Maꞇчin | Maꞇчina | Maꞇчiƞe | Maꞇчina | Maꞇчiƞe | Maꞇчinym | Maꞇчiny | Maꞇчiny | Maꞇчinyȝ | Maꞇчinym | Maꞇчiny | Maꞇчinyȝ | Maꞇчinymi | Maꞇчinymy | Masculines | |||
Maꞇчina | Maꞇчiny | Maꞇчinu | Feminine | ||||||||||||||||
Maꞇчino | Maꞇчina | Maꞇчino | Neuter | ||||||||||||||||
∅ | -a | -ьe | -a | -ьe | -ym | -y | -y | -yȝ | -ym | -y | -yȝ | -ymi | -ymy | Masculines | |||||
-a | -y | -u | Feminine | ||||||||||||||||
-o | -a | -o | Neuter |
Zhoushi uses five forms for comparison of the adjective:
- Negative - Negation of the word: Happy → Unhappy
- Positive - Basic form of the word: Happy
- Comparative - Form for comparison relative to something: Happy → Happier
- Superlative - Form showing absolute relative to a group: Happy → Happiest
- Augmentative - Form showing absolute position without a relative: Happy → Ultimately/Absolutely happy
Pronouns
Pronouns are inflected as well. Zhoushi has multiple factors, such as masculine, feminine neuter and indifferent singular third person, inclusive and exclusive first person plural and reflexive pronouns.
Inflection table of pronouns | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Translation to Common | Person and number | Nom. | Gen. | Dat. | Acc. | Loc. | Ins. | Abl. | Voc. | ||
I | Me | First | Singular | Ja | Miƞe | Mi Mƞe |
Mƞe | Mƞe | Mnө | Mnu | — |
You (Singular) |
Second | Ty | Tebe | Tobi Tobjє |
Tebe | Tobjє | Tebө | Tebu | Ty! | ||
He | Him | Third | Өn | Ƞej Jeꚕo |
Ƞemu Jemu |
Ƞej Jej |
Ƞem Jim |
Ƞim Jij |
Ƞimu Jiju |
— | |
She | Her | Өna | Ƞi Jej |
Ƞi Ji |
Ƞi Ji |
Ƞi Ji |
Ƞi Ji |
Ƞu Ju |
— | ||
It | Өno | Өnoꚕo | Өnœmu | Өno | Өƞem Өƞeȝ |
Өƞim | Өnu | — | |||
They (Singular)[7] |
Them | Өnu | Ƞij Joj |
Ƞi Ji |
Ƞij Jij |
Ƞij Jij |
Ƞij Jij |
Ƞiju Jiju |
— | ||
-self (Singular) |
Reflexive | — | Sebe | Sobje Sobjє |
Sebe Se |
Sobje Sobjє |
Sebө | Sebu | — | ||
We (Inclusive) |
Us | First | Plural | Ny | Nas | Nam | Nas Ny |
Nas | Nami | Namu | Ny! |
You (Plural + formal) |
Second | Vy | Vas | Vam |
Vas | Vas | Vami | Vamu Vanu |
Vy! | ||
They (Masculine) |
Them | Third | Oni | Ƞiȝ Jiȝ |
Ƞim Jim |
Ƞe Je |
Ƞiȝ Jiȝ |
Ƞimi Jimi |
Ƞimu Jimu |
— | |
They (Feminine) |
Them | Ony | Ƞeȝ Jeȝ |
Ƞim Jim |
Ƞe Je |
Ƞyȝ Jyȝ |
Ƞimy Jimy |
Ƞimu Jimu |
— | ||
They (Neuter/indifferent) |
Them | Ona | Ƞєȝ Oƞєȝ |
Ƞim Oƞim |
Ƞe Oƞe |
Ƞiȝ Oƞiȝ |
Ƞimy Oƞimy |
Ƞimu Oƞimu |
— | ||
We (Exclusive)[8] |
Us | Fourth | My | Mas | Mam Minam |
Mas | Mas | Mami | Mamu | My! | |
-self (Plural)[9] |
Reflexive | — | Sєbe | Sөbje Sөbjє |
Sєbe Sє |
Sөbje Sөbjє |
Sєbө | Sєbu | — |
In plural, if the subject of the coversation which is substituted by "they" a mix of multiple genders, there is a hierarchy of genders which are prefered. Here is a list:
- Masculine (both animate and inanimate) - Muʒy, Lєsy, Rөʒe aj Kuꝛata - use "Oni"
- Feminine - Rөʒe aj Kuꝛata - use "Ony"
- Neuter/indifferent - Kuꝛata aj Miƞєsta - use "Ona"
If masculine is present, use masculine form. If there is no masculine, but there is a feminine, use feminine form. Use neuter if only indifferent and neuter words are present.
Numbers
↊ ↋
Due to the prominence of hexadactyly between the Zhoushi populace, Zhousheng is one of the few nations, that developed a dozenal system. Zhousheng officially used latinized dozenal system until 1978, when the government officially decided to abandon the system and move towards a decimal system. In school, both systems are told in a paralel to each other, which helps Zhoushi students to better understand numbers and aren't tied to just one graphical representation of the number, supporting abstract thinking. However, this also causes some problems with education, therefore math is being told in kindergarden as well to balance the pressure kids would be subjected during math exams.
System | Decimal | Dozenal | Zhoushi | Zhengian | Preimeai | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ten | 10 | ↊ | ᚴ | ൰ | ១០ | |
Eleven | 11 | ↋ | ⵒ | ൯ | ១១ | |
Cyclic | — | ᘐ | ൫ | — |
Numbers 1-10
List of basic terms for numbers | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Decimal term (Common) |
Dozenal term (Common) |
Decimal term (Zhoushi) |
Dozenal term (Zhoushi) | |||||
0 | 0 | ០ | 0 | ០ | Zero | Zero | Nula | Nula |
1 | 1 | ១ | 1 | ១ | One | One | Oden | Oden |
2 | 2 | ໒ | 2 | ២ | Two | Two | Dva | Dva |
3 | 3 | ៣ | 3 | ៣ | Three | Three | Tꝛi | Tꝛi |
4 | 4 | ൪ | 4 | ៤ | Four | Four | Чotyꝛi | Чotyꝛi |
5 | 5 | ૫ | 5 | ៥ | Five | Five | Peꞇ | Peꞇ |
6 | 6 | ૬ | 6 | ៦ | Six | Six | Шosꞇ | Шosꞇ |
7 | 7 | ൭ | 7 | ៧ | Seven | Seven | Sydem | Sydem |
8 | 8 | ൮ | 8 | ៨ | Eight | Eight | Өsem | Өsem |
9 | 9 | ໙ | 9 | ៩ | Nine | Nine | Đeveꞇ | Đeveꞇ |
10 | ↊ | ൰ | ᚴ | ១០ | Ten | Dek | Deseꞇ | Deseꞇ |
A | ||||||||
11 | ↋ | ൯ | ⵒ | ១១ | Eleven | El | Jedenasꞇ | Hєleꞇ |
B | ||||||||
12 | 10 | ൫ ១០ |
ᘐ 10 |
១២ | Twelve | Do | Dvanasꞇ | Ceλeꞇ (Cyclical) Tuƌeꞇ |
Currently, dozenal system is used only sparsely in common use, but for example clocks still retained their original cyclic description (that is 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-ᚴ-ⵒ-ᘐ), so called cyclical symbol, noted as "ᘐ" in new Zhoushi numerals refers to a number in a twelve-step cycle. Example could be clock, where numerals 10, 11 and 12 are replaced by ᚴ, ⵒ and ᘐ to this day. Some translations of the Kaȝin Canon still use dozenal naming, especially in the Book of Revelation of John.
Numbers 11-1ⵒ
Numbers 11-1ⵒ are created by adding suffix "-asꞇ" (Or "-nasꞇ") to the numbers 1-ⵒ. The same system applied to the old decimal numbering, therefore, the next table is listing both decimal and dozenal, keep in mind the values are relative:
Terms for numbers 10-1ⵒ | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Symbol (Dozenal) |
Symbol (Zhoushi) |
Symbol (Zhengian) |
Symbol (Preimeai) |
Literal translation (Common) |
Zhoushi term | |
11 | 11 | ១១ | ១១ | Eleven | Odenasꞇ | |
12 | 12 | ១໒ | ១២ | Twelve | Dvanasꞇ | |
13 | 13 | ១៣ | ១៣ | Thirteen | Tꝛinasꞇ | |
14 | 14 | ១૫ | ១៥ | Fourteen | Чotyrnasꞇ | |
15 | 15 | ១൪ | ១៤ | Fifteen | Peꞇnasꞇ | |
16 | 16 | ១૬ | ១៦ | Sixteen | Шosꞇnasꞇ | |
17 | 17 | ១൭ | ១៧ | Seventeen | Sydemnasꞇ | |
18 | 18 | ១൮ | ១៨ | Eighteen | Өsemnasꞇ | |
19 | 19 | ១໙ | ១៩ | Nineteen | Đeveꞇenasꞇ | |
1↊ | 1 | 1ᚴ | ១൰ | — | Tenteen | Deseꞇenasꞇ |
1↋ | 1 | 1ⵒ | ១൯ | — | Elteen | Hєleꞇenasꞇ |
Tens
Tens, similar to 10 (Deseꞇ, Tuƌeꞇ), other multiples of 10 are made using the numbers 1-ⵒ and adding suffix "-ƌet" (10-40) or "-desaꞇ" (50-ⵒ0):
Terms for tens | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Symbol (Dozenal) |
Symbol (Zhoushi) |
Symbol (Zhengian) |
Symbol (Preimeai) |
Literal translation (Common) |
Zhoushi term | |
10 | 10 | ១០ | ១០ | Ten/Do | Deseꞇ/Tuƌeꞇ | |
20 | 20 | ໒០ | ២០ | Twenty | Dvaƌeꞇ | |
30 | 30 | ៣០ | ៣០ | Thirty | Tꝛiƌeꞇ | |
40 | 40 | ૫០ | ៥០ | Fourty | Чotyꝛiƌeꞇ | |
50 | 50 | ൪០ | ៤០ | Fifty | Pedesaꞇ | |
60 | 60 | ૬០ | ៦០ | Sixty | Шodesaꞇ | |
70 | 70 | ൭០ | ៧០ | Seventy | Sydemdesaꞇ | |
80 | 80 | ൮០ | ៨០ | Eighty | Өsemdesaꞇ | |
90 | 90 | ໙០ | ៩០ | Ninety | Đevedesaꞇ | |
↊0 | 0 | ᚴ0 | ൰០ | — | Tenty | Desedesaꞇ |
↋0 | 0 | ⵒ0 | ൯០ | — | Elty | Hєledesaꞇ |
Numbers 21-ⵒⵒ
Regular numbers between 20 and 100 are made by the combination of the tens and units. The western (Haldenian) dialects, having been influenced by Gadori grammar, sometimes use a version with the conjunction interix "-a-" with a switched order. Here are some examples:
Terms for all numbers below 100 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Symbol (Dozenal) |
Symbol (Zhoushi) |
Symbol (Zhengian) |
Symbol (Preimeai) |
Literal translation (Common) |
Zhoushi term | Haldenian dialect | |
23 | 23 | ໒០ | ២០ | Twenty three | Dvaƌeꞇ tꝛi | Tꝛiadvaƌeꞇ | |
37 | 37 | ៣൭ | ៣៧ | Thirty seven | Tꝛiƌeꞇ sydem | Sydematꝛiƌeꞇ | |
41 | 41 | ૫១ | ៥១ | Fourty one | Чotyꝛiƌeꞇ oden | Odenaчotyꝛiƌeꞇ | |
5↊ | 5 | 5ᚴ | ൪൰ | — | Fifty ten | Pedesaꞇ deseꞇ | Deseꞇapedesaꞇ |
66 | 66 | ૬૬ | ៦៦ | Sixty seven | Шodesaꞇ шosꞇ | Шosꞇaшodesaꞇ | |
7↋ | 7 | 7ⵒ | ൭൯ | — | Seventy el | Sydemdesaꞇ hєleꞇ | Hєleꞇasydemdesaꞇ |
85 | 85 | ൮០ | ៨០ | Eighty five | Өsemdesaꞇ peꞇ | Peꞇaөsemdesaꞇ | |
99 | 99 | ໙໙ | ៩៩ | Ninety nine | Đevedesaꞇ đeveꞇ | Đeveꞇađevedesaꞇ | |
↊4 | 4 | ᚴ4 | ൰൪ | — | Tenty four | Desedesaꞇ чotyꝛi | Чotyꝛiadesedesaꞇ |
↋2 | 2 | ⵒ2 | ൯០ | — | Elty two | Hєledesaꞇ dva | Dvaadєledesaꞇ |
Number past 100
TBA
Inflection of numbers
Inflection table of numbers | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Common | Nom. | Gen. | Dat. | Acc. | Loc. | Ins. | Abl. | Voc. | Gender/Number | Notes |
Link to Singular genitive | ||||||||||
Zero | Nula | Nuly | Nule | Nulu | Nule | Nulө | Nulө | Nulo! | Universal | Every form needs a noun in genitive, not in the restpective case |
Quarter | Чoterꞇ | Чoterꞇi | Чoterꞇi | Чoterꞇ | Чoterꞇi | Чoterꞇī | Чoterꞇī | Чoterꞇi! | Universal | Used for example for "Quarter a bread" → "Чoterꞇ Ȝilaba" |
Half | Pөl | Pөli | Pөli | Pөl | Pөli | Pөlī | Pөlī | Pөli! | Universal | Used for example for "Half a bread" → "Pөl Ȝilaba" |
Link to Singular form of the noun | ||||||||||
Other fractions | -(ꞇ)ina (suffix) |
-(ꞇ)iny | -(ꞇ)iƞe | -(ꞇ)inu | -(ꞇ)iƞe | -(ꞇ)inө | -(ꞇ)inөj | -(ꞇ)ino! | Singular | Used for fractions with number 1 in the numerator (example: ⅛ - Odna өsmina) |
-(ꞇ)iny (suffix) |
-(ꞇ)in | -(ꞇ)inom | -(ꞇ)iny | -(ꞇ)ināȝ | -(ꞇ)ināmi | -(ꞇ)ināmi | -(ꞇ)iny! | Paucal Plural |
Used for fractions with numbers 2-4 in the numerator (example: ⅜ - Tꝛi өsminy) | |
— | — | — | — | — | — | — | Plural | Used for fractions with numbers 5-∞, all negatives and all non-integers in the numerator (example: ⅝ - Peꞇ өsmin). The fraction word is not inflected and remains in genitive | ||
One | Oden | Odnœꚕo | Odnœmu | Oden | Odnœm | Odƞīm | Odƞīm | Oden! | Masculine | |
Odno | Odno | Odno! | Neuter | |||||||
Odna | Odnē | Odnē | Odnu | Odnē | Odƞө̄ | Odƞom | Odna! | Feminine | ||
Raz | Razu | Razu | Raz | Razu | Razœm | Razœm | Raze! | Universal | Term used in the west for "one" without a noun term, such as counting | |
Link to Plural form of the noun | ||||||||||
Two | Dva | Dvө | Dvөm | Dva | Dvө | Dvєma | Dvєma | Dva! | Masculine | Old dual noun terms might still pop up in this usage time to time |
Dvє | Dvєma | Dvє | Dvөma | Dvє! | Feminine + Neuter | |||||
Three | Tꝛi | Tꝛī Tꝛeȝ |
Tꝛem | Tꝛi | Tꝛeȝ | Tꝛema Tꝛemi |
Tꝛema Tꝛemi |
Tꝛi! | Universal | |
Four | Чotyꝛi | Чotyꝛ | Чotyꝛem | Чotyꝛi | Чotyꝛeȝ | Чotyꝛema | Чotyꝛema | Чotyꝛi! | Universal | |
Link to Plural genitive | ||||||||||
Five | Peꞇ | Peꞇi | Peꞇi | Peꞇ | Peꞇiȝ | Peꞇima Peꞇimi |
Peꞇima Peꞇimi |
Peꞇ! | Universal | Same inclension works for "Шosꞇ", "Đeveꞇ", "Deseꞇ", "Hєleꞇ" & "Ceλeꞇ" (6, 9, ᚴ (10), ⵒ (11), ᘐ (12/10)) |
Seven | Sydem | Sydmiȝ | Sydmi | Sydem | Sydmi | Sydmi | Sydmi | Sydîm! | Universal | Same inclension works for "Өsem" (8) |
Eleven | Odenasꞇ | Odenasꞇi | Odenasꞇi | Odenasꞇ | Odenasꞇi | Odenasꞇiĵî | Odenasꞇiĵî | Odenasꞇ! | Universal | Same inclension works for all 1◌ numbers |
Dozen | Tuƌeꞇ | Tuƌtu | Tuƌtu | Tuƌeꞇ | Tuƌtu | Tuƌtœm | Tuƌtœm | Tuƌte! | Singular | Term "Tuƌeꞇ" a plural version for multiple dozens of something |
Tuƌty | Tuƌtū | Tuƌtœm | Tuƌty | Tuƌteȝ | Tuƌty | Tuƌty | Tuƌty! | Plural | ||
Twenty | Dvaƌeꞇ | Dvaƌeꞇi | Dvaƌeꞇi | Dvaƌeꞇ | Dvaƌeꞇîĵeȝ | Dvaƌeꞇi | Dvaƌeꞇi | Dvaƌeꞇ! | Universal | Same inclension works for all ◌0 numbers end with a suffix -eꞇ |
Fifty | Pedesaꞇ | Pedesaꞇi | Pedesaꞇi | Pedesaꞇ | Pedesaꞇiȝ | Pedesaꞇi | Pedesaꞇi | Pedesaꞇiĵe! | Universal | Same inclension works for all ◌0 numbers end with a suffix -aꞇ |
Note: terms "Чoterꞇina" and "Pөloƿina" exist as well and are inflected as by the -(ꞇ)ina inflection Here are following terms for mathematical symbols
Symbol | Zhoushi term | Common translation | Note |
---|---|---|---|
= | Jest rovno | Is equal to | Note used for equation |
≈ | Bliʒi se | Is approximate to | Note used for approximation |
≐ | |||
+ | Plus Aj |
Plus | Note used for addition |
- | Minus Bez |
Minus | Note used for subtraction |
\ | |||
⋅ | Krat | Times | Note used for multiplication |
× | |||
* | |||
: | Đeleno | Divided by | Note used for division |
÷ | |||
)̅ [10] | |||
⎷ | Fumocnina | Root | Note used for roots |
^ | Na Umocƞeno |
To the power of | Note used for exponentiation |
∧ | I | And | Note used for conjunction |
∩ | |||
∨ | Anebo | Or | Note used for disjunction |
∪ | |||
⊻ | Nebo | Alternatively | Note used for exclusive disjunction |
⩛ | |||
∴ | Aj proto | Therefore | Symbol used in short notes to symbolize forward implication |
→ | |||
∵ | Ʒtobo | Because | Symbol used in short notes to symbolize backward implication |
← | |||
≡ | Jest totoʒny | Is equivalent/identical to | Symbol used in short notes to symbolize equivalence |
🡘 | |||
Verbs
M = Masculine Animate, D = Masculine Inanimate, F = Feminine, N = Neuter, I = Indifferent
Verb "to be"
Irregular verb "to be" | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infinite form | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 4th person | Number | Literacy form | ||||||||||||
M | D | F | N+I | M | D | F | N+I | M | D | F | N+I | M | D | F | N+I | |||
Present | ||||||||||||||||||
Bȳt | Jsem | Jsi | Je | — | Singular | Common | ||||||||||||
Jsme | Jste | Jsө | Jsmy | Plural | ||||||||||||||
Bȳꞇi | Jesm | Jeseш | Jest | — | Singular | Literary | ||||||||||||
Jesme | Jeste | Jsųt | Jesmy | Plural | ||||||||||||||
Imperfekt | ||||||||||||||||||
Byȝi | Bєȝ | Bєшę | Bєшeĵ | — | Singular | Universal | ||||||||||||
Bєȝmo | Bєste | Bєȝų | Bєȝmy | Plural | ||||||||||||||
Perfektum | ||||||||||||||||||
— | Jsem byl | Jsem byla | Jsem bylo | Jsi byl | Jsi byla | Jsi bylo | Byl | Byla | Bylo | — | Singular | Common | ||||||
Jsme byli | Jsme byly | Jsme byla | Jste byli | Jste byly | Jste byla | Byli | Byly | Byla | Jsmy byli | Jsmy byly | Jsmy byla | Plural | ||||||
— | Jesm byl | Jesm byla | Jesm bylo | Jeseш byl | Jeseш byla | Jeseш bylo | (Jest) byl | (Jest) byla | (Jest) bylo | — | Singular | Literary | ||||||
Jesme byli | Jesme byly | Jesme byla | Jeste byli | Jeste byly | Jeste byla | Jsųt byli | Jsųt byly | Jsųt byla | Jesmy byli | Jesmy byly | Jesmy byla | Plural | ||||||
Pluperfektum | ||||||||||||||||||
— | Bєȝ byl | Bєȝ byla | Bєȝ bylo | Bєшe byl | Bєшe byla | Bєшe bylo | Bєшeĵ/Bє byl | Bєшeĵ/Bє byla | Bєшeĵ/Bє bylo | — | Singular | Common | ||||||
Bєȝmœ byli | Bєȝmœ byly | Bєȝmœ byla | Bєste byli | Bєste byly | Bєste byla | Bєȝųb byli | Bєȝų byly | Bєȝų byla | Bєȝmy byli | Bєȝmy byly | Bєȝmy byla | Plural | ||||||
— | Bєȝ byl | Bєȝ byla | Bєȝ bylo | Bєшe byl | Bєшe byla | Bєшe bylo | Bєшeĵ/Bє byl | Bєшeĵ/Bє byla | Bєшeĵ/Bє bylo | — | Singular | Literary | ||||||
Bєȝmœ byli | Bєȝmœ byly | Bєȝmœ byla | Bєste byli | Bєste byly | Bєste byla | Bєȝų byli | Bєȝų byly | Bєȝų byla | Bєȝmy byli | Bєȝmy byly | Bєȝmy byla | Plural | ||||||
Conditial present | ||||||||||||||||||
— | Byȝ byl | Byȝ byla | Byȝ bylo | Bys byl | Bys byla | Bys bylo | By byl | By byla | By bylo | — | Singular | Common | ||||||
Bysmœ byli | Bysmœ byly | Bysmœ byla | Byste byli | Byste byly | Byste byla | By byli | By byly | By byla | Bysmų byli | Bysmų byly | Bysmų byla | Plural | ||||||
— | Byȝ byl | Byȝ byla | Byȝ bylo | Bys byl | Bys byla | Bys bylo | By byl | By byla | By bylo | — | Singular | Literary | ||||||
Byȝmœ byli | Byȝmœ byly | Byȝmœ byla | Byste byli | Byste byly | Byste byla | Byȝų byli | Byȝų byly | Byȝų byla | Byȝmų byli | Byȝmų byly | Byȝmų byla | Plural | ||||||
Conditial pluperfekt | ||||||||||||||||||
— | Byl byȝ byl | Byla byȝ byla | Bylo byȝ bylo | Byl bys byl | Byla bys byla | Bylo bys bylo | Byl by byl | Byl by byla | Byl by bylo | — | Singular | Common | ||||||
Byli bysmœ byli | Byly bysmœ byly | Byla bysmœ byla | Byli byste byli | Byly byste byly | Byla byste byla | Byli by byli | Byly by byly | Byla by byla | Byli bysmų byli | Byly bysmų byly | Byla bysmų byla | Plural | ||||||
— | Byl byȝ byl | Byl byȝ byla | Byl byȝ bylo | Byl bys byl | Byla bys byla | Bylo bys bylo | Byl by byl | Byla by byla | Bylo by bylo | — | Singular | Literary | ||||||
Byli byȝmœ byli | Byly byȝmœ byly | Byla byȝmœ byla | Byli byste byli | Byly byste byly | Byla byste byla | Byli byȝų byli | Byly byȝų byly | Byly byȝų byla | Byli byȝmų byli | Byly byȝmų byly | Byla byȝmų byla | Plural | ||||||
Future | ||||||||||||||||||
Budi | Budu | Budeш | Bude | — | Singular | Universal | ||||||||||||
Budemœ | Budete | Budө | Budemy | Plural | ||||||||||||||
Imperative | ||||||||||||||||||
— | Buđî! | Buđ! | — | Buđî! | Singular | Universal | ||||||||||||
Buđmœ! | Buđte! | — | Buđmy! | Plural |
First conjugation
First conjungtion: example verb: "Đelat" = "To do"
M = Masculine Animate, D = Masculine Inanimate, F = Feminine, N = Neuter, I = Indifferent
First conjugation, inflection pattern "Đelat" | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infinite form | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 4th person | Number | Literacy form | ||||||||||||
M | D | F | N+I | M | D | F | N+I | M | D | F | N+I | M | D | F | N+I | |||
Present | ||||||||||||||||||
Đelat | Đelām | Đelāш | Đelā | — | Singular | Common | ||||||||||||
Đelāme | Đelāte | Đelajī | Đelāmy | Plural | ||||||||||||||
-t | -◌̄m | -◌̄ш | -◌̄ | — | Singular | |||||||||||||
-◌̄me | -◌̄te | -jī | -◌̄my | Plural | ||||||||||||||
Đelaꞇi | Đelajų | Đelaješ | Đelaję | — | Singular | Literary | ||||||||||||
Đelajemo | Đelajetę | Đelajųt | Đelajemy | Plural | ||||||||||||||
-ꞇi | -jų | -ješ | -ję | — | Singular | |||||||||||||
-jemo | -jetę | -jųt | -jemy | Plural | ||||||||||||||
Imperfekt | ||||||||||||||||||
Đelaȝet | Đelaȝ | Đelaшę | Đelaшeĵ | — | Singular | Universal | ||||||||||||
Đelaȝmo | Đelaste | Đelaȝų | Đelaȝmy | Plural | ||||||||||||||
-ȝet | -ȝ | -шę | -шeĵ | — | Singular | |||||||||||||
-ȝmo | -ste | -ȝų | -ȝmy | Plural | ||||||||||||||
Verbal base (Used for creation of perfect, pluperfect, future and conditial forms) | ||||||||||||||||||
Đelat (common) Đelaꞇi (literary) |
Đelal | Đelala | Đelalo | Đelal | Đelala | Đelalo | Đelal | Đelala | Đelalo | — | Singular | Universal | ||||||
Đelali | Đelaly | Đelala | Đelali | Đelaly | Đelala | Đelali | Đelaly | Đelala | Đelali | Đelaly | Đelala | Plural | ||||||
-t (common) -ꞇi (literary) |
-l | -la | -lo | -l | -la | -lo | -l | -la | -lo | — | Singular | |||||||
-li | -ly | -la | -li | -ly | -la | -li | -ly | -la | -li | -ly | -la | Plural | ||||||
Imperative | ||||||||||||||||||
— | Đelaĵ! | Đelaj! | — | — | Singular | Universal | ||||||||||||
Đelajmœ! | Đelajtє! | — | Đelajmy! | Plural | ||||||||||||||
— | -ĵ! | -j! | — | — | Singular | |||||||||||||
-jmœ! | -jtє! | — | -jmy! | Plural |
Second conjugation
Second conjungtion: example verb: "Mȳt" = "To wash", with a secondary example for exceptions "Kupuvat" = "To buy"
M = Masculine Animate, D = Masculine Inanimate, F = Feminine, N = Neuter, I = Indifferent
Second conjugation, inflection pattern "Mȳt" | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infinite form | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 4th person | Number | Literacy form | ||||||||||||
M | D | F | N+I | M | D | F | N+I | M | D | F | N+I | M | D | F | N+I | |||
Present | ||||||||||||||||||
Mȳt | Myjų | Myjeш | Myje | — | Singular | Common | ||||||||||||
Myjemê | Myjete | Myjө | Myjemy | Plural | ||||||||||||||
-vat | -jų | -jeш | -je | — | Singular | |||||||||||||
-jemê | -jete | -jө | -jemy | Plural | ||||||||||||||
Mȳꞇi | Myji | Myjeш | Myje | — | Singular | Literary | ||||||||||||
Myjeme | Myjete | Myjī | Myjemy | Plural | ||||||||||||||
-ꞇi | -ji | -jeш | -je | — | Singular | |||||||||||||
-jeme | -jete | -jī | -jemy | Plural | ||||||||||||||
Imperfekt | ||||||||||||||||||
Myjaȝet | Myjaȝ | Myjaшę | Myjaшeĵ | — | Singular | Universal | ||||||||||||
Myjaȝmœ | Myjaste | Myjaȝų | Myjaȝmy | Plural | ||||||||||||||
-jaȝet | -jaȝ | -jaшę | -jaшeĵ | — | Singular | |||||||||||||
-jaȝmœ | -jaste | -jaȝų | -jaȝmy | Plural | ||||||||||||||
Verbal base (Used for creation of perfect, pluperfect, future and conditial forms) | ||||||||||||||||||
Mȳt (common) Mȳꞇi (literary) |
Myl | Myla | Mylo | Myl | Myla | Mylo | Myl | Myla | Mylo | — | Singular | Universal | ||||||
Myli | Myly | Myla | Myli | Myly | Myla | Myli | Myly | Myla | Myli | Myly | Myla | Plural | ||||||
-t (common) -ꞇi (literary) |
-l | -la | -lo | -l | -la | -lo | -l | -la | -lo | — | Singular | |||||||
-li | -ly | -la | -li | -ly | -la | -li | -ly | -la | -li | -ly | -la | Plural | ||||||
Imperative | ||||||||||||||||||
— | Myĵ! | Myj! | — | — | Singular | Universal | ||||||||||||
Myjmœ! | Myjtє! | — | Myjmy! | Plural | ||||||||||||||
— | -ĵ! | -j! | — | — | Singular | |||||||||||||
-jmœ! | -jtє! | — | -jmy! | Plural |
Second conjugation, -va inflection pattern "Kupuvat" | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infinite form | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 4th person | Number | Literacy form | ||||||||||||
M | D | F | N+I | M | D | F | N+I | M | D | F | N+I | M | D | F | N+I | |||
Present | ||||||||||||||||||
Kupuvat | Kupujų | Kupujeш | Kupuje | — | Singular | Common | ||||||||||||
Kupujemê | Kupujete | Kupujө | Kupujemy | Plural | ||||||||||||||
-vat | -jų | -jeш | -je | — | Singular | |||||||||||||
-jemê | -jete | -jө | -jemy | Plural | ||||||||||||||
Kupuvaꞇi | Kupuji | Kupujeш | Kupuje | — | Singular | Literary | ||||||||||||
Kupujeme | Kupujete | Kupujī | Kupujemy | Plural | ||||||||||||||
-vaꞇi | -ji | -jeш | -je | — | Singular | |||||||||||||
-jeme | -jete | -jī | -jemy | Plural | ||||||||||||||
Imperfekt | ||||||||||||||||||
Kupuȝet | Kupuȝ | Kupuшę | Kupuшeĵ | — | Singular | Universal | ||||||||||||
Kupuȝmo | Kupuste | Kupuȝų | Kupuȝmy | Plural | ||||||||||||||
-ȝet | -ȝ | -шę | -шeĵ | — | Singular | |||||||||||||
-ȝmo | -ste | -ȝų | -ȝmy | Plural | ||||||||||||||
Verbal base (Used for creation of perfect, pluperfect, future and conditial forms) | ||||||||||||||||||
Kupuvat (common) Kupuvaꞇi (literary) |
Kupuval | Kupuvala | Kupuvalo | Kupuval | Kupuvala | Kupuvalo | Kupuval | Kupuvala | Kupuvalo | — | Singular | Universal | ||||||
Kupuvali | Kupuvaly | Kupuvala | Kupuvali | Kupuvaly | Kupuvala | Kupuvali | Kupuvaly | Kupuvala | Kupuvali | Kupuvaly | Kupuvala | Plural | ||||||
-vat (common) -vaꞇi (literary) |
-val | -vala | -valo | -val | -vala | -valo | -val | -vala | -valo | — | Singular | |||||||
-vali | -valy | -valo | -vali | -valy | -valo | -vali | -valy | -valo | -vali | -valy | -valo | Plural | ||||||
Imperative | ||||||||||||||||||
— | Kupuĵ! | Kupuj! | — | — | Singular | Universal | ||||||||||||
Kupujmœ! | Kupujtє! | — | Kupujmy! | Plural | ||||||||||||||
— | -ĵ! | -j! | — | — | Singular | |||||||||||||
-jmœ! | -jtє! | — | -jmy! | Plural |
Third conjugation
Third conjugation, inflection pattern "" | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infinite form | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 4th person | Number | Literacy form | ||||||||||||
M | D | F | N+I | M | D | F | N+I | M | D | F | N+I | M | D | F | N+I | |||
Present | ||||||||||||||||||
— | Singular | Common | ||||||||||||||||
Plural | ||||||||||||||||||
- | - | - | - | — | Singular | |||||||||||||
- | - | - | - | Plural | ||||||||||||||
— | Singular | Literary | ||||||||||||||||
Plural | ||||||||||||||||||
- | - | - | - | — | Singular | |||||||||||||
- | - | - | - | Plural | ||||||||||||||
Imperfekt | ||||||||||||||||||
— | Singular | Universal | ||||||||||||||||
Plural | ||||||||||||||||||
- | - | - | - | — | Singular | |||||||||||||
- | - | - | - | Plural | ||||||||||||||
Verbal base (Used for creation of perfect, pluperfect, future and conditial forms) | ||||||||||||||||||
(common) (literary) |
— | Singular | Universal | |||||||||||||||
Plural | ||||||||||||||||||
- (common) - (literary) |
- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | — | Singular | |||||||
- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Plural | ||||||
Imperative | ||||||||||||||||||
— | — | — | Singular | Universal | ||||||||||||||
— | Plural | |||||||||||||||||
— | - | - | — | — | Singular | |||||||||||||
- | - | — | - | Plural |
Fourth conjugation
Fourth conjugation, inflection pattern "" | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infinite form | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 4th person | Number | Literacy form | ||||||||||||
M | D | F | N+I | M | D | F | N+I | M | D | F | N+I | M | D | F | N+I | |||
Present | ||||||||||||||||||
— | Singular | Common | ||||||||||||||||
Plural | ||||||||||||||||||
- | - | - | - | — | Singular | |||||||||||||
- | - | - | - | Plural | ||||||||||||||
— | Singular | Literary | ||||||||||||||||
Plural | ||||||||||||||||||
- | - | - | - | — | Singular | |||||||||||||
- | - | - | - | Plural | ||||||||||||||
Imperfekt | ||||||||||||||||||
— | Singular | Universal | ||||||||||||||||
Plural | ||||||||||||||||||
- | - | - | - | — | Singular | |||||||||||||
- | - | - | - | Plural | ||||||||||||||
Verbal base (Used for creation of perfect, pluperfect, future and conditial forms) | ||||||||||||||||||
(common) (literary) |
— | Singular | Universal | |||||||||||||||
Plural | ||||||||||||||||||
- (common) - (literary) |
- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | — | Singular | |||||||
- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Plural | ||||||
Imperative | ||||||||||||||||||
— | — | — | Singular | Universal | ||||||||||||||
— | Plural | |||||||||||||||||
— | - | - | — | — | Singular | |||||||||||||
- | - | — | - | Plural |
Fifth conjugation
Fifth conjugation, inflection pattern "" | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infinite form | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 4th person | Number | Literacy form | ||||||||||||
M | D | F | N+I | M | D | F | N+I | M | D | F | N+I | M | D | F | N+I | |||
Present | ||||||||||||||||||
— | Singular | Common | ||||||||||||||||
Plural | ||||||||||||||||||
- | - | - | - | — | Singular | |||||||||||||
- | - | - | - | Plural | ||||||||||||||
— | Singular | Literary | ||||||||||||||||
Plural | ||||||||||||||||||
- | - | - | - | — | Singular | |||||||||||||
- | - | - | - | Plural | ||||||||||||||
Imperfekt | ||||||||||||||||||
— | Singular | Universal | ||||||||||||||||
Plural | ||||||||||||||||||
- | - | - | - | — | Singular | |||||||||||||
- | - | - | - | Plural | ||||||||||||||
Verbal base (Used for creation of perfect, pluperfect, future and conditial forms) | ||||||||||||||||||
(common) (literary) |
— | Singular | Universal | |||||||||||||||
Plural | ||||||||||||||||||
- (common) - (literary) |
- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | — | Singular | |||||||
- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Plural | ||||||
Imperative | ||||||||||||||||||
— | — | — | Singular | Universal | ||||||||||||||
— | Plural | |||||||||||||||||
— | - | - | — | — | Singular | |||||||||||||
- | - | — | - | Plural |
Repetitivety
TBA
Questions
TBA
Adverbia
wikipedia:Adverb TBA
Prepositions
TBA
Conjunctions
TBA
Particles
TBA
Interjections
TBA
- ↑ See Wikipedia articles about Grammatical gender and Animacy
- ↑ Technically, "Indifferent is not a gender, but many linguists mark it as a gender to simplify the grammar, as it is a gender in many ways. In many new linguistic texts, you can see a note, that Zhoushi has 4+1 genders.
- ↑ Preah is a main God of Kammism. See a subsection of article about Zhousheng about religions of Zhousheng
- ↑ In many cases, words inflected by this infletion are slowly shifting towards inflection pattern "Rөʒe" (Feminine)
- ↑ In many cases, words inflected by this inflection are slowly shifting towards inflection pattern "Radosꞇ" (Feminine)
- ↑ Except the suffixes, in which the masculine animate ends with "-i", while masculine inanimate ends with "-y"
- ↑ They in singular number is rarely used in Common, but still exists.
- ↑ See article about Clusivity of first person singular
- ↑ Usage of this term slowly shifts and merges with the singular form. This form is sometimes considered archaic
- ↑ The notation a)̅b̅ symbolizes b÷a (see notation on Wikipedia)