Zhoushi language: Difference between revisions
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| style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="15" | '''Verbal base | | style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="15" | '''Verbal base | ||
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|bgcolor=#F5F5F5 rowspan="2"|'''''Đelat''' <small>(common)</small><br>'''''Đelaꞇi''' <small>(literary)</small> | |bgcolor=#F5F5F5 rowspan="2"|'''''Đelat''' <small>(common)''</small><br>'''''Đelaꞇi''' <small>(literary)</small> | ||
|colspan="2"|Đelal | |colspan="2"|Đelal | ||
|Đelala | |Đelala | ||
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|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Plural | |bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Plural | ||
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|bgcolor=#F5F5F5 rowspan="2"|'''''-t''' <small>(common)</small><br>'''''-ꞇi''' <small>(literary)</small> | |bgcolor=#F5F5F5 rowspan="2"|'''''-t''' <small>(common)''</small><br>'''''-ꞇi''' <small>(literary)</small> | ||
|colspan="2"|-l | |colspan="2"|-l | ||
| -la | | -la |
Revision as of 13:41, 11 March 2021
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Zhoushi language | |
---|---|
Neo-Bogmian, Bogmo-Zhengian | |
Зөшinчina | |
Pronunciation | /ʒu͡oʃɪnt͡ʃina/ |
Native to | |
Region | Slavic Belt in Thuadia |
Ethnicity | Zhoushi Slavs |
Native speakers | L1: 110,985,000 L2: 12,532,000 FL: 7,230,000 |
Thuado-Thrismaran languages
| |
Standard forms | Great Corpus of the New Zhoushi language
|
Dialects |
|
Modified Latin alphabet | |
Official status | |
Official language in | |
Recognised minority language in | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 | ZS |
ISO 639-2 | ZSG |
ISO 639-3 | ZSG |
Distribution of the language Absolute majority >30% of native speakers | |
Zhoushi language is a Slavic language out of Kento-Polyash language group, which is a official language of Zhousheng and a official federal language in Mustelaria along with Belgorian and Neo-Mustelarian.
Introduction
The language has a slavic root and grammar, however, unlike other slavic languages, has 8 grammatical cases (other have 7 or 6). Also, there are about 700 Zhengian words in present day Zhoushi language, they are inflected using Bogmian grammar. Old Zhengian, having been descendant out of Prei-Phnom languages, was slowly assimilated into Slavic grammar, having transformed into Slavic Zhengian. Because of the Zhengian accents profilerating, Zhoushi language has 40 unique phonemes, 2 of which are exclusive to Zhoushi language (those are /r̝̊/ (Voiceless alveolar fricative trill)[3] and /ȴ̩/ (Syllabic voiced alveolo-palatal lateral approximant)).
Alphabet
After the reform of 1912, when Bogmian language officially abandoned Protopolyash script in favor of the new Latin script, hoping to solve the problematic grammar, as multiple phonemes shared one symbol (such as "i" and "j" were both noted as "ⲓ") Three official versions of the new script had been made:
- Grapheme version: This version was later adopted as the official alphabet of the new Zhoushi language in 1984, uses special symbols for each phoneme
- Diacritic version: This version uses basic latin alphabet and solves the phonemes by adding diacritic symbols. Although still being recognized as a acceptable version of the language, it is barely used.
- Digraph version: This version uses digraphs to sign specifical phonemes. It was dropped in early 1950's, as it didn't solve the main reason why Bogmians abandoned the Protopolyash script in the first place.
Zhoushi, although not officially using it, sometimes used lenghtened marks for vowels and syllabic consonants. Those symbols were used in some historical transcripts, but were eventually faded in pre-1950's unification proposals and didn't make it into the official grammar of 1984.
Aa /a/ |
Bb /b/ |
Cc /ʦ/ |
Чч /ʧ ~ ʨ/ |
Dd /d ~ ɖ/ |
Đđ /ɟ/ |
Ƌƌ /ʣ/ |
Ee /ɛ/ |
Єє /e/ |
Ff /f/ |
Gg /g/ |
Гг /ʤ ~ ʥ/ |
Hh /ɦ ~ h/ |
Ȝȝ /x/ |
Ii /i ~ ɪ/ |
Jj /j/ |
Kk /k/ |
Ll /l/ |
Λλ /ȴ/ |
Mm /m ~ m̥/ |
Nn /n ~ ɳ/ |
Ƞƞ /ɲ/ |
Oo /o ~ ɔ/ |
Өө /uo/ |
Pp /p/ |
Qq /kv/ |
Rr /r ~ r̥/ |
Ꝛꝛ /r̝ ~ r̝̊/ |
Ss /s/ |
Шш /ʃ ~ ɕ/ |
Tt /t ~ ʈ/ |
Ꞇꞇ /c/ |
Þþ /ð ~ θ/ |
Uu /u/ |
Vv /v/ |
Ƿƿ /w ~ ʋ/ |
Xx /ks/ |
Yy /ɨ/ |
Zz /z/ |
Зз /ʒ ~ ʑ/ |
Detailed table
Official (Grapheme) version | Diacritic version | Digraph version | Protopolyash version | IPA Symbol | Example of a common word with the sound | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | A a | A a | A a | Ⲁ ⲁ | /a/ | After | |||
✘ | ⨇ ⩕ | Ꜳ ꜳ | Ā ā | Aa aa | /aː/ | Ask | |||
2 | B b | B b | B b | Ⲃ ⲃ | /b/ | Label | |||
3 | C c | C c | C c | Ϭ ϭ | /ʦ/ | Its | |||
4 | Ч ч | Č č | Cz cz | ϬⲌ ϭⲍ | /ʧ/ | Check | |||
5 | D d | D d | D d | Ⲇ ⲇ | /d/ | Done | |||
6 | Đ đ | Ď ď | Dj Dj | Ϫ ϫ | /ɟ/ | Voiced palatal plosive (not in common) | |||
7 | Ƌ ƌ | D́ d́ | Dz dz | ⲆⲌ ⲇⲍ | /ʣ/ | Voiced alveolar affricate (not in common) | |||
8 | E e | E e | E e | Ⲉ ⲉ | /ɛ/ | Bed (General American accent) | |||
✘ | Ѥ ѥ | Ē ē | Ee ee | /ɛː/ | Air | ||||
9 | Є є | Ě ě | Je je | /e/ | Bed (Australian accent) | ||||
✘ | Э э | Ê ê | Jee jee | /eː/ | Not in common. Example: "Jemand" in Sino-Gadorien language | ||||
10 | F f | F f | F f | Ⲫ ⲫ | /f/ | Fine | |||
11 | G g | G g | G g | Ⲅ ⲅ | /g/ | Game | |||
12 | Г г | Ǧ ǧ | Dzh dzh | Ϧ ϧ | /ʤ/ | Jam | |||
13 | H h | H h | H h | Ϩ ϩ | /ɦ/ /h/ |
Hello | |||
14 | Ȝ ȝ | Ȟ ȟ | Ch ch | Ⲭ ⲭ | /x/ | Velar fricative (not in common: examples: voiceless / voiced) | |||
15 | I i | I i | I i | Ⲓ ⲓ | /i/ /ɪ/ |
Free / Bit (General American) | |||
✘ | Ꝩ ꝩ | Ī ī | Ii ii | /iː/ /ɪː/ |
Wheel | ||||
16 | J j | J j | J j | /j/ | You | ||||
17 | K k | K k | K k | Ⲕ ⲕ | /k/ | Key | |||
18 | L l | L l | L l | Ⲗ ⲗ | /l/ | Later | |||
✘ | Ł ł | Ĺ ĺ | /l̩/ | Not in common. Example: "Vlk" in Velnotian language | |||||
19 | Λ λ | Ľ ľ | Lj lj | /ȴ/ | Million | ||||
✘ | Л л | L̀ l̀ | /ȴ̩/ | Not in common | |||||
20 | M m | M m | M m | Ⲙ ⲙ | /m/ | Mother | |||
✘ | ʍ ʍ | Ḿ ḿ | /m̩/ | Impressionism | |||||
21 | N n | N n | N n | Ⲛ ⲛ | /n/ | Month | |||
22 | Ƞ ƞ | Ň ň | Nj nj | /ɲ/ | New | ||||
23 | O o | O o | O o | Ⲟ ⲟ | /o/ /ɔ/ |
Yawn / Not | |||
✘ | Ꝏ ꝏ | Ō ō | Oo oo | /oː/ /ɔː/ |
Alright | ||||
24 | Ө ө | Ǒ ǒ | Uo uo Ou ou |
/u͡o/ | Not in common. Example: "Kôň" in Slovanic language | ||||
✘ | Ѳ ѳ | Ô ô | Uoo uoo Ouo ouo |
/u͡oː/ | Not in common | ||||
25 | P p | P p | P p | Ⲡ ⲡ | /p/ | Play | |||
26 | Q q | Q q | Q q | ⲔⲪ ⲕⲫ | /k͡v/ | A bigram of /k/ and /v/, for example in Question | |||
27 | R r | R r | R r | Ⲣ ⲣ | /r/ | Bright | |||
✘ | Ԗ ԗ | Ŕ ŕ | /r̩/ | Not in common. Example: "Krk" in Velnotian language | |||||
28 | Ꝛ ꝛ | Ř ř | Rz rz | /r̝/ /r̝̊/ |
Voiced and voiceless raised alveolar fricative trills (not in common) | ||||
29 | S s | S s | S s | Ⲥ ⲥ | /s/ | Surprise | |||
30 | Ш ш | Š š | Sz sz | Ϣ ϣ | /ʃ/ | Show | |||
31 | T t | T t | T t | Ⲧ ⲧ | /t/ | Time | |||
32 | Ꞇ ꞇ | Ť ť | Tj tj | Ϯ ϯ | /c/ | Voiceless palatal plosive (not in common) | |||
33 | Þ þ | T́ t́ | Th th | Ⲑ ⲑ | /ð/ /θ/ |
This / Thin | |||
34 | U u | U u | U u | Ⲩ ⲩ | /u/ | Boot | |||
✘ | Ɯ ɯ | Ū ū | Uu uu | /uː/ | Doom | ||||
35 | V v | V v | V v | Ⲯ ⲯ | /v/ | Valve | |||
36 | Ƿ ƿ | W w | Ƿ ƿ | W w | Ƿ ƿ | W w | Ⲫ ⲫ | /w/ /ʋ/ |
Weep |
37 | X x | X x | X x | Ⲝ ⲝ | /k͡s/ | A bigram of /k/ and /s/, for example in Maximal | |||
38 | Y y | Y y | Y y | Ⲩ ⲩ | /ɨ/ | Lip (London accent) | |||
✘ | У ү | Ȳ ȳ | Yy yy | /ɨː/ | Not in common. Example: "Über" in Sino-Gadorien language | ||||
39 | Z z | Z z | Z z | Ⲍ ⲍ | /z/ | Zoo | |||
40 | З з | Ž ž | Zh zh | ⲌϢ ⲍϣ | /ʒ/ | Pleasure |
Additional symbols
Zhoushi language, however, has multiple characters, that symbolize a concept and are regulairly used in a language:
Symbol | Zhoushi term | Common translation | Note |
---|---|---|---|
& / ɛ̗́ / 🙰 | Aj | And | A symbol, that can be used as "and" in sentence |
Ӿ | Xajλis | Xailis | Former currency of Zhousheng before adoption of Sekinar |
ᵴ | Seꞇien | Seten | Former subdivision of a currency of Zhousheng before adoption of Sekinar |
ᕋ | Sekinar | Sekinar | Symbol for Sekinar |
ֆ | Rovaƞ | Rovan | Symbol for a subdivision of Sekinar |
⳩ / ☧ | Jeзiш Bөg |
Jesus God |
Symbol used to depict Jesus or God, which is sometimes used in writing by religious people |
№ | Чislo | Number | Symbol used for denoting cardinal numbers |
# | Symbol used for denoting ordinal numbers | ||
₳ | Meƌimƞena | Intercurrency | Symbol for ACU (Anterian Currency Unit) |
∅ | Niч | Nothing | Symbol for empty set |
Punctuation
Following punctuation marks are officially recognized by Zhoushi language:
Symbol | Name | Meaning | Usage | Example |
---|---|---|---|---|
. | Bodka | End of sentence | OFTEN | I ate a banana. |
, | Чarka | End of a part of a sentence | OFTEN | I ate a banana, puked afterwards. |
! | Vykꝛiчƞik | Exclamation mark | OFTEN | Eat that banana! |
? | Tazaƞik | Question mark | OFTEN | Did you eat that banana? |
‽ | Obөjƞik | Interrobang | SOMETIMES | You ate all the bananas‽ |
⸮ | Retoriчƞik | Rhetorical question mark | SOMETIMES | Can't I stop myself from eating bananas⸮ |
Poȝybƞik | Doubt mark | RARELY | That banana raised my blood pressure | |
Utoчƞik | Conviction mark | RARELY | That banana intentionally raised my blood pressure | |
Vaзeƞik | Irony mark | RARELY | I love bananas sooo much I could eat them 25 hours a day |
Study version
Because of the wideness of the language and a set of different dialects, a special characters have been created for foreign people to learn the Zhoushi language. Those characters will be used in the inflection tables in this article, although in Zhoushi, they are replaced by their respective characters
Symbol | IPA | Placement |
---|---|---|
Ā ā | aː | Macron is added in noun & adjective inflections for suffix vowels |
Ą ą | a ~ ə | Ogonek is added in verbs for sounds reducted into Mid central vowel (/ə/) |
Ē ē | ɛː | Macron is added in noun & adjective inflections for suffix vowels |
Ę ę | ɛ ~ ə | Ogonek is added in verbs for sounds reducted into Mid central vowel (/ə/) |
Є̄ є̄ | eː | Macron is added in noun & adjective inflections for suffix vowels |
Ꚕ ꚕ | g ~ ɦ ~ h | Used in adjective inflections, as both g and h are grammatically correct |
Ī ī | iː ~ ɪː | Macron is added in noun & adjective inflections for suffix vowels |
Î î | i ~ ɪ ~ ◌ | Used for noun & adjective inflections, where i can, but doesn't need to, be included |
Ĵ ĵ | j ~ ◌ | Used for noun & adjective inflections, where j can, but doesn't need to, be included |
Ō ō | oː ~ ɔː | Macron is added in noun & adjective inflections for suffix vowels |
Ө̄ ө̄ | u͡oː | Macron is added in noun & adjective inflections for suffix vowels |
Œ œ | o ~ ɔ ~ ɛ | Used in adjective inflections, as both e and o are grammatically correct |
Ꝥ ꝥ | ð | Used as a modified version of Thorn (Þ) to denote only Voiced version of the sound |
Ū ū | uː | Macron is added in noun & adjective inflections for suffix vowels |
Ų ų | u ~ ə | Ogonek is added in verbs for sounds reducted into Mid central vowel (/ə/) |
Ȳ ȳ | ɨː | Macron is added in noun & adjective inflections for suffix vowels |
Ŷ ŷ | ɨ ~ ◌ | Used for noun & adjective inflections, where j can, but doesn't need to, be included |
Phonology
Place → | Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Laryngeal | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Manner ↓ | Bilabial | Labiodental | Linguolabial | Dental | Alveolar | Postal-veolar | Retroflex | Platal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | ||||||||||||
Nasal | m̥ | m | n | ɳ | ɲ | |||||||||||||||||||
Plosive | p | b | t | d | ʈ | ɖ | c | ɟ | k | g | q | |||||||||||||
Sibilant affricate | ʦ | ʣ | ʧ | ʤ | tʂ ~ ʈʂ | dʐ ~ ɖʐ | ʨ | ʥ | ||||||||||||||||
Non-sibilant affricate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sibilant fricative | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | ʂ | ʐ | ɕ | ʑ | ||||||||||||||||
Non-sibilant fricative | f | v | θ | ð | ʝ | x | ɣ | χ | h | ɦ | ||||||||||||||
Approximant | ʋ | j | w | |||||||||||||||||||||
Tap/Flap | ɾ̥ | ɾ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Trill | r̥ ~ r̝̊ | r ~ r̝ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Latelar affricate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Latelar fricative | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Latelar approximant | l | ȴ | ʟ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Latelar tap/flap |
Front-back → | Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Up-down ↓ | ||||||||||
Close | i | ɨ | u | |||||||
Near-close | ɪ | |||||||||
Close-mid | e | o | ||||||||
Mid | ə | |||||||||
Open-mid | ɛ | ʌ | ɔ | |||||||
Near-open | æ | ɐ | ||||||||
Open | a | ɑ | ɒ | |||||||
Diphthong | a͡u ~ ɛ͡u ~ e͡u ~ o͡u ~ ɔ͡u ~ u͡o ~ u͡ɔ ~ a͡e ~ a͡i | |||||||||
Long vowels | aː ~ ɛː ~ eː ~ iː ~ ɪː ~ oː ~ ɔː ~ uː ~ ɨː |
Bold are the common sounds, while regular sounds may happen in dialects and/or in a world for easier pronunciation
Nouns
Grammatical gender
Zhoushi languages distinguishes a total of 3 grammatical genders, one being latter subdivided into animate and inanimate forms[4] and one non-gender labeled as "Indifferent",[5] which has the simplest inflection rules:
- Masculine (Muзsky)
- Masculine animate (Muзsky Зiƿny) (symbol ♂, letter M)
- Masculine inanimate (Muзsky Ƞeзiƿny) (symbol ⚦, letter D)
- Feminine (Зonsky) (symbol ♀, letter F)
- Neuter (Srєdsky) (symbol ⚲, letter N)
- Indifferent (Ƞemistny) (symbol ⚥, letter I) (used is some foreign words, such as "Zombie" or with a religious terms. Name "Preah"[6] (In Zhoushi "Priєȝ") is for example inflected as indifferent. As intedefferent are also declined terms for countries and regions ending as -ijє)
Grammatical cases
Zhoushi langauge works with 2 grammatical numbers (singular (Odnetƞik) and plural (Mnoзƞik), some dual forms are still present for some words) 8 separate grammatical cases:
- Nominative (Miƞik): Subject or a Predicate noun or adjectiv (Shorcut Nom., № 1)
- Genitive (Rodƞik): Possessive or partial direct object, without Subject (Shorcut Gen., № 2)
- Dative (Darƞik): Giving to Subject, phrases linked to certain verbs (Shorcut Dat., № 3)
- Accusative (Viƞik): Interract with Subject (see, hear, harass...) (Shorcut Acc., № 4)
- Locative (Mistƞik): In Subject, on Subject, past Subject, nearby Subject, about Subject (Shorcut Loc., № 5)
- Instrumentative (Tvorƞik): Using Subject, with Subject (Shorcut Ins., № 6)
- Ablative (Mєrƞik): Part of Subject, compared to Subject, the way (Shorcut Abl., № 7)
- Vocative (Volaƞik): Referring to Subject, calling Subject (Shorcut Voc., № 8)
There are 16 Inflection patterns (4 for Masculine animate, 4 for Masculine inanimate, 4 for Feminine and 4 for Neuter)
Grammatical inflection
- C → Ч
- D → Đ
- Ƌ → Г
- E → Є
- H → Ȝ
- L → Λ
- N → Ƞ
- R → Ꝛ
- S → Ш
- T → Ꞇ
- Z → З
Translation to Common | Code | Singular | Plural | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nom. | Gen. | Dat. | Acc. | Loc. | Ins. | Abl. | Voc. | Nom. | Gen. | Dat. | Acc. | Loc. | Ins. | Abl. | Voc. | ||
Masculine Animate | |||||||||||||||||
Man | M | Muз | Muзe | Muзi | Muзє | Muзi | Muзem | Muзi | Muзi! | Muзy Muзove |
Muзө | Muзūm | Muзe | Muзyȝ | Muзmy Muзemy |
Muзymy | Muзy! |
∅ | -e | -i | -є | -i | -em | -i | -i! | -y -ovē |
-ө | -ūm | -e | -yȝ | -my -emy |
-ymy | -y! | ||
Sir | P | Pan | Pana | Panovi | Pana | Panovi | Panem | Pani | Pane! | Pany Panove |
Panū | Panūm | Pany | Paneȝ | Pany | Panymy | Paƞy! |
∅ | -a | -ovi | -a | -ovi | -em | -i | -e! | -y -ovē |
-ū | -ūm | -y | -eȝ | -y | -ymy | -ьy! | ||
Mayor | S | Starosta | Starosty | Starostovi | Starostu | Starostovi | Starostө | Starosti | Starosto! | Starosty Starostove |
Starostө | Starostūm | Starosty | Starosteȝ | Starosty | Starosty | Staroste! |
-a | -y | -ovi | -u | -ovi | -ө | -i | -o! | -y -ovē |
-ө | -ūm | -y | -eȝ | -y | -y | -e! | ||
Leader | V | Vөdce | Vөdce | Vөdcovi | Vөdce | Vөdcovi Vөdci |
Vөdcem | Vөdci | Vөdce! Vөdчe! |
Vөdci Vөdcove |
Vөdcū | Vөdcūm | Vөdce | Vөdciȝ | Vөdci | Vөdcy | Vөdci! |
-e | -e | -ovi | -e | -ovi -i |
-em | -i | -e! -ьe! |
-i -ovē |
-ū | -ūm | -e | -iȝ | -i | -y | -i! | ||
Masculine Inanimate | |||||||||||||||||
State | Ш | Шtat | Шtatu | Шtatu | Шtat | Шtatu | Шtatem | Шtaty | Шtate! | Шtaty | Шtatө | Шtatom | Шtaty | Шtateȝ | Шtatmy Шtatamy |
Шtatemy | Шtaty! |
∅ | -u | -u | ∅ | -u | -em | -y | -e! | -y | -ө | -om | -y | -eȝ | -y -amy |
-emy | -y! | ||
Forest | L | Lєs | Lєsa Lєsu |
Lєsu | Lєs | Lєse | Lєsem | Lєsy | Lєse! | Lєsy | Lєsө | Lєsөm | Lєsy | Lєseȝ | Lєsmy | Lєsemy | Lєsy! |
∅ | -a -u |
-u | ∅ | -e | -em | -y | -e! | -y | -ө | -өm | -y | -eȝ | -my | -emy | -y! | ||
Machine | T | Stroj | Stroje | Stroji | Stroj | Stroji | Strojem | Strojy | Stroji! | Stroje | Strojө | Strojөm | Stroje | Strojiȝ | Strojmi Strojemi |
Strojamy | Stroje! |
∅ | -e | -i | ∅ | -i | -em | -y | -i! | -e | -ө | -өm | -e | -iȝ | -mi -emi |
-amy | -e! | ||
Church | C | Cerkev[7] | Cerkvi | Cerkvi | Cerkev | Cerkvi | Cerkvi Cerkvө |
Cerkvy | Cerkevo! | Cerkve | Cerkvө | Cerkvөm | Cerkve | Cerkveȝ | Cerkvimi Cerkvamy |
Cerkavy | Cerkve! |
-ev | -vi | -vi | -ev | -vi | -vi -vө |
-vy | -evo! | -ve | -vө | -vөm | -ve | -veȝ | -vimi -vamy |
-avy | -ve! | ||
Feminine | |||||||||||||||||
Woman | З | Зona | Зony | Зonje | Зonu | Зonє | Зonө | Зoni | Зono! | Зoni | Зon | Зonām | Зony | Зonaȝ | Зonami Зonama |
Зonimi Зonima |
Зoniє! |
-a | -y | -je | -u | -є | -ө | -i | -o! | -i | ∅ | -ām | -y | -aȝ | -ami -ama |
-imi -ima |
-iє! | ||
Rose | Ө | Rөзe | Rөзe | Rөзi | Rөзi | Rөзi | Rөзiji | Rөзej | Rөзe! | Rөзe | Rөзī | Rөзīm | Rөзє | Rөзiȝ | Rөзemi Rөзema |
Rөзimi | Rөзe! |
-e | -e | -i | -i | -i | -iji | -ej | -e! | -e | -ī | -īm | -є | -iȝ | -emi -ema |
-imi | -e! | ||
Cherry | Ч | Чerшeƞ | Чerшƞe | Чerшƞi | Чerшeƞ | Чerшƞi | Чerшƞiji | Чerшƞi | Чerшƞi! | Чerшƞe | Чerшƞī | Чerшƞīm | Чerшƞє | Чerшƞiȝ | Чerшƞemi Чerшƞimi |
Чerшƞimi | Чerшƞe! |
-eƞ | -ƞe | -ƞi | -eƞ | -ƞi | -ƞiji | -ƞi | -ƞi! | -ƞe | -ƞī | -ƞīm | -ƞє | -ƞiȝ | -ƞemi -ƞimi |
-ƞimi | -ƞe! | ||
Joy | Ꞇ | Radosꞇ | Radosꞇi | Radosꞇi | Radosꞇ | Radosꞇi | Radosꞇiji | Radosꞇi | Radosꞇi! Radosꞇ! |
Radosꞇi | Radosꞇīȝ | Radosꞇem | Radosꞇi | Radosꞇeȝ | Radosꞇmi Radosꞇami |
Radosꞇim | Radosꞇi! Radosꞇє! |
∅ | -i | -i | ∅ | -i | -iji | -i | -i! ∅! |
-i | -īȝ | -em | -i | -eȝ | -mi -ami |
-im | -i! -є! | ||
Neuter | |||||||||||||||||
Sea | Ꝛ | Moꝛe | Moꝛe | Moꝛi | Moꝛє | Moꝛi | Moꝛem | Moꝛy | Moꝛe! | Moꝛe | Moꝛîĵī | Moꝛīm | Moꝛe | Moꝛiȝ | Moꝛima Moꝛema |
Moꝛimi | Moꝛe! |
-e | -e | -i | -є | -i | -em | -y | -e! | -e | -îĵī | -īm | -e | -iȝ | -ima -ema |
-imi | -e! | ||
City | Ƞ | Miƞєsto | Miƞєsta | Miƞєstu | Miƞєsto | Miƞєstu | Miƞєstem | Miƞєsty | Miƞєsto! | Miƞєsta | Miƞєst | Miƞєstūm Miƞєstөm |
Miƞєsta | Miƞєsteȝ | Miƞєsty | Miƞєsti | Miƞєsta! |
-o | -a | -u | -o | -u | -em | -y | -o! | -a | ∅ | -ūm -өm |
-a | -eȝ | -y | -i | -a! | ||
Chicken | K | Kuꝛe | Kuꝛete | Kuꝛeꞇi | Kuꝛє | Kuꝛeꞇi | Kuꝛetem | Kuꝛy | Kuꝛe! | Kuꝛata | Kuꝛat | Kuꝛatūm Kuꝛatөm |
Kuꝛata | Kuꝛateȝ Kuꝛataȝ |
Kuꝛaty | Kuꝛati | Kuꝛata! |
-e | -ete | -eꞇi | -є | -eꞇi | -etem | -y | -e! | -ata | -at | -atūm -atөm |
-ata | -ateȝ -ataȝ |
-aty | -ati | -ata! | ||
Reeds | R | Rakosij[8] | Rakosi | Rakosi | Rakosijє | Rakosiĵî | Rakosi | Rakosij | Rakosîĵe! | Rakosiĵ | Rakosīȝ Rakosit |
Rakosī | Rakosijє | Rakosiĵîȝ | Rakosi | Rakosij | Rakosîĵe! |
-ij | -i | -i | -ijє | -iĵî | -i | -ij | -îĵe! | -iĵ | -īȝ -it |
-ī | -ijє | -iĵîȝ | -i | -ij | -îĵe! | ||
Indifferent | |||||||||||||||||
Zombie | I | Zombie | Zombi | Zombi | Zombi | Zombi | Zombi | Zombi | Zombi! | Zombiei | Zombīĵei | Zombīĵei | Zombīĵei | Zombīĵei | Zombīĵei | Zombīĵei | Zombīĵei! Zombīje! |
-e | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ | ∅! | -ei | ∸ĵei | ∸ĵei | ∸ĵei | ∸ĵei | ∸ĵei | ∸ĵei | ∸ĵei! ∸je! | ||
Anteria | Є | Anterijє | Anterije | Anteriji | Anterijє | Anteriji | Anteriji | Anteriji | Anterijє! Anterije! |
Anterije | Anterijiȝ | Anterijōm | Anterije | Anterijiȝ | Anterijimi | Anterijimy | Anterije! |
Note: Anteria as a term is almost never inflected as plural (multiple "Anteriae"). | |||||||||||||||||
-є | -e | -i | -є | -i | -i | -i | -є! -e! |
-e | -iȝ | -ōm | -e | -iȝ | -imi | -imy | -! |
Adjectives
Association to gender
Zhoushi adjectives could be divided into four groups:
- Descriptive soft
- Descriptive hard
- Possessive soft
- Possessive hard
Possessive adjectives describe a association to or a ownership of a certain object (such as "Father's car" - Oþcovo auto), while the descriptive adjectives describe a atribute or a property of the said object (such as "Blue car" - Modre auto). Adjectives do not differentiate between masculine inanimate and masculine animate.[9] Indifferent gender words are declined using neuter forms.
There are 4 Inflection patterns (One for each group of adjectives)
Grammatical inflection
- C → Ч
- D → Đ
- Ƌ → Г
- E → Є
- H → Ȝ
- L → Λ
- N → Ƞ
- R → Ꝛ
- S → Ш
- T → Ꞇ
- Z → З
Translation to Common | Code | Singular | Plural | Gender | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nom.+Voc. | Gen. | Dat. | Acc. | Loc. | Ins. | Abl. | Nom.+Voc. | Gen. | Dat. | Acc. | Loc. | Ins. | Abl. | |||||
Descriptive Hard | ||||||||||||||||||
Young | J | Malodȳĵ | Malodœꚕo | Malodœmu | Malodœꚕo | Malodīm Malodēm |
Malodȳm | Malodīmy | Malođi | Malodȳȝ | Malodȳm | Malodîĵe | Malodȳȝ | Malodȳmi | Malodȳmy | Masculines | ||
Malodē | Malodā | Malodēȝ | Neuter | |||||||||||||||
Malodā | Malodîĵe | Malodē | Malodө̄ | Malodє̄ | Malodө̄ | Malodө̄ | Malodē | Malodīȝ | Feminines | |||||||||
-ȳĵ | -œꚕo | -œmu | -œꚕo | -īm -ēm |
-ȳm | -īmy | -ьi | -ȳȝ | -ȳm | -îĵe | -ȳȝ | -ȳmi | -ȳmy | Masculines | ||||
-ē | -ā | -ēȝ | Neuter | |||||||||||||||
-ā | -îĵe | -ē | -ө̄ | -є̄ | -ө̄ | -ө̄ | -ē | -īȝ | Feminines | |||||||||
Descriptive Soft | ||||||||||||||||||
Summer | E | Letƞī | Letƞīꚕo | Letƞīmu | Letƞī | Letƞīm | Letƞīm | Letƞīm | Letƞī | Letƞīȝ | Letƞīm | Letƞī | Letƞīȝ | Letƞīmi | Letƞīmy | Masculine | ||
Letƞī | Letƞī | Letƞī | Letƞī | Letƞī | Letƞī | Letƞī | Letƞīȝ | Letƞīm | Letƞī | Letƞīȝ | Letƞīmi | Letƞīmy | Feminine Neuter | |||||
-ī | -īꚕo | -īmu | -ī | -īm | -īm | -īm | -ī | -īȝ | -īm | -ī | -īȝ | -īmi | -īmy | Masculine | ||||
-ī | -ī | -ī | -ī | -ī | -ī | -ī | -īȝ | -īm | -ī | -īȝ | -īmi | -īmy | Feminine Neuter | |||||
Possessive Hard | ||||||||||||||||||
Father's | O | Oþcө̄v Oþcovo |
Oþcova | Oþcovu | Oþcovo | Oþcovo Oþcovє |
Oþcovo Oþcovym |
Oþcovi | Oþcovi Oþcovy |
Oþcovyȝ Oþcovo |
Oþcovym | Oþcovy | Oþcovyȝ Oþcovo |
Oþcovymi | Oþcovymy | Masculines Neuter | ||
Oþcөva | Oþcovy | Oþcovjє | Oþcovu | Feminine | ||||||||||||||
-ө̄v -ovo |
-ova | -ovu | -ovo | -ovo -ovє |
-ovo -ovym |
-ovi | -ovi -ovy |
-ovyȝ -ovo |
-ovym | -ovy | -ovyȝ -ovo |
-ovymi | -ovymy | Masculines Neuter | ||||
-өva | -ovy | -ovjє | -ovu | Feminine | ||||||||||||||
Possessive Soft | ||||||||||||||||||
Mother's | Ч | Maꞇчin | Maꞇчina | Maꞇчiƞe | Maꞇчina | Maꞇчiƞe | Maꞇчinym | Maꞇчiny | Maꞇчiny | Maꞇчinyȝ | Maꞇчinym | Maꞇчiny | Maꞇчinyȝ | Maꞇчinymi | Maꞇчinymy | Masculines | ||
Maꞇчina | Maꞇчiny | Maꞇчinu | Feminine | |||||||||||||||
Maꞇчino | Maꞇчina | Maꞇчino | Neuter | |||||||||||||||
∅ | -a | -ьe | -a | -ьe | -ym | -y | -y | -yȝ | -ym | -y | -yȝ | -ymi | -ymy | Masculines | ||||
-a | -y | -u | Feminine | |||||||||||||||
-o | -a | -o | Neuter |
Zhoushi uses five forms for comparison of the adjective:
- Negative - Negation of the word: Happy → Unhappy
- Positive - Basic form of the word: Happy
- Comparative - Form for comparison relative to something: Happy → Happier
- Superlative - Form showing absolute relative to a group: Happy → Happiest
- Augmentative - Form showing absolute position without a relative: Happy → Ultimately/Absolutely happy
Pronouns
Pronouns are inflected as well. Zhoushi has multiple factors, such as masculine, feminine neuter and indifferent singular third person, inclusive and exclusive first person plural and reflexive pronouns.
Translation to Common | Person and number | Nom. | Gen. | Dat. | Acc. | Loc. | Ins. | Abl. | Voc. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | Me | First | Singular | Ja | Miƞe | Mi Mƞe |
Mƞe | Mƞe | Mnө | Mnu | |
You (Singular) |
Second | Ty | Tebe | Tobi Tobjє |
Tebe | Tobjє | Tebө | Tebu | Ty! | ||
He | Him | Third | Өn | Ƞej Jeꚕo |
Ƞemu Jemu |
Ƞej Jej |
Ƞem Jim |
Ƞim Jij |
Ƞimu Jiju |
||
She | Her | Өna | Ƞi Jej |
Ƞi Ji |
Ƞi Ji |
Ƞi Ji |
Ƞi Ji |
Ƞu Ju |
|||
It | Өno | Өnoꚕo | Өnœmu | Өno | Өƞem Өƞeȝ |
Өƞim | Өnu | ||||
They (Singular)[10] |
Them | Өnu | Ƞij Joj |
Ƞi Ji |
Ƞij Jij |
Ƞij Jij |
Ƞij Jij |
Ƞiju Jiju |
|||
-self (Singular) |
Reflexive | Sebe | Sobje Sobjє |
Sebe Se |
Sobje Sobjє |
Sebө | Sebu | ||||
We (Inclusive)[11] |
Us | First | Plural | Ny | Nas | Nam | Nas Ny |
Nas | Nami | Namu | Ny! |
We (Exclusive) |
Us | My | Mas | Mam Minam |
Mas | Mas | Mami | Mamu | My! | ||
You (Plural + formal) |
Second | Vy | Vas | Vam |
Vas | Vas | Vami | Vamu Vanu |
Vy! | ||
They (Masculine) |
Them | Third | Oni | Ƞiȝ Jiȝ |
Ƞim Jim |
Ƞe Je |
Ƞiȝ Jiȝ |
Ƞimi Jimi |
Ƞimu Jimu |
||
They (Feminine) |
Them | Ony | Ƞeȝ Jeȝ |
Ƞim Jim |
Ƞe Je |
Ƞyȝ Jyȝ |
Ƞimy Jimy |
Ƞimu Jimu |
|||
They (Neuter/indifferent) |
Them | Ona | Ƞєȝ Oƞєȝ |
Ƞim Oƞim |
Ƞe Oƞe |
Ƞiȝ Oƞiȝ |
Ƞimy Oƞimy |
Ƞimu Oƞimu |
|||
-self (Plural)[12] |
Reflexive | Sєbe | Sөbje Sөbjє |
Sєbe Sє |
Sөbje Sөbjє |
Sєbө | Sєbu |
In plural, if the subject of the coversation which is substituted by "they" a mix of multiple genders, there is a hierarchy of genders which are prefered. Here is a list:
- Masculine (both animate and inanimate) - Muзy, Lєsy, Rөзe aj Kuꝛata - use "Oni"
- Feminine - Rөзe aj Kuꝛata - use "Ony"
- Neuter/indifferent - Kuꝛata aj Miƞєsta - use "Ona"
If masculine is present, use masculine form. If there is no masculine, but there is a feminine, use feminine form. Use neuter if only indifferent and neuter words are present.
Numbers
Due to the prominence of hexadactyly between the Zhoushi populace, Zhousheng is one of the few nations, that developed a dozenal system. Zhousheng officially used latinized dozenal system until 1978, when the government officially decided to abandon the system and move towards a decimal system. In school, both systems are told in a paralel to each other, which helps Zhoushi students to better understand numbers and aren't tied to just one graphical representation of the number, supporting abstract thinking. However, this also causes some problems with education, therefore math is being told in kindergarden as well to balance the pressure kids would be subjected during math exams.
Numbers 1-10
Decimal (Base 10) |
Dozenal (Base 12) |
Old Zhengian Numerals | Zhoushi dozenal | Preimeai numerals | Decimal term (Common) |
Dozenal term (Common) |
Decimal term (Zhoushi) |
Dozenal term (Zhoushi) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0 | ០ | 0 | ០ | Zero | Zero | Nula | Nula |
1 | 1 | ១ | 1 | ១ | One | One | Oden | Oden |
2 | 2 | ໒ | 2 | ២ | Two | Two | Dva | Dva |
3 | 3 | ៣ | 3 | ៣ | Three | Three | Tꝛi | Tꝛi |
4 | 4 | ൪ | 4 | ៤ | Four | Four | Чotyꝛi | Чotyꝛi |
5 | 5 | ૫ | 5 | ៥ | Five | Five | Peꞇ | Peꞇ |
6 | 6 | ૬ | 6 | ៦ | Six | Six | Шosꞇ | Шosꞇ |
7 | 7 | ൭ | 7 | ៧ | Seven | Seven | Sydem | Sydem |
8 | 8 | ൮ | 8 | ៨ | Eight | Eight | Өsem | Өsem |
9 | 9 | ໙ | 9 | ៩ | Nine | Nine | Đeveꞇ | Đeveꞇ |
10 | ↊ (International) (USA) A (Code) |
൰ | ᚴ | ១០ | Ten | Dek | Deseꞇ | Deseꞇ |
11 | ↋ (International) (USA) B (Code) |
൯ | ⵒ | ១១ | Eleven | El | Jedenasꞇ | Hєleꞇ |
12 | 10 | ൫ (Cyclical) ១០ |
ᘐ (Cyclical) 10 |
១២ | Twelve | Do | Dvanasꞇ | Ceλeꞇ (Cyclical) Tuƌeꞇ |
Currently, dozenal system is used only sparsely in common use, but for example clocks still retained their original cyclic description (that is 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-ᚴ-ⵒ-ᘐ), so called cyclical symbol, noted as "ᘐ" in new Zhoushi numerals refers to a number in a twelve-step cycle. Example could be clock, where numerals 10, 11 and 12 are replaced by ᚴ, ⵒ and ᘐ to this day. Some translations of the Kaȝin Canon still use dozenal naming, especially in the Book of Revelation of John.
Numbers 11-1ⵒ
Numbers 11-1ⵒ are created by adding suffix "-asꞇ" (Or "-nasꞇ") to the numbers 1-ⵒ. The same system applied to the old decimal numbering, therefore, the next table is listing both decimal and dozenal, keep in mind the values are relative:
Symbol (Dozenal) |
Symbol (Zhoushi) |
Symbol (Zhengian) |
Symbol (Preimeai) |
Literal translation (Common) |
Zhoushi term |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
11 | 11 | ១១ | ១១ | Eleven | Odenasꞇ |
12 | 12 | ១໒ | ១២ | Twelve | Dvanasꞇ |
13 | 13 | ១៣ | ១៣ | Thirteen | Tꝛinasꞇ |
14 | 14 | ១૫ | ១៥ | Fourteen | Чotyrnasꞇ |
15 | 15 | ១൪ | ១៤ | Fifteen | Peꞇnasꞇ |
16 | 16 | ១૬ | ១៦ | Sixteen | Шosꞇnasꞇ |
17 | 17 | ១൭ | ១៧ | Seventeen | Sydemnasꞇ |
18 | 18 | ១൮ | ១៨ | Eighteen | Өsemnasꞇ |
19 | 19 | ១໙ | ១៩ | Nineteen | Đeveꞇenasꞇ |
1↊ | 1ᚴ | ១൰ | -- | Tenteen | Deseꞇenasꞇ |
1↋ | 1ⵒ | ១൯ | -- | Elteen | Hєleꞇenasꞇ |
Tens
Tens, similar to 10 (Deseꞇ, Tuƌeꞇ), other multiples of 10 are made using the numbers 1-ⵒ and adding suffix "-ƌet" (10-40) or "-desaꞇ" (50-ⵒ0):
Symbol (Dozenal) |
Symbol (Zhoushi) |
Symbol (Zhengian) |
Symbol (Preimeai) |
Literal translation (Common) |
Zhoushi term |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 | 10 | ១០ | ១០ | Ten/Do | Deseꞇ/Tuƌeꞇ |
20 | 20 | ໒០ | ២០ | Twenty | Dvaƌeꞇ |
30 | 30 | ៣០ | ៣០ | Thirty | Tꝛiƌeꞇ |
40 | 40 | ૫០ | ៥០ | Fourty | Чotyꝛiƌeꞇ |
50 | 50 | ൪០ | ៤០ | Fifty | Pedesaꞇ |
60 | 60 | ૬០ | ៦០ | Sixty | Шodesaꞇ |
70 | 70 | ൭០ | ៧០ | Seventy | Sydemdesaꞇ |
80 | 80 | ൮០ | ៨០ | Eighty | Өsemdesaꞇ |
90 | 90 | ໙០ | ៩០ | Ninety | Đevedesaꞇ |
↊0 | ᚴ0 | ൰០ | -- | Tenty | Desedesaꞇ |
↋0 | ⵒ0 | ൯០ | -- | Elty | Hєledesaꞇ |
Numbers 21-ⵒⵒ
Regular numbers between 20 and 100 are made by the combination of the tens and units. The western (Haldenian) dialects, having been influenced by Gadori grammar, sometimes use a version with the conjunction interix "-a-" with a switched order. Here are some examples:
Symbol (Dozenal) |
Symbol (Zhoushi) |
Symbol (Zhengian) |
Symbol (Preimeai) |
Literal translation (Common) |
Zhoushi term | Haldenian dialect |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
23 | 23 | ໒០ | ២០ | Twenty three | Dvaƌeꞇ tꝛi | Tꝛiadvaƌeꞇ |
37 | 37 | ៣൭ | ៣៧ | Thirty seven | Tꝛiƌeꞇ sydem | Sydematꝛiƌeꞇ |
41 | 41 | ૫១ | ៥១ | Fourty one | Чotyꝛiƌeꞇ oden | Odenaчotyꝛiƌeꞇ |
5↊ | 5ᚴ | ൪൰ | -- | Fifty ten | Pedesaꞇ deseꞇ | Deseꞇapedesaꞇ |
66 | 66 | ૬૬ | ៦៦ | Sixty seven | Шodesaꞇ шosꞇ | Шosꞇaшodesaꞇ |
7↋ | 7ⵒ | ൭൯ | -- | Seventy el | Sydemdesaꞇ hєleꞇ | Hєleꞇasydemdesaꞇ |
85 | 85 | ൮០ | ៨០ | Eighty five | Өsemdesaꞇ peꞇ | Peꞇaөsemdesaꞇ |
99 | 99 | ໙໙ | ៩៩ | Ninety nine | Đevedesaꞇ đeveꞇ | Đeveꞇađevedesaꞇ |
↊4 | ᚴ4 | ൰൪ | -- | Tenty four | Desedesaꞇ чotyꝛi | Чotyꝛiadesedesaꞇ |
↋2 | ⵒ2 | ൯០ | -- | Elty two | Hєledesaꞇ dva | Dvaadєledesaꞇ |
Number past 100
TBA
Inflection of numbers
Common | Nom. | Gen. | Dat. | Acc. | Loc. | Ins. | Abl. | Voc. | Gender/Number | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Link to Singular genitive | ||||||||||
Zero | Nula | Nuly | Nule | Nulu | Nule | Nulө | Nulө | Nulo! | Universal | Every form needs a noun in genitive, not in the restpective case |
Quarter | Чoterꞇ | Чoterꞇi | Чoterꞇi | Чoterꞇ | Чoterꞇi | Чoterꞇī | Чoterꞇī | Чoterꞇi! | Universal | Used for example for "Quarter a bread" → "Чoterꞇ Ȝilaba" |
Half | Pөl | Pөli | Pөli | Pөl | Pөli | Pөlī | Pөlī | Pөli! | Universal | Used for example for "Half a bread" → "Pөl Ȝilaba" |
Link to Singular form of the noun | ||||||||||
Other fractions | -(ꞇ)ina (suffix) |
-(ꞇ)iny | -(ꞇ)iƞe | -(ꞇ)inu | -(ꞇ)iƞe | -(ꞇ)inө | -(ꞇ)inөj | -(ꞇ)ino! | Singular | Used for fractions with number 1 in the numerator (example: ⅛ - Odna өsmina) |
-(ꞇ)iny (suffix) |
-(ꞇ)in | -(ꞇ)inom | -(ꞇ)iny | -(ꞇ)ināȝ | -(ꞇ)ināmi | -(ꞇ)ināmi | -(ꞇ)iny! | Paucal Plural |
Used for fractions with numbers 2-4 in the numerator (example: ⅜ - Tꝛi өsminy) | |
-(ꞇ)in | Plural | Used for fractions with numbers 5-∞, all negatives and all non-integers in the numerator (example: ⅝ - Peꞇ өsmin). The fraction word is not inflected and remains in genitive | ||||||||
One | Oden | Odnœꚕo | Odnœmu | Oden | Odnom | Odƞīm | Odƞīm | Oden! | Masculine | |
Odna | Odnē | Odnē | Odnu | Odnē | Odƞө̄ | Odƞom | Odna! | Feminine | ||
Oden | Odno | Odnœmu | Odno | Odnœm | Odƞīm | Odƞīm | Odno! | Neuter | ||
Raz | Razu | Razu | Raz | Razu | Razœm | Razœm | Raze! | Universal | Term used in the west for "one" without a noun term, such as counting | |
Link to Plural form of the noun | ||||||||||
Two | Dva | Dvө | Dvөm | Dva | Dvө | Dvєma | Dvєma | Dva! | Masculine | Old dual noun terms might still pop up in this usage time to time |
Dvє | Dvө | Dvєma | Dvє | Dvө | Dvєma | Dvөma | Dvє! | Feminine + Neuter | ||
Three | Tꝛi | Tꝛī Tꝛeȝ |
Tꝛem | Tꝛi | Tꝛeȝ | Tꝛema Tꝛemi |
Tꝛema Tꝛemi |
Tꝛi! | Universal | |
Four | Чotyꝛi | Чotyꝛ | Чotyꝛem | Чotyꝛi | Чotyꝛeȝ | Чotyꝛema | Чotyꝛema | Чotyꝛi! | Universal | |
Link to Plural genitive | ||||||||||
Five | Peꞇ | Peꞇi | Peꞇi | Peꞇ | Peꞇiȝ | Peꞇima Peꞇimi |
Peꞇima Peꞇimi |
Peꞇ! | Universal | Same inclension works for "Шosꞇ", "Đeveꞇ", "Deseꞇ", "Hєleꞇ" & "Ceλeꞇ" (6, 9, ᚴ (10), ⵒ (11), ᘐ (12/10)) |
Seven | Sydem | Sydmiȝ | Sydmi | Sydem | Sydmi | Sydmi | Sydmi | Sydîm! | Universal | Same inclension works for "Өsem" (8) |
Eleven | Odenasꞇ | Odenasꞇi | Odenasꞇi | Odenasꞇ | Odenasꞇi | Odenasꞇiĵî | Odenasꞇiĵî | Odenasꞇ! | Universal | Same inclension works for all 1◌ numbers |
Dozen | Tuƌeꞇ | Tuƌtu | Tuƌtu | Tuƌeꞇ | Tuƌtu | Tuƌtœm | Tuƌtœm | Tuƌte! | Singular | Term "Tuƌeꞇ" a plural version for multiple dozens of something |
Tuƌty | Tuƌtū | Tuƌtœm | Tuƌty | Tuƌteȝ | Tuƌty | Tuƌty | Tuƌty! | Plural | ||
Twenty | Dvaƌeꞇ | Dvaƌeꞇi | Dvaƌeꞇi | Dvaƌeꞇ | Dvaƌeꞇîĵeȝ | Dvaƌeꞇi | Dvaƌeꞇi | Dvaƌeꞇ! | Universal | Same inclension works for all ◌0 numbers end with a suffix -eꞇ |
Fifty | Pedesaꞇ | Pedesaꞇi | Pedesaꞇi | Pedesaꞇ | Pedesaꞇiȝ | Pedesaꞇi | Pedesaꞇi | Pedesaꞇiĵe! | Universal | Same inclension works for all ◌0 numbers end with a suffix -aꞇ |
Note: terms "Чoterꞇina" and "Pөloƿina" exist as well and are inflected as by the -(ꞇ)ina inflection Here are following terms for mathematical symbols
Symbol | Zhoushi term | Common translation | Note |
---|---|---|---|
= | Jest rovno | Is equal to | Note used for equation |
≈ | Bliзi se | Is approximate to | Note used for approximation |
≐ | |||
+ | Plus Aj |
Plus | Note used for addition |
- | Minus Bez |
Minus | Note used for subtraction |
\ | |||
⋅ | Krat | Times | Note used for multiplication |
× | |||
* | |||
: | Đeleno | Divided by | Note used for division |
÷ | |||
)̅ [13] | |||
⎷ | Fumocnina | Root | Note used for roots |
^ | Na Umocƞeno |
To the power of | Note used for exponentiation |
∧ | I | And | Note used for conjunction |
∩ | |||
∨ | Anebo | Or | Note used for disjunction |
∪ | |||
⊻ | Nebo | Alternatively | Note used for exclusive disjunction |
⩛ | |||
∴ | Aj proto | Therefore | Symbol used in short notes to symbolize forward implication |
→ | |||
∵ | Зtobo | Because | Symbol used in short notes to symbolize backward implication |
← | |||
≡ | Jest totoзny | Is equivalent/identical to | Symbol used in short notes to symbolize equivalence |
🡘 | |||
Verbs
First declension: example verb: "Đelat" = "To do"
Infinite form | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | Number | Literacy form | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MA | MI | F | N+I | MA | MI | F | N+I | MA | MI | F | N+I | |||
Present | ||||||||||||||
Đelat | Đelām | Đelāш | Đelā | Singular | Common | |||||||||
Đelāme | Đelāte | Đelajī | Plural | |||||||||||
-t | -◌̄m | -◌̄ш | -◌̄ | Singular | ||||||||||
-◌̄me | -◌̄te | -jī | Plural | |||||||||||
Đelaꞇi | Đelajų | Đelaješ | Đelaję | Singular | Literary | |||||||||
Đelajemo | Đelajetę | Đelajųt | Plural | |||||||||||
-ꞇi | -jų | -ješ | -ję | Singular | ||||||||||
-jemo | -jetę | -jųt | Plural | |||||||||||
Imperfekt | ||||||||||||||
Đelaȝet | Đelaȝ | Đelaшę | Đelaшeĵ | Singular | Universal | |||||||||
Đelaȝmo | Đelaste | Đelaȝų | Plural | |||||||||||
-ȝet | -ȝ | -шę | -шeĵ | Singular | ||||||||||
-ȝmo | -ste | -ȝų | Plural | |||||||||||
Verbal base | ||||||||||||||
Đelat (common) Đelaꞇi (literary) |
Đelal | Đelala | Đelalo | Đelal | Đelala | Đelalo | Đelal | Đelala | Đelalo | Singular | Universal | |||
Đelali | Đelaly | Đelala | Đelali | Đelaly | Đelala | Đelali | Đelaly | Đelala | Plural | |||||
-t (common) -ꞇi (literary) |
-l | -la | -lo | -l | -la | -lo | -l | -la | -lo | Singular | ||||
-li | -ly | -la | -li | -ly | -la | -li | -ly | -la | Plural | |||||
Imperative | ||||||||||||||
Đelaĵ! | Đelaj! | Singular | Universal | |||||||||||
Đelajmœ! | Đelajtє! | Plural | ||||||||||||
-ĵ! | -j! | Singular | ||||||||||||
-jmœ! | -jtє! | Plural |
Adverbia
wikipedia:Adverb TBA
Prepositions
TBA
Conjunctions
TBA
Particles
TBA
Interjections
TBA
Language examples
Lord's prayer
Following text shows Lord's prayer compared to Belgorian and Slovanic languages
Common language | Zhoushi (Grapheme) | Zhoushi (Diacritic) | Belgorian (Protopolyash) | Belgorian (Diacritic) | Slovanic langauge |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Our Father in heaven, | Oþчe naш, kitory jesꞇєш na ƞieby, | Ot́če naš, kitory jesťěš na ňieby, | ⲟⲧⲕⲓ ⲛⲁϣⲓ, ⲧⲓϣ ⲓⲥⲉϣ ⲛⲁ ⲛⲓⲉⲃϣⲓⲭⲁⲭ, | Otki naši, tiš iseš na niebšichach, | Otče náš, ktorý si na nebesiach, |
hallowed be your name. | mino Tiƿe buđ posviƌeno, | mino Tiwe buď posvid́eno, | ⲡⲟⲥⲫⲁⲧⲓⲓ ⲥⲁ ⲙⲉⲛⲟ ⲧⲯⲟⲓⲟ, | Posfatii sa meno Tvoio, | posväť sa meno Tvoje, |
Your kingdom come. | Tiƿoje guo pꝛiȝađ, | Tiwoje guo přiȟaď, | ⲡⲣⲓⲓⲭⲟⲇⲓⲓ ⲕⲣⲁⲗⲫⲥⲧⲯⲟ ⲧⲯⲟⲓⲟ, | Priichodii kralfstvo Tvoio, | príď kráľovstvo Tvoje, |
Your will be done, | biduч Tiƿuj janг, | biduč Tiwuj janǧ, | ⲃⲓⲓ ⲯⲩⲟⲗⲁ ⲧⲯⲟⲓⲁ, | bii vuola Tvoia, | buď vôľa Tvoja, |
on earth as it is in heaven. | jak v ƞeby, tak aj na zөmi. | jak v ňeby, tak aj na zǒmi. | ⲓⲁⲕ ⲯ ⲛⲓⲉⲃⲓ, ⲧⲁⲕ ⲁⲓ ⲛⲁ ⲍⲉⲙⲛⲓ. | iak v niebi, tak ai na zemni. | ako v nebi, tak i na zemi. |
Give us this day our daily bread | Ȝilab maш tudejшij divaj mam dƞes | Ȟilab maš tudejšij divaj mam dňes | ⲭⲗⲓⲉⲃⲓⲕ ⲛⲁϣ ⲯⲍⲇⲉⲓϣⲁⲓ ⲇⲁⲓ ⲛⲁⲙ ⲇⲛⲓⲉⲥ | Chliebik naš daj nam dnies | Chlieb náš daj nám dnes |
and forgive us our debts, | aj ƿypujuшꞇaj mam гriȝy maшije, | aj wypujušťaj mam ğriȟy mašije, | ⲓ ⲟⲇⲡⲩϣⲧⲓ ⲛⲁⲙ ⲛⲁϣⲓⲉ ⲯⲓⲛⲓⲉ, | i odpušti nam našie vinie, | a odpusť nám naše viny, |
as we also have forgiven our debtors. | jak aj my ƿypujuшamy mašim huoqum. | jak aj my wypujušamy mašim huoqum. | ⲓⲁⲕ ⲓ ⲙⲓ ⲟⲇⲡⲩϣⲧⲓⲁⲙⲉ ⲛⲁϣⲓⲙ ⲯⲓⲛⲓⲕⲁⲙ. | iak i mi odpuštiame našim vinikam. | ako i my odpúšťame svojim vinníkom. |
And do not bring us into temptation, | Aj ƞevydaj mas fu pakuшenji, | Aj ňevydaj mas fu pakušenji, | ⲓ ⲛⲓⲉⲍⲯⲓⲉⲇⲁⲓ ⲛⲁⲥ ⲯ ⲡⲟⲕⲩϣⲓⲉⲛⲓⲉ, | I nezvidai nas v pokušenie, | A neuveď nás do pokušenia, |
but rescue us from the evil one. | le zibafuj mas ƿy Jingu. | le zibafuj mas wy Jingu. | ⲁⲗⲓⲉ ⲭⲣⲁⲛⲓⲓ ⲛⲁⲥ ⲟⲇ ⲍⲗⲟⲅⲟ. | ale chrani nas od Zlogo. | ale zbav nás Zlého. |
Interactive analysis of the prayer
Common:
Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name. Your kingdom come. Your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. And forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors. And do not bring us to the time of trial, but rescue us from the evil one. Amen.
Zhoushi:
Oþчe maш, kitory jesꞇєш na ƞieby, mino Tiƿe buđ posviƌeno. Tiƿoje guo pꝛiȝađ. Biduч Tiƿuj janг, jak v ƞieby, tak aj na zөmi. Ȝilab maш tudejшij divaj mam dƞes. Aj ƿypujuшꞇaj mam гriȝy maшije, jak aj my ƿypujuшamy mašim huoqum. Aj ƞevydaj mas fu pakuшenji,[14] le zibafuj mas ƿy Jingu. Amen.
IPA:
[oθt͡ʃɛ maːʃ, kitorɨ jɛscɛʃ na ɲiebɨ, mino tiwe buɟ posvid͡zeno. tiwojɛ guo pr̝̊iɣaɟ. bidut͡ʃ tiwuj jand͡ʒ, jak fu ɲieby, tak aj na zu͡omi. xilab maʃ tudɛjʃij divaj maːm dɲɛs. aj wɨpujuʃamɨ maʃim huok͡vum. aj ɲɛvɨdaj maːs fu pakuʃenji, lɛ zibafuj maːs wɨ jingu. aːmɛn]
World Peace Manifesto
World Peace Manifesto is the founding agreement, that formed the Anterian World Assembly. The document, although being written in Common was originally written by Mustelarian prime minister Jeliþo Pogөf, a native Zhoushi, who later translated this matterial into Zhoushi. Interactive translation includes the first paragraph of the text:
Interactive analysis of the manifesto
Common:
We, the nations of Anteria, hereby stand together, working together, united and willing to cooperate to reach global peace. We have seen enough deaths, enough suffering, enough pain and enough ruined lives. We came together with a hope and a ideal, that there are things that should be done, there are ways better than war, there is a better way to work with the world.
Zhoushi:
Ny, narody Anterje, ƿustavame pospolu, pracujiƌ pospolu, odnetƞi aj ȝoчuƌ spөlupracovaч k dosaзenje зөmskeho santifu. Ny viгali pꝛiliш smrꞇiȝ, pꝛiliш utrpeƞi, pꝛiliш bөlu aj pꝛiliш zƞiчoniȝ чiƿtu. Ny sє sȝromaзđili s virө aj idealem, зto jsu vjeƌi, kitore by miaλy byч đelane, jsu moзnosꞇi lepшє neз vojna, je moзnosꞇ pracovaч se шtaty zөme.
IPA:
[nɨ, narodɨ anterʲɛ, pustavame pospolu, prat͡sujid͡z pospolu, odnɛtɲi aj xot͡ʃud͡z spu͡oluprat͡sovat͡ʃ k dosaʒɛnjɛ ʒu͡omskeho santifu. nɨ vid͡ʒali pr̝̊iːliʃ smrcix, pr̝̊iːliʃ utrpɛɲiː, pr̝̊iːliʃ bu͡olu aj pr̝̊iːliʃ zɲit͡ʃonix t͡ʃiwtuː. nɨ se sɣromaʒɟili s viru͡o aj idɛaːlem, ʒto jsu vjed͡zi, kitorɛ by miaȴɨ bɨt͡ʃ ɟelanɛ, jsu moʒnosci lɛpʃe nɛʒ vojna, jɛ moʒnosc prat͡sovat͡ʃ se ʃtatɨ zu͡ome]
First words from the Moon
First country to land people on the Moon was San Calia, which successfully got a lunar lander with two people in Mare Unitaris on July 20th, 1967. Calonaut David Russel was the first to touch the surface of the Moon, saying the quote seconds after climbing down the ladder. Interactive translation of the quote:
Interactive analysis of the first words
Common:
We come in the name of San Calia, for Anteria, and for all mankind.
Zhoushi:
Pꝛiȝazimy ve minu Svekalije, pro Anterji, aj pro cөle λuƌitvo.
IPA:
[pr̝̊ixazimɨ ve minu svekalije, pro anterʲi aj pro t͡su͡ole ȴud͡zitstvo]
Dictionary
Dictionary for nouns
Zhoushi term | Inf. code | Common term | Important note |
---|---|---|---|
Anterijє | Є | Anteria | |
Bөl | Ш | Pain/Suffering | |
Buducnoшꞇ | Ꞇ | Future | |
Cerkev | C | Church | |
Чerшeƞ | Ч | Cherry | |
Чiƿt | Ш | Life | |
Чas | Ш | Time | |
Doba | З | Time/Era | |
Drзitel | M | Holder | |
Guo | Ƞ | Kingdom | |
Гriȝ | Ш | Sin | |
Huoq | P | Debtor | Term used for debt in a moral sense |
Ȝilab | L | Bread | |
Janг | T | Will | |
Jaro | Ƞ | Spring (season) | |
Jeseƞ | Ч | Autumn/Fall | |
Jing | Ш | The Bad/The Evil | |
Kөd | Ш | Code | |
Kuꝛe | K | Chicken | Technically, term is used only for young chicken |
Leto | Ƞ | Summer | |
Lєs | L | Forest | |
Λuƌitvo | Ƞ | Mankind | |
Mama | З | Mom | |
Maꞇka | З | Mother | |
Mino | Ƞ | Name | |
Minoшꞇ | Ꞇ | Past | |
Miƞєsto | Ƞ | City | |
Misto | Ƞ | Place/Location | |
Moꝛe | Ꝛ | Sea | |
Moзnosꞇ | Ꞇ | Option/Variant | |
Muз | M | Man | |
Narod | M/Ш | Nation (group of people) | |
Narodnosꞇ | Ꞇ | Nationality | See mustelarian definition of nationality |
Ƞiebe | Ꝛ | Sky/Heaven | |
Ƞiebeso | Ƞ | Heaven | |
Odneta | З | Unity | |
Oþec | V | Father | |
Өꝛad | Ш | Office (governmental)/Bureau | |
Pakuшenj | R | Temptation | |
Pan | P | Sir/Mister | |
Podpis | Ш | Signature | |
Poglovij | R | Sex/Gender | |
Praƌa | Ч | Work/Job | |
Preah | I | Priєȝ | Preah is the main god of Kammism |
Pꝛimiƞe | Ө | Surname | |
Radosꞇ | Ꞇ | Joy/Happiness | |
Rakosij | R | Reeds | |
Rөзe | Ө | Rose | |
Santif | Ш | Peace | |
Smrꞇ | Ꞇ | Death | |
Sөчasnoшꞇ | Ꞇ | Present (time) | |
Spөlupraƌa | Ч | Cooperation | |
Starosta | S | Mayor | |
Stroj | T | Machine | |
Шtat | Ш | State/Country | |
Tata | S | Dad | |
Utrpeƞij | R | Suffering | |
Vjeƌ | Ꞇ | Thing | |
Vojna | З | War/Military service | |
Vөdce | V | Leader/Commander | |
Zima | З | Winter | |
Zombie | I | Zombie | |
Zөme | Ө | Ground/Earth (Anteria) | Term used for Anteria, if the name is itself avoided |
Зona | З | Woman | |
Зөme | Ө | Earth/Globe |
- ↑ Bogmo-Zhengian dialect is the most "literal", as its base was taken for the design of the new language in early 80's and was later codified in 1984
- ↑ Official languages of the Sekidean Union are official languages of countries that are members. Therefore, Zhoushi is considered an official language, although on the international basis, Common is used the most.
- ↑ Note: this phoneme is present in other two Kento-Polyash languages: Velnotian and Ulevan
- ↑ See Wikipedia articles about Grammatical gender and Animacy
- ↑ Technically, "Indifferent is not a gender, but many linguists mark it as a gender to simplify the grammar, as it is a gender in many ways. In many new linguistic texts, you can see a note, that Zhoushi has 4+1 genders.
- ↑ Preah is a main God of Kammism. See a subsection of article about Zhousheng about religions of Zhousheng
- ↑ In many cases, words inflected by this infletion are slowly shifting towards inflection pattern "Rөзe" (Feminine)
- ↑ In many cases, words inflected by this inflection are slowly shifting towards inflection pattern "Radosꞇ" (Feminine)
- ↑ Except the suffixes, in which the masculine animate ends with "-i", while masculine inanimate ends with "-y"
- ↑ They in singular number is rarely used in Common, but still exists.
- ↑ See article about Clusivity of first person singular
- ↑ Usage of this term slowly shifts and merges with the singular form. This form is sometimes considered archaic
- ↑ The notation a)̅b̅ symbolizes b÷a (see notation on Wikipedia)
- ↑ Other version is "(...) Aj ƞedaj abyȝom nebyli vydaƞi fu pakuшenji, (...)" This version is favored by Kaȝin Christians, while the Catholic Christians prefer the version listed above.