Borelian language

Borelian
Borelan, Bolanic
Borεnli - File:BotoBS.png
Ethnic flag of Borelians
Pronunciation	/bɔɾənʟɪ/
Native to	Zhousheng Storvan Autonomy Borelian district Eastern district
Region	Storvan island
Ethnicity	Storvani aboriginals
Native speakers	L1: ~530,000 L2: ~230,000 FL: <50,000
Language family	Bornese Borelian
Early forms	Old Borelian
Standard forms	Great Borelian Corpus
Writing system	Latin alphabet Boto script
Official status
Official language in	Zhousheng Storvan Autonomy
Recognised minority language in	Zhousheng Sekidean Union
Language codes
ISO 639-1	BL
ISO 639-2	BOL
ISO 639-3	BOL
Distribution of the language   Absolute majority   >30% of native speakers

Borelian is a language isolate, spoken by the aboriginals on the island of Storvan, it is recognized as a official language of the Storvan Autonomy and a minority language in Zhousheng.

Alphabet

Alphabetic version:

A a /a/	B b /b/	C c /ʃ/	D d /d/	E e /ɛ/	F f /f/	G g /g/	H h /ɦ/	I i /ɪ/	Î î /ʝ/
J j /ʒ/	K k /k/	Ȝ ȝ /χ/	L l /ʟ ~ l/	M m /m/	N n /n/	O o /ɔ/	P p /p/	Q q /q ~ kv/	R r /ʀ ~ ɾ/
S s /s/	T t /t/	U u /u/	V v /v/	Ƿ ƿ /ʋ/	X x /ks/	Y y /ɨ/	Z z /z/	& ε /ə/	- -Silent-

Boto version:

File:BotoBS.png File:BotoBM.png File:BotoBE.png /b/	File:BotoPS.png File:BotoPM.png File:BotoPE.png /p/	/d/	/t/	/v/	/f/	/g/	/k ~ x/	/ɦ/
/m/	/n/	/ʀ ~ ɾ/	/ʟ ~ l/	/s/	/z/	/ʃ/	/ʒ/	/a/
/ə/	/ɛ/	/ɪ/	/ʝ/	/ɔ/	/u/	-Silent-	-Space-	-Period-

Note: The letter Î/ was very often ignored and written as I/

Detailed table

Alphabetic version					Boto version						Protopolyash version		IPA Symbol	Example of a common word with the sound
1	A		a								Ⲁ	ⲁ	/a/	After
2	B		b		File:BotoBS.png		File:BotoBM.png		File:BotoBE.png		Ⲃ	ⲃ	/b/	Label
3	C		c								Ϣ	ϣ	/ʃ/	Show
4	D		d								Ⲇ	ⲇ	/d/	Done
5	E		e								Ⲉ	ⲉ	/ɛ/	Bed (General American accent)
6	F		f								Ⲫ	ⲫ	/f/	Fine
7	G		g								Ⲅ	ⲅ	/g/	Game
8	H		h								Ϩ	ϩ	/ɦ/	Hello
9	I		i								Ⲓ	ⲓ	/ɪ/	Bit (General American)
	Î		î										/ʝ/
10	J		j								Ϭ	ϭ	/ʒ/	Pleasure
11	K		k								Ⲕ	ⲕ	/k/	Key
	Ȝ		ȝ								Ⲭ	ⲭ	/χ/	Loch Ness
12	L		l								Ⲗ	ⲗ	/ʟ/	Middle (Southern US accent)
13	M		m								Ⲙ	ⲙ	/m/	Mother
14	N		n								Ⲛ	ⲛ	/n/	Month
15	O		o								Ⲟ	ⲟ	/ɔ/	Not
16	P		p		File:BotoPS.png		File:BotoPM.png		File:BotoPE.png		Ⲡ	ⲡ	/p/	Play
17	Q		q		—						—		/q/ ~ /k͡v/	Caught
18	R		r								Ⲣ	ⲣ	/ʀ/	Red
19	S		s								Ⲥ	ⲥ	/s/	Surprise
20	T		t								Ⲧ	ⲧ	/t/	Time
21	U		u								Ⲩ	ⲩ	/u/	Boot
22	V		v								Ⲯ	ⲯ	/v/	Valve
23	Ƿ	ƿ	W	w	—						—		/ʋ/	Vine (Indian accent)
24	X		x		—						—		/k͡s/	A bigram of /k/ and /s/, for example in Maximal
25	Y		y		—						—		/ɨ/?	Lip (London accent)?
26	Z		z								Ⲍ	ⲍ	/z/	Zoo
27	&		ε								Ⲱ	ⲱ	/ə/	Bird
?1	-										-		-Silent symbol-	Used for connection between linked words
?2														Symbol for a stop between words
?3	.										.			Used on the end of the sentence

Controversy about alphabet systems

Yogh (Ȝ)

Ȝ ȝ
Ȝ ȝ

Although the latin alphabet is now the most used alphabet for the Borelian language, some people have criticised the distinction (or lack of, depending on what side of the argument the person supports) between k and ȝ. Although the phonemes /k/ and /χ/ are interchangable in Borelian, they are sometimes distinguished in multiple accents, which lead to the distinction of the two phonemes in the alphabet. As of now, Yogh (Ȝ) is a optional character, you can, but are not required to write (many people replace it with K).

The usage of "K" and "Ȝ" is highly personal as it is differentiates in dialects. The official "literal" Borelian has a distingtion, but many dialects do not.

Ampersand (&)

& ε
& ε

Ampersand has been included in the alphabet as the 27th/28th character, with a miniscule ε (simplified from ɛ̗́), which may make the language visually difficult for non-borelians.

Multiple linguists proposed the change in the writing system, replacing Ampersand (&) with the letter Schwa (Ә), which was already implemented in the Storvani language in 1930's. As of now, the proposal is opposed by the majority of the populace as well as the office for literal language. The support for this movement however still rises, as the Ampersand is visually difficult to write correctly when making quick notes.

There was a ironic movement to replace the mniscule ε with ﹠, however, nobody has taken it seriously due to the complexity of the letter.

Ɛ ɛ
Ɛ ɛ

The most favored change is, however, writing the &-ε pair as a Ɛ-ɛ. Proponents of this view spearhead following reasons:

• Ɛ-ɛ would simplify the language, as there would be one less character to be learned in school
• Ɛ-ɛ would make the writing easier, because & is hard to write in a fast notetaking
• Ɛ-ɛ would better represent the sound, which is closest sound to E-e pair

Wynn (Ƿ)

Ƿ ƿ
Ƿ ƿ

Similar problem exists with the letter for the phoneme /ʋ/, which is not present in Borelian alphabet. While originally, the letter Wynn (Ƿ) was used on all occasions, same as in the Zhoushi language and by proxy by influence from the Storvani language, which in turn took it from Krenyan alphabet, but later, with the rise of the internet, letter "W" became more wide spread because of the adresses starting with "www.". This problem was later solved by auto-redirecting system update, which allowed users to type "ƿƿƿ." and it automatically redirected to "www."

Phonology

Place Manner	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postal-veolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m							n̥	n
Plosive	p	b							t	d			ʈ	ɖ			k	g	q
Sibilant affricate
Non-sibilant affricate
Sibilant fricative									s	z	ʃ	ʒ
Non-sibilant fricative			f	v												ʝ	x	ɣ	χ				h	ɦ
Approximant				ʋ												j
Tap/Flap									ɾ̥	ɾ									ʀ̥	ʀ
Trill									r̥	r
Latelar affricate
Latelar fricative
Latelar approximant										l								ʟ
Latelar tap/flap

Tongue position	Front		Near-front		Central		Near-back		Back
Close	i				ɨ					u
Near-close			ɪ
Close-mid	e									o
Mid					ə
Open-mid	ɛ								ʌ	ɔ
Near-open
Open	a								ɑ
Diphthong	u͡ɪ
Long vowels	aː ~ ɛː ~ ɪː ~ ɔː ~ əː ~ uː

Bold are the common sounds, while regular sounds may happen in dialects and/or in a world for easier pronunciation

Predicate-subject complex

While the Borelian language does not have a seperate predicate and subject in sentence, it has one word, which is both a noun phrase and a verb phrase (so called Predicate-subject complex). It is created out of a subjectual prefix, verbal (predicate) root and a optional adjustment suffix.

Subject prefix

Borelian has three grammatical cases for the complex:

• Subjective
• Objective
• Possessive

The predicate-subject complex can be distinguished from other forms of other complexes, as it uses the predicate term in subjective case.

Common term			Borelian term (Alphabet)			Borelian term (Boto)			Person
Subjective	Objective	Possessive	Subjective	Objective	Possessive	Subjective	Objective	Possessive
Singular
I	Me	My	Za-	Zati-	Zama-				First
You	You	Your	Da-	Dati-	Dama-				Second
He	Him	His	Ca-	Cati-	Cana-				Third
She	Her	Hers	Cε-	Cεdi-	Cεni-
It They	It Them	Its Their	Catε-	Catoci-	Catεcε-
Dual
We (inclusive)	Us	Our	Zata-	Zati-	Zoma-				First
You	You	Your	Dali-	Daloti-	Daloma-				Second
They	Them	Their	Coma-	Comasi-	Comosi-				Third
We (exclusive)	Us	Our	Pala-	Pali-	Ponla-	File:BotoPS.png	File:BotoPS.png	File:BotoPS.png	Fourth
Plural
We (inclusive)	Us	Our	Fata-	Fati-	Foma-				First
You	You	Your	Dapi-	Dapεti-	Dapεma-	File:BotoPM.png	File:BotoPM.png	File:BotoPM.png	Second
They	Them	Their	Soma-	Somaci-	Somoci-				Third
We (exclusive)	Us	Our	Vala-	Vali-	Vonla-				Fourth
Other
Who Somebody	Whom Somebody	Whose Somebody's	Ju-	Juta-	Juma-				Question
Whoever Anybody	Whomever Anybody	Whosever Anybody's	Juko-	Jukota-	Jukoma-
—	-self	—	Se-	Seta-	Sema-				Reflexive
—	—	—	&di-	&da-	&dε-				Filler

Predicate root

TBA

Suffixes

Predicate-subject complex has three suffixes, that are added to denote tense, mood and situation respectively. The first suffix (the one closest to the root) denotes tense, the middle suffix denotes mood and the last suffix denotes situation.

Tense suffix

Borelian language has 15 tenses, subdivided into 3 groups:

• Past tenses
  • Preterite (Simple past) - Suffix -ba
  • Past progressive - Suffix -base
  • Pluperfect simple - Suffix -bari
  • Pluperfect progressive - Suffix -barε
  • Past repetetive - Suffix -bapo
• Present tenses
  • Simple present - No suffix
  • Present progressive - Suffix -se
  • Present perfect - Suffix -ri
  • Present perfect progressive - Suffix -rε
  • Present repetetive - Suffix -po
• Future tenses
  • Simple future - Suffix -fu
  • Future progressive - Suffix -fuse
  • Future perfect - Suffix -furi
  • Future perfect progressive - Suffix -furε
  • Future repetetive - Suffix -fupo

Only tenses no present in Common are the repetetives, which denote a action, that happened multiple times in the said time horizon. Such as "Zataribapo" means literally "I used to win (a lot)".

Mood suffix

Borelian language has 5 grammatical moods:

• Indicative - No suffix
• Imperative - Suffix -ti
• Conditional - Suffix -bo
• Questional Indicative - Suffix -ȝa
• Questional Conditional - Suffix -boȝa

Situation suffix

Situational suffix can show multiple adjusting information:

• Negation - Suffix -be
• Doubt - Suffix -pε
• Possibility - Suffix -sa
• Passivity - Suffix -mε

(multiple of those can be used at the same time, there is no rule on the sequence in which those must be used)

Examples

Following table shows example of the complex with verbal root "-tari-" (root for "to win") and a subject "rutu" (term for "friend").

Borelian term (Alphabet)	Borelian term (Boto)	Borelian parts	Common term
Zatari.		Za-tari.	I win.
Zatariȝa?		Za-tari-ȝa?	Do I win?
Zatariȝabe?	File:BotoBE.png	Za-tari-ȝa-be?	Do I not win?
Zataribaȝabe?	File:BotoBM.pngFile:BotoBE.png	Za-tari-ba-ȝa-be?	Didn't I win?
Zataribaboȝabe?	File:BotoBM.pngFile:BotoBM.pngFile:BotoBE.png	Za-tari-ba-boȝa-be?	Wouldn't I have won?
Jutaribabobe.	File:BotoBM.pngFile:BotoBM.pngFile:BotoBE.png	Ju-tari-ba-bo-be.	Somebody wouldn't have won.
Jutaribaboȝabe?	File:BotoBM.pngFile:BotoBM.pngFile:BotoBE.png	Ju-tari-ba-boȝa-be?	Who wouldn't have won?
Rutu &ditaribaboȝabe?	File:BotoBM.pngFile:BotoBM.pngFile:BotoBE.png	Rutuㅤ&di-tari-ba-boȝa-be?	Friend wouldn't have won?
Rutu &ditaribaboȝabepε?	File:BotoBM.pngFile:BotoBM.pngFile:BotoBM.pngFile:BotoPE.png	Rutuㅤ&di-tari-ba-boȝa-be-pε?	Friend wouldn't have won, would he?
Zamarutu &ditaribaboȝabepε?	File:BotoBM.pngFile:BotoBM.pngFile:BotoBM.pngFile:BotoPE.png	Zama-rutuㅤ&di-tari-ba-boȝa-be-pε?	My friend wouldn't have won, would he?

The complex is always written with a first capital letter.

Nouns

Nouns in Borelian have 2 genders:

• Masculine - End with a vowel
• Feminine - End with a consonant
• Indifferent - Impossible to distinguish a gender (End with I/Î)

It also has five grammatical cases for nouns:

• Subjective
• Objective
• Possessive
• Adjective
• Adverbative

And seven grades for nouns:

Grade	Prefix	Meaning	Example	Example translation
Negative	Be-	Object lacks the said property	Berutu	No friend of mine
Positive	—	Object has the said property	Rutu	A friend of mine
Comparative	Meî-	Object A has the said property more than Object B	Meîrutu rutuî	Better friend than that friend
Diminutive	Mol-	Object has very little of the said property	Molrutu	Bad/unreliable friend
Augmentative	Sti-	Object has a lot of the said property	Stirutu	Good friend
Excessive	Rεk-	Object has too much of the said property	Rεkrutu	Person acting excessively friendly
Superlative	Sul-	Object has the most of the said property	Sulrutu	The best friend

Each of the nouns can be created by adding suffix to the Noun root, which can also serve in creating a adjective out of the word:

Gender	Number	Common term						Borelian term
		Subjective	Objective	Possessive	Adjective	Adverb form	Verbal form	Subjective		Objective		Possessive		Adjective		Adverbative		Verbal form
Masculines (Root ending with a vowel)
Masculine	Singular	Friend	Friend	Friend's	Friendly	Friendly	To befriend To be a friend	Rutu		Rutuî		Rutudi		Rutudime-		Rutumile		Rutu
								∅		-î		-di		-dime-		-mile
	Dual	Friends	Friends	Friends'				Rutul		Rutuli		Rutuledi		Rutulime-		Rutulipe
								-l		-li		-ledi		-lime-		-lipe	File:BotoPE.png
	Plural							Rutus		Rutusi		Rutusedi		Rutusime-		Rutumile
								-s		-si		-sedi		-sime-		-mile
Feminines (Root ending with a consonant)
Feminine	Singular	Cooperation	Cooperation	Cooperation's	Cooperative	Cooperatively	To cooperate	Unolot		Unoloti		Unolotili		Unolotino-		Unolotnilo		Unolo
								∅		-i		-ili		-ino-		-nilo
	Dual	Cooperations	Cooperations	Cooperations'				Unolotil		Unolotlil		Unolotlimi		Unolotlino-		Unolotlipo
								-il		-lil		-limi		-lino-		-lipo	File:BotoPE.png
	Plural							Unolotic		Unolotcij		Unolotjili		Unolotjino-		Unolotnilo
								-ic		-cij		-jili		-jino-		-nilo
Indifferents (Root ending with I/Î)
Indifferent	Singular	Love	Love	Love's	Loving	Lovely	To love	Tulraî		Tulraîn		Tulraîni		Tulraîno-		Tulraînino		Tulraîi
								∅		-n		-ni		-no-		-nilo
	Dual	Loves	Loves	Loves'				Tulraînil		Tulraînin		Tulraînimi		Tulraîrino-		Tulraîribo
								-il		-nin		-nimi		-rino-		-ribo	File:BotoBE.png
	Plural							Tulraîj		Tulraîciî		Tulraîmili		Tulraîporo-		Tulraînilo
								-j		-ciî		-mili		-poro-	File:BotoPM.png	-nilo

Words in adjective are always tied with a "-" to a nounal form or to a suffix linking it to a couse:
Note: Words are "zlit" (goodness), "rutu" (friend), "cukleî" (help)/"cukle" (to help)

Borelian term (Alphabet)	Borelian term (Boto)	Borelian parts	Common term
Zlit		Zlit	Goodness
Zlitino		Zlit-ino	The Good
Zlitino-rutu		Zlit-ino–rutu	Good friend
Zlitino-rutu &dicukle zati		Zlit-ino–rutuㅤ&di-cukleㅤzati	Good friend helps me
Zamacukle Zliti		Zama-cukleㅤZlit-i	I help the good (concept)
Zamacukle Zlitino-î		Zama-cukleㅤZlit-ino–î	I help the good (person)
Zamacukle Juzlitino-î		Zama-cukleㅤJu-zlit-ino–î	I help somebody good
Zamacukle zlitnilo		Zama-cukleㅤZlit-nilo	I help well
Zamacukle Juzlitino-î zlitnilo		Zama-cukleㅤJu-zlit-ino–îㅤZlit-nilo	I help well somebody good

Possessive representation

A word can be "owned" by another word in possessive case, if the filler prefix "&dε-" is included. Nouns are not written with a capital character, unlike the complex, so in most cases, you would see a miniscule version "εdε-".

Examples of nouns

Here are some examples of sentences using multiple noun's:
Note: term Unolot can represent both Clan and a Cooperation as a action, as well as it was taken as a term for "Federation", term "unolo" is a verb for cooperate.

Borelian term	Borelian parts	Common term
Zamarutu &ditariba ubi unolotili.	Zama-rutuㅤ&di-tari-baㅤubiㅤunolotili.	My friend won thanks to the cooperation.
Unolot &ditariba ubi zamarutuî.	Unolotㅤ&di-tari-baㅤubiㅤzama-rutuî.	The clan won thanks to my friend.
Rutudime-unolot &ditariba ubi zamarutuî.	Rutudime–unolotㅤ&di-tari-baㅤubiㅤzama-rutuî.	The friendly clan won thanks to my friend.
Rutudime-unolot &ditariba ubi zamarutudi εdεrutuî.	Rutudime–unolotㅤ&di-tari-baㅤubiㅤzama-rutudiㅤεdε-rutuî.	The friendly clan won thanks to my friend's friend.
Rutudime-unolot &ditaribabopε ubi zamarutudi εdεrutuî, jda Caunolobaribobe.	Rutudime–unolotㅤ&di-tari-ba-bo-pεㅤubiㅤzama-rutudiㅤεdε-rutuî, jdaㅤCa-unolo-bari-bo-be.	I doubt the friendly clan would have won thanks to my friend's friend, had he not cooperated.

Example of the language

Sonnet 18 translation into Borelian:

	Common	Borelian (Alphabet)	Borelian (Boto)
Q1	Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?	Zakaviboȝa dati iz-claȝεdime-îuvaci?	File:BotoBM.png
	Thou art more lovely and more temperate:	Deba Fildi meîtulraîno- e meîhmarino-:	File:BotoBE.png
	Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,	Ȝrtiîno-Fucitic &ditεrcε tulratime-budeni εdεdivlini,	File:BotoBM.png
	And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:	E claȝεdi εdεdendu Zamabapo molklertino-îuvaci:	File:BotoBM.pngFile:BotoPE.png	4
Q2	Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,	Moltliknilo rεkclakino pnimadi εdεkukna &dizermε,	File:BotoPS.png
	And often is his gold complexion dimmed;	E stitliknilo Malkedime-canastiîεd &diofzipo;	File:BotoPE.png
	And every fair from fair sometime declines,	E Sul-&-zlit moltliknilo &diofzi,
	By chance, or nature’s changing course, untrimmed:	Ti-flivini lim ti-retnaîni εdε-alenino-fnelȝ, beofzinino:	File:BotoBS.png	8
Q3	But thy eternal summer shall not fade,	Iliî Dama-sultlikino-claȝε &diofzifubobe,	File:BotoBM.pngFile:BotoBE.png
	Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st;	Belim Zamat de-cεdi zliti datihεokε &diaȝijafubo;	File:BotoBS.pngFile:BotoBE.png
	Nor shall Death brag thou wander’st in his shade
	When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st:			12
C	ㅤSo long as men can breathe or eyes can see,
	ㅤSo long lives this, and this gives life to thee.			14