Latest revision as of 09:49, 11 February 2022

The Louzen language is a Slavic language out of Kento-Polyash language group, which is a official language of the autonomous Duchy of Louzeni in Gadorien and is a recognized minority language in Zhousheng, Gadorien and Qazhshava

Introduction

The language has a slavic root and grammar, but has developed along with strong germanic influences, which shaped the grammar of the language. Unlike most of other slavic languages, Louzen maintained use of Dual as a grammatical number.

Orthography and Phonology

Louzen language
Louzen language
Louzenish, Nordulevan
Lúzinʆina - Lúzinſký Âzyk
	Flag of the Duchy of Louzeni
Pronunciation	/luːzinɕ͡ʧina/
Native to	Gadorien Duchy of Louzeni; ;
Region	Slavic Belt in Thuadia
Ethnicity	Louzeni Slavs
Native speakers	L1: 5,812,000; L2: 2,317,000; FL: 520,000
Language family	Thuado-Thrismaran Zarav-Slavic Slavic Kento-Polyash Mustelarian subgroup Louzen language; ; ; ; ;
Standard forms	Louzen language great wordbook
Dialects	Qash mixed dialects; Louzeni; Mountainous Haldenian;
Writing system	Louzen Latin Alphabet
Official status
Official language in	Gadorien Duchy of Louzeni; ;
Recognised minority; language in	Zhousheng Central Region; ; Gadorien; Qazhshava Lakkathan Autonomous Rep.; Autonomous Rep. of Sredna Gora; Karakach Capital Region; Mezhia Province; ; Sekidean Union;
Language codes
ISO 639-1	LI
ISO 639-2	LOI
ISO 639-3	LOI
	Distribution of the language; Absolute majority >30% of native speakers
	This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Alphabet

Although until the 18th century, Louzeni used Protopolyash script, the strong influence of Gadori germanic tribes using latin pushed it towards Latin script, which eventually became the most used script and eventually gained a linguistic monopoly in the middle of 19th century.

Until the rebirth movement in the end of 19th century, Louzen used only Graphemes to denote multiple sounds, which did not have a standard 26-alphabet letter given to them, but later, a system of diacritic marks was devised, creating a version, where any important phoneme is denoted by a single letter. Louzen, although not officially using it, sometimes used lenghtened marks for vowels and syllabic consonants. Those symbols were used in some historical transcripts, but were eventually faded in eary 1900's.

A a	Á á	Ä ä	Â â	B b	C c	Ċ ċ	D d	Ḋ ḋ	E e
É é	Ê ê	F f	G g	H h	Ḣ ḣ	I i	Í í	J j	K k
L l	Ŀ ŀ	M m	N n	Ṅ ṅ	O o	Ó ó	Ö ö	P p	Q q
R r	S s ſ	Ṡ ṡ ʃ	Ŝ ŝ ʆ	T t	Ṫ ṫ	U u	Ú ú	Ü ü	Û û
V v	Ƿ ƿ	X x	Y y	Ý ý	Z z	Ż ż

Order	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8		9		10		11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24
Majuscule	A	Á	Ä	Â	B	C	Ċ	D		Ḋ		E		É	Ê	F	G	H	Ḣ	I	Í	J	K	L	Ŀ	M	N
Minuscule	a	á	ä	â	b	c	ċ	d		ḋ		e		é	ê	f	g	h	ḣ	i	í	j	k	l	ŀ	m	n
IPA Sound	a	aː	æː	ʲa	b	t͡s	t͡ʃ	d		ɟ		ɛ		ɛː	ʲe	f	g	h	x	i	iː	j	k	l	ʎ	m	n
Order	25	26	27	28	29	30	31	32		33		34		35	36	37	38	39	40	41	42	43	44	45	46	47
Majuscule	Ṅ	O	Ó	Ö	P	Q	R	S		Ṡ		Ŝ		T	Ṫ	U	Ú	Ü	Û	V	Ƿ	X	Y	Ý	Z	Ż
Minuscule	ṅ	o	ó	ö	p	q	r	s	ſ	ṡ	ʃ	ŝ	ʆ	t	ṫ	u	ú	ü	û	v	ƿ	x	y	ý	z	ż
IPA Sound	ɲ	ɔ	ɔː	œː	p	k͡v	r	s		ʃ		ɕ͡ʧ		t	c	u	uː	y	ʲu	v	w	k͡s	ɪ	ɪː	z	ʒ

Phonology

Place Manner	Labial													Dorsal					Laryngeal
Place Manner	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial	Dental	Alveolar		Postal-veolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal	Glottal
Nasal	m̥ (m)	m (m)					n̥ (n)	n (n)				ɳ (n)		ɲ (ṅ)
Plosive	p (p)	b (b)					t (t)	d (d)			ʈ (t)	ɖ (d)	c (ṫ)	ɟ (ḋ)	k (k)	g (g)	q (q)
Sibilant affricate							t͡s (c)	d͡z (dz)	t͡ʃ (ċ)	d͡ʒ (dż)	ʈ͡ʂ (ċ)	ɖ͡ʐ (dż)	t͡ɕ (ċ)	d͡ʑ (dż)
Sibilant fricative							s (s)	z (z)	ʃ (ṡ)	ʒ (ż)	ʂ (ṡ)	ʐ (ż)	ɕ (ṡ)	ʑ (ż)
Non-sibilant fricative			f (f)	v (v)										ʝ (j)	x (ḣ)	ɣ (ḣ)	χ (ḣ)			h (h)	ɦ (h)
Approximant				ʋ (ƿ)										j (j)		w (ƿ)
Trill							r̥ (r)	r (r)									ʀ̥ (r)	ʀ (r)
Latelar approximant								l (l)						ʎ (ŀ)

Tongue position	Front		Near-front	Central	Back
Close	i (i)	y (ü)		ɨ (ü)		u (u)
Near-close			ɪ (y)
Close-mid	e (e)					o (o)
Mid				ə (e)
Open-mid	ɛ (e)	œ (ö)				ɔ (o)
Near-open	æ (ä)			ɐ (ä)
Open	a (a)				ɑ (a)	ɒ (a)
Diphthong	a͡u (au)
Long vowels	aː (á) ~ ɛː (é) ~ eː (é) ~ iː (í) ~ ɪː (ý) ~ oː (ó) ~ ɔː (ó) ~ œː (ö) ~ uː (ú) ~ ɨː (ü)

Bold are the common sounds, while regular sounds may happen in dialects and/or in a world for easier pronunciation

Historical phonetical shifts include:

Disappearance of /rʲ/ and its replacement with /r/
Phonetical shift /ɡ/ → /ɦ/
Phonetical shift /ʲeː/ → /iː/, orthographically briefly denoted as jͤ in the baroque orthography
Phonetical shift /ʊ͡ɔ/ → /uː/ (Equivalent to Scouse "Ò")
Phonetical shift /ʊ͡ɔ/ → /œː/ (Equivalent to Sino-Gadori "Ö")
Phonetical shift /ʃ͡ʧ/ → /ɕ͡ʧ/ (Equivalent to Volgin "Щ")
Phonetical shift /r̩/ → /ær/, orthographically Ŕ → ÄR
Phonetical shift /l̩/ → /ol/, orthographically Ĺ → OL
Phonetical shift /m̩/ → /um/, orthographically Ḿ → UM
Phonetical shift of any other syllabic consonant /◌̩/ → /e◌/
Phonetical shift /ja/ → /ʲa/ in according to placement (Previously equivalent to Ꙗ)
Phonetical shift /je/ → /ʲe/ in according to placement (Previously equivalent to Ѥ)
Phonetical shift /ju/ → /ʲu/ in according to placement (Previously equivalent to Ю)

Grammar

Nouns

Grammatical gender

Zhoushi languages distinguishes a total of 3 grammatical genders, one being latter subdivided into animate and inanimate forms,^[2] although that doesn't change the rules on the usage, only works for listing the inflection patterns:

Masculine (symbol ♂, letter M)
Feminine (symbol ♀, letter F)
Neuter (symbol ⚲, letter N)

Grammatical cases

Louzen langauge works with 3 grammatical numbers (singular, dual and plural) and 6 separate grammatical cases:

Nominative (Imêník): Subject or a Predicate noun or adjectiv (Shorcut Nom., № 1)
Genitive (Pridrżník): Possessive or partial direct object, without Subject (Shorcut Gen., № 2)
Dative (Geŝník): Giving to Subject, phrases linked to certain verbs (Shorcut Dat., № 3)
Accusative (Jednateŀník): Interract with Subject (see, hear, harass...) (Shorcut Acc., № 4)
Locative (Míſtník): In Subject, on Subject, past Subject, nearby Subject, about Subject (Shorcut Loc., № 5)
Instrumentative (Drużník): Using Subject, with Subject (Shorcut Ins., № 6)

Some forms of the Vocative (Zvučník) case still exist, making some of the scholars claim, that Louzen still has 7 cases. However, Vocative has not been generally used since 1910's.

There are 12 Inflection patterns (5 for Masculine, 4 for Feminine and 3 for Neuter)

Grammatical inflection

Translation to Common	Code	Singular						Dual						Plural
Translation to Common	Code	Nom.	Gen.	Dat.	Acc.	Loc.	Ins.	Nom.	Gen.	Dat.	Acc.	Loc.	Ins.	Nom.	Gen.	Dat.	Acc.	Loc.	Ins.
Masculine
Brother	B	Brat	Brata	Bratu	Brata	Bratovi	Bratom	Brata	Brat	Bratám	Brata	Bratáḣ	Bratḣi	Brati	Bratú	Bratúm	Braty	Brateḣ	Bratmi
Brother	B	∅	-a	-u	-a	-ovi	-om	-a	∅	-ám	-a	-áḣ	-ḣi	-i	-ú	-úm	-y	-eḣ	-mi

House	D	Döm	Dömy	Dömu	Döm	Dömu	Dömom	Dömy	Dömu	Dömoma	Dömê	Dömáḣ	Dömyma	Dömové	Dömú	Dömúm	Dömy	Dömêḣ	Dömami
House	D	∅	-y	-u	∅	-u	-om	-y	-u	-oma	-ê	-áḣ	-yma	-ové	-ú	-úm	-y	-êḣ	-ami

Man	M	Muž	Muže	Muži	Muže	Muži	Mužem	Muža	Muž	Mužoma	Mužém	Mužaḣ	Mužmi	Muži	Mužú	Mužúm	Muže	Mužíḣ	Mužma
Man	M	∅	-e	-i	-e	-i	-em	-a	∅	-oma	-ém	-aḣ	-mi	-i	-ú	-úm	-e	-íḣ	-ma

Country	K	Kraj	Kraja	Kraji	Kraja	Kraji	Krajom	Kraja	Kraju	Krajoma	Krajê	Krajaḣ	Krajoma	Kraje	Krajú	Krajom	Kraje	Krajáḣ	Krajmi
Country	K	∅	-a	-i	-a	-i	-om	-a	-u	-oma	-ê	-aḣ	-oma	-e	-ú	-om	-e	-áḣ	-mi

Stone	A	Kámen	Kámene	Kámeni	Kámen	Kámeni	Kámenem	Kámena	Kámenu	Kámenama	Kámena	Kámeneḣ	Kámeni	Kámeny	Kámenêv	Kámenúm	Kámeny	Kámeníḣ	Kámeny
Stone	A	∅	-e	-i	∅	-i	-em	-a	-u	-ama	-a	-eḣ	-i	-y	-êv	-úm	-y	-íḣ	-y
Feminine
Woman	Z	Żena	Żeny	Żenê	Żenu	Żenê	Żenau	Żenê	Żenu	Żenama	Żenê	Żeníḣ	Żenimê	Żeny	Żen	Żenám	Żeny	Żenáḣ	Żenami
Woman	Z	-a	-y	-ê	-u	-ê	-au	-ê	-u	-ama	-ê	-íḣ	-imê	-y	∅	-ám	-y	-áḣ	-ami

Hope	N	Nadêlâ^[3]	Nadêlê	Nadêli	Nadêlû	Nadêli	Nadêŀü	Nadêlê	Nadêlû	Nadêlâ	Nadêlê	Nadêlâḣ	Nadêlimê	Nadêlê	Nadêlê	Nadêlâm	Nadêlê	Nadêlíḣ	Nadêŀjáḣ
Hope	N	-â	-ê	-i	-û	-i	-ü	-ê	-u	-a	-ê	-âḣ	-imê	-ê	-ê	-am	-ê	-íḣ	-jáḣ

Bone	K	Koſṫ	Kosti	Kosti	Koſṫ	Kosti	Kosṫó	Kosti	Kostû	Koſṫma	Kosti	Kostáḣ	Koſṫma	Kosti	Kostí	Kostím	Kosti	Kosteḣ	Kostêmi
Bone	K	∅	-i	-i	∅	-i	-ó	-i	-û	-ma	-i	-áḣ	-ma	-i	-í	-ím	-i	-eḣ	-êmi

Mother (archaic)	T	Máti	Máti	Máti	Máti	Máti	Máṫ	Mátê	Mátû	Máṫma	Máti	Mátiḣ	Máṫma	Mátije	Mátijí	Mátijím	Mátê	Mátíḣ	Máṫmi
Mother (archaic)	T	-i	-i	-i	-i	-i	∅	-ê	-û	-ma	-i	-iḣ	-ma	-ije	-ijí	-ijím	-ê	-íḣ	-mi
Neutrum
Word	S	Slovo	Slova	Slovu	Slovo	Slovu	Slovem	Slovji	Slovû	Slovêma	Slovji	Slovjíḣ	Slovêma	Slova	Slov	Slovám	Slova	Slováḣ	Slovy
Word	S	-o	-a	-u	-o	-u	-em	-ji	-û	-êma	-ji	-jíḣ	-êma	-a	∅	-ám	-a	-áḣ	-y

Sea	R	Morê	Morê	Mori	Morê	Mori	Morom	Mora	Mor	Morím	Mora	Morê	Mormi	Morê	Morí	Morím	Morê	Moríḣ	Morami
Sea	R	-ê	-ê	-i	-ê	-i	-om	-a	∅	-ím	-a	-ê	-mi	-ê	-í	-ím	-ê	-íḣ	-ami

Name	I	Imê	Imênê	Imû	Imê	Imi	Imi	Imê	Imú	Imom	Imê	Imêḣ	Imem	Imê	Imí	Imêm	Imêje	Imíḣ	Imêma
Name	I	-ê	-ênê	-û	-ê	-i	-i	-ê	-ú	-om	-ê	-êḣ	-em	-ê	-í	-êm	-êje	-íḣ	-êma

Adjectives

Unlike in Nouns, adjectives have seen some case reduction. This reduction includes:

Merger of Genitive and Locative in dual and plural numbers
Merger of Nominative and Accusative in the dual number
Complete disappearance of the Vocative case, even in archaic terms and stable phrases

Grammatical inflection

Translation to Common	Code	Singular						Dual				Plural					Gender
Translation to Common	Code	Nom.	Gen.	Dat.	Acc.	Loc.	Ins.	Nom.+Acc.	Gen.+Loc.	Dat.	Ins.	Nom.	Gen.+Loc.	Dat.	Acc.	Ins.	Gender
Descriptive
Hard	H	*Tvärdý*	Tvärdóho	Tvärdómu	Tvärdóho	Tvärdém	Tvärdom	*Tvärda*	Tvärda	Tvärdám	Tvärdámi	*Tvärdí*	Tvärdýḣ	Tvärdým	Tvärdé	Tvärdömi	Masculine
		*Tvärdé*	Tvärdóho	Tvärdómu	Tvärdé	Tvärdém	Tvärdom	*Tvärdâ*	Tvärdâ			*Tvärdá*	Tvärdéḣ				Neutrum
		*Tvärdá*	Tvärdé	Tvärdé	Tvärdoju	Tvärdé	Tvärdoju	*Tvärdê*	Tvärdâ			*Tvärdé*	Tvärdéḣ				Feminine
		-ý	-óho	-ómu	-óho	-ém	-om	-a	-a	-ám	-ámi	-í	-ýḣ	-ým	-é	-ömi	Masculine
		-é	-óho	-ómu	-é	-ém	-om	-â	-â			-á	-éḣ				Neuter
		-á	-é	-é	-oju	-é	-oju	-ê	-â			-é	-éḣ				Feminine

Fresh	G	*Svêżí*	Svêżího	Svêżímu	Svêżí	Svêżím	Svêżím	*Svêża*	Svêża	Svêżám	Svêżámi	*Svêżí*	Svêżíḣ	Svêżím	Svêżí	Svêżími	Masculine
		*Svêże*	Svêżího	Svêżímu	Svêże	Svêżím	Svêżím	*Svêże*	Svêże			*Svêże*	Svêże				Neutrum
		*Svêżá*	Svêżej	Svêżej	Svêżju	Svêżeju	Svêżej	*Svêżje*	Svêże			*Svêżje*	Svêże				Feminine
		-í	-ího	-ímu	-í	-ím	-ím	-a	-a	-ám	-ámi	-í	-íḣ	-ím	-í	-ími	Masculine
		-e	-ího	-ímu	-e	-ím	-ím	-e	-e			-e	-e				Neutrum
		-á	-ej	-ej	-ju	-eju	-ej	-je	-e			-je	-e				Feminine
Possessive
Father's	O	*Ojcúv*	Ojcova	Ojcovu	Ojcúv	Ojcovo	Ojcovo	*Ojcova*	Ojcovêḣ	Ojcovám	Ojcovámi	*Ojcovi*	Ojcovýḣ	Ojcovým	Ojcové	Ojcovömi	Mustelaria
		*Ojcovo*	Ojcova	Ojcovu	Ojcovo	Ojcovo	Ojcovo	*Ojcovê*	Ojcovê			*Ojcova*	Ojcova				Neutrum
		*Ojcova*	Ojcovy	Ojcovê	Ojcovu	Ojcovê	Ojcovê	*Ojcovê*	Ojcovê			*Ojcovy*	Ojcova				Feminine
		-úv	-ova	-ovu	-úv	-ovo	-ovo	-ova	-ovêḣ	-ovám	-ovámi	-ovi	-ovýḣ	-ovým	-ové	-ovömi	Masculine
		-ovo	-ova	-ovu	-ovo	-ovo	-ovo	-ovê	-ovê			-ova	-ova				Neutrum
		-ova	-ovy	-ovê	-ovu	-ovê	-ovê	-ovê	-ovê			-ovy	-ova				Feminine

Mother's	F	*Maṫčin*	Maṫčiny	Maṫčinê	Maṫčin	Maṫčinê	Maṫčinê	*Maṫčina*	Maṫčinêḣ	Maṫčinám	Maṫčinámi	*Maṫčini*	Maṫčinýḣ	Maṫčiným	Maṫčinné	Maṫčinými	Masculine
		*Maṫčino*	Maṫčiny		Maṫčino			*Maṫčinê*	Maṫčinê			*Maṫčina*	Maṫčina				Neutrum
		*Maṫčina*	Maṫčiny		Maṫčinu			*Maṫčinije*	Maṫčinê			*Maṫčinije*	Maṫčina				Feminine
		∅	-y	-ê	∅	-ê	-ê	-a	-êḣ	-ám	-ámi	-i	-ýḣ	-ým	-né	-ými	Masculine
		-o	-y		-o			-ê	-ê			-a	-a				Neutrum
		-a	-y		-u			-ije	-ê			-ije	-a				Feminine

↑ Often referred as "Literary form", as Louzeni accent is the one Louzeni language grammar rules are based on.
↑ See Wikipedia articles about Grammatical gender and Animacy
↑ Term Nadêlâ has a root "Nadêŀ", not "Nadêl", which makes the inflection more difficult as ŀa must be written as lâ etc...

[1] Often referred as "Literary form", as Louzeni accent is the one Louzeni language grammar rules are based on.

[2] See Wikipedia articles about Grammatical gender and Animacy

[3] Term Nadêlâ has a root "Nadêŀ", not "Nadêl", which makes the inflection more difficult as ŀa must be written as lâ etc...

[1]

[2]

[3]

Louzen language: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 09:49, 11 February 2022

Contents

Introduction

Orthography and Phonology

Alphabet

Phonology

Grammar

Nouns

Grammatical gender

Grammatical cases

Grammatical inflection

Adjectives

Grammatical inflection

Navigation menu

Louzen language: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 09:49, 11 February 2022

Introduction

Orthography and Phonology

Alphabet

Phonology

Grammar

Nouns

Grammatical gender

Grammatical cases

Grammatical inflection

Adjectives

Grammatical inflection

Navigation menu

Search