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Louzen language: Difference between revisions

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{{WIP}}
{{Region icon Anteria}}{{WIP}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
| name            = Louzen language
| name            = Louzen language
| altname = Louzenish, Nordulevan
| altname = Louzenish, Nordulevan
| nativename = Lúzinŝina
| nativename = Lúzinʆina - Lúzinſký Âzyk
| acceptance =  
| acceptance =  
| image            = LouzeniFlag.png
| image            = [[File:LouzeniFlag.png|200px|border]]
| imagesize        = <!-- or image_size -->
| imagesize        = <!-- or image_size -->
| imagealt        =  
| imagealt        =  
| imagecaption     = Flag of the [[Duchy of Louzeni]]
| imagecaption= Flag of the [[Duchy of Louzeni]]
| pronunciation= [[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|/luːzinɕʧina/]] [[File:Speaker Icon.svg|13px|link=http://ipa-reader.xyz/?text=lu%CB%90zin%C9%95%CA%A7ina]]
| pronunciation= [[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|/luːzinɕ͡ʧina/]] [[File:Speaker Icon.svg|13px|link=http://ipa-reader.xyz/?text=lu%CB%90zin%C9%95%CA%A7ina]]
| states          = {{Tree list}}
| states          = {{Tree list}}
*{{flag|Gadorien}}
*{{flag|Gadorien}}
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| speakers = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_language L1]: 5,812,000
| speakers = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_language L1]: 5,812,000
| speakers2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_language L2]: 2,317,000<br>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_language FL]: 520,000
| speakers2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_language L2]: 2,317,000<br>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_language FL]: 520,000
| familycolor     = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages Thuado-Thrismaran languages]
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam1            = [[Thuado-Thrismaran languages|Thuado-Thrismaran]]
| fam2            = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages Zarav-Slavic]
| fam2            = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages Zarav-Slavic]
| fam3            = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages Slavic]
| fam3            = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages Slavic]
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| dia2            = Louzeni<ref>Often referred as "Literary form", as Louzeni accent is the one Louzeni language grammar rules are based on.</ref>
| dia2            = Louzeni<ref>Often referred as "Literary form", as Louzeni accent is the one Louzeni language grammar rules are based on.</ref>
| dia3            = Mountainous Haldenian
| dia3            = Mountainous Haldenian
| script          = [[Louzen orthography|Louzen Latin Alphabet]]
| sign            =  
| sign            =  
| posteriori      =  
| posteriori      =  
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*{{flag|Gadorien}}
*{{flag|Gadorien}}
*{{flag|Qazhshava}}
*{{flag|Qazhshava}}
**Lakkatha Province
**[[Lakkatha|Lakkathan Autonomous Rep.]]
**Srednogorie Province
**Autonomous Rep. of Sredna Gora
**Lenvuri Capital Province
**Karakach Capital Region
**Timanë Province
**Mezhia Province
*{{flag|Sekidean Union}}
*{{flag|Sekidean Union}}
**{{flag|Inner Sekidean Union}}
{{Tree list/end}}
{{Tree list/end}}
| agency          =  
| agency          =  
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| mapsize          =  
| mapsize          =  
| mapalt          =  
| mapalt          =  
| mapcaption      = Distribution of the language<br>{{color box|#007FFE}} Absolute majority<br>{{color box|#87C3FE}} >30% of native speakers
| mapcaption      = Distribution of the language<br>{{legend|#007FFE|Absolute majority}}{{legend|#87C3FE|>30% of native speakers}}
| map2            =  
| map2            =  
| mapalt2          =  
| mapalt2          =  
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| notice          = IPA
| notice          = IPA
}}
}}
Louzeni language is a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages Slavic language] out of [[Kento-Poylash languages|Kento-Polyash language group]], which is a official language of the autonomous [[Duchy of Louzeni]] in [[Gadorien]] and is a recognized minority language in [[Zhousheng]], [[Gadorien]] and [[Qazhshava]]
The '''Louzen language''' is a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages Slavic language] out of [[Kento-Poylash languages|Kento-Polyash language group]], which is a official language of the autonomous [[Duchy of Louzeni]] in [[Gadorien]] and is a recognized minority language in [[Zhousheng]], [[Gadorien]] and [[Qazhshava]]
==Introduction==
==Introduction==
The language has a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages slavic root and grammar], but has developed along with strong germanic influences, which shaped the grammar of the language. Unlike most of other slavic languages, Louzen maintained use of [[wikipedia:Dual (grammatical number)|Dual]] as a grammatical number.  
The language has a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_languages slavic root and grammar], but has developed along with strong germanic influences, which shaped the grammar of the language. Unlike most of other slavic languages, Louzen maintained use of [[wikipedia:Dual (grammatical number)|Dual]] as a grammatical number.  
=Orthography and Phonology=
==Alphabet==
==Alphabet==
Although until the 18th century, Louzeni used [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_alphabet Protopolyash script], the strong influence of Gadori germanic tribes using latin pushed it towards [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabet Latin script], which eventually became the most used script and eventually gained a linguistic monopoly in the middle of 19th century.<br>
{{main|Louzen orthography}}
Although until the 18th century, Louzeni used [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_alphabet Protopolyash script], the strong influence of Gadori germanic tribes using latin pushed it towards [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabet Latin script], which eventually became the most used script and eventually gained a linguistic monopoly in the middle of 19th century.
 
Until the rebirth movement in the end of 19th century, Louzen used only [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapheme Graphemes] to denote multiple sounds, which did not have a standard 26-alphabet letter given to them, but later, a system of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritic diacritic] marks was devised, creating a version, where any important phoneme is denoted by a single letter.
Until the rebirth movement in the end of 19th century, Louzen used only [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapheme Graphemes] to denote multiple sounds, which did not have a standard 26-alphabet letter given to them, but later, a system of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritic diacritic] marks was devised, creating a version, where any important phoneme is denoted by a single letter.
Louzen, although not officially using it, sometimes used lenghtened marks for vowels and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabic_consonant syllabic consonants]. Those symbols were used in some historical transcripts, but were eventually faded in eary 1900's.
Louzen, although not officially using it, sometimes used lenghtened marks for vowels and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabic_consonant syllabic consonants]. Those symbols were used in some historical transcripts, but were eventually faded in eary 1900's.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| style="<!--font-family:Arial Unicode MS;--> font-size:1.5<!--1.3-->em; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
!colspan="2"|Official diacritic version
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |A a
! {{H:title|This version still exists, but is not officially recognized|Digraph version}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Á á
! [[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet chart|IPA Symbol]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ä ä
! Example of a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language common] word with the sound
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Â â
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |B b
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |C c
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ċ ċ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |D d
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ḋ ḋ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |E e
|-
|-
| 1
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |É é
| A a
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ê ê
| A a
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |F f
|{{Audio|PR-open_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg|/a/|help=no}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |G g
|rowspan="2"|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PR-open_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg '''A'''fter]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |H h
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ḣ ḣ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |I i
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Í í
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |J j
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |K k
|-
|-
| 2
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |L l
| Á á
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ŀ ŀ
| Aa aa
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |M m
|{{Audio|PR-open_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg|/aː/|help=no}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |N n
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ṅ ṅ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |O o
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ó ó
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ö ö
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |P p
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |{{color|#808080|Q q}}
|-
|-
| 3
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |R r
| Ä ä
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |S s ſ
| Ae ae
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ṡ ṡ ʃ
|{{Audio|Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg|/ɛ/|help=no}}<br>{{Audio|Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg|/ɛː/|help=no}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ŝ ŝ ʆ
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg B'''e'''d (General American accent)]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |T t
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ṫ ṫ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |U u
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ú ú
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ü ü
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Û û
|-
|-
| 4
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |V v
| Â â
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |{{color|#808080|Ƿ ƿ}}
| Ja ja
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |{{color|#808080|X x}}
| /ʲa/~/j͡a/
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Y y
| ''Not in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language common]. Example: "{{Hover title|Apple|Яблоко/Âbloko}}" in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surzhyk Tiskai language]''
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ý ý
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Z z
| 5
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |Ż ż
| B b
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |
| B b
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |
|{{Audio|Voiced_bilabial_plosive.ogg|/b/|help=no}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiced_bilabial_plosive.ogg La'''b'''el]
|}
|-
 
| 6
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
| C c
!Order
| C c
!1 !!2 !!3 !!4 !!5 !!6 !!7 !!colspan="2"|8 !!colspan="2"|9 !!colspan="2"|10
|{{Audio|Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant_affricate.oga|/ʦ/|help=no}}
!11 !!12 !!13 !!14 !!15 !!16 !!17 !!18 !!19 !!20
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant_affricate.oga I'''ts''']
!21 !!22 !!23 !!24
|-
| 7
| Ċ ċ
| Cz cz
|{{Audio|Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate.ogg|/ʧ/|help=no}}
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate.ogg '''Ch'''eck]
|-
| 8
| D d
| D d
|{{Audio|Voiced_retroflex_stop.oga|/ɖ/|help=no}}
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiced_retroflex_stop.oga '''D'''one]
|-
| 9
| Ḋ ḋ
| D' d'
|{{Audio|Voiced_palatal_plosive.ogg|/ɟ/|help=no}}
| ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiced_palatal_plosive.ogg Voiced palatal plosive] (not in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language common])''
|-
| 10
| E e
| E e
|{{Audio|Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg|/e/|help=no}}
|rowspan="2"|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg B'''e'''d (Australian accent)]
|-
| 11
| É é
| E e
|{{Audio|Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg|/eː/|help=no}}
|-
| 12
| Ê ê
| Je je
| /ʲe/~/j͡e/
| B'''e'''larus
|-
| 13
| F f
| F f
|{{Audio|Voiceless_labiodental_fricative.ogg|/f/|help=no}}
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiceless_labiodental_fricative.ogg '''F'''ine]
|-
| 14
| G g
| G g
|{{Audio|Voiced_velar_plosive_02.ogg|/g/|help=no}}
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiced_velar_plosive_02.ogg '''G'''ame]
|-
| 15
| H h
| H h
|{{Audio|Voiced_glottal_fricative.ogg|/ɦ/|help=no}}<br>{{Audio|Voiceless_glottal_fricative.ogg|/h/|help=no}}
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiceless_glottal_fricative.ogg '''H'''ello]
|-
| 16
| Ḣ ḣ
| Ch ch
|<!--{{Audio|Voiceless_velar_fricative.ogg|/ɣ/|help=no}}<br>-->{{Audio|Voiced_velar_fricative.ogg|/x/|help=no}}
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiced_velar_fricative.ogg Lo'''ch''' Ness]
|-
| 17
| I i
| I i
|{{Audio|Close_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg|/i/|help=no}}
|rowspan="2"|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Close_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg Fr'''ee''']
|-
| 18
| Í í
| Ie ie
|{{Audio|Close_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg|/iː/|help=no}}
|-
| 19
| J j
| J j
|{{Audio|Palatal_approximant.ogg|/j/|help=no}}
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palatal_approximant.ogg '''Y'''ou]
|-
| 20
| K k
| K k
|{{Audio|Voiceless_velar_plosive.ogg|/k/|help=no}}
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiceless_velar_plosive.ogg '''K'''ey]
|-
| 21
| L l
| L l
|{{Audio|Alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg|/l/|help=no}}
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg '''L'''ater]
|-
| 22
| Ŀ ŀ
| L' l'
|{{Audio|Alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg|/lʲ/|help=no}}
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg Mi'''ll'''ion]
|-
| 23
| M m
| M m
|{{Audio|Bilabial_nasal.ogg|/m/|help=no}}
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bilabial_nasal.ogg '''M'''other]
|-
| 24
| N n
| N n
|{{Audio|Alveolar_nasal.ogg|/n/|help=no}}
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alveolar_nasal.ogg Mo'''n'''th]
|-
| 25
| Ṅ ṅ
| N' n'
|{{Audio|Palatal_nasal.ogg|/ɲ/|help=no}}
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palatal_nasal.ogg '''N'''ew]
|-
| 26
| O o
| O o
| {{Audio|Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg|/o/|help=no}}<br>{{Audio|PR-open-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg|/ɔ/|help=no}}
|rowspan="2"|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg Y'''aw'''n] / [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PR-open-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg N'''o'''t]
|-
|-
| 27
![[wikipedia:Capital letters|Majuscule]]
| Ó ó
|A ||Á ||Ä ||Â ||B ||C ||Ċ ||colspan="2"|D ||colspan="2"|Ḋ ||colspan="2"|E
| Oo oo
|É ||Ê ||F ||G ||H ||Ḣ ||I ||Í ||J ||K
| {{Audio|Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg|/oː/|help=no}}<br>{{Audio|PR-open-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg|/ɔː/|help=no}}
|L ||Ŀ ||M ||N
|-
|-
| 28
![[wikipedia:Lower case|Minuscule]]
| Ö ö
|a ||á ||ä ||â ||b ||c ||ċ ||colspan="2"|d ||colspan="2"|ḋ ||colspan="2"|e
| Oe oe
|é ||ê ||f ||g ||h ||ḣ ||i ||í ||j ||k
| {{Audio|Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel.ogg|/œ/|help=no}}<br>{{Audio|Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel.ogg|/œː/|help=no}}
|l ||ŀ ||m ||n
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel.ogg B'''i'''rd]
|-
|-
| 29
![[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA Sound]]
| P p
|a ||aː ||æː ||ʲa ||b ||t͡s ||t͡ʃ ||colspan="2"|d ||colspan="2"|ɟ ||colspan="2"|ɛ
| P p
|ɛː ||ʲe ||f ||g ||h ||x ||i ||iː ||j ||k
|{{Audio|Voiceless_bilabial_plosive.ogg|/p/|help=no}}
|l ||ʎ ||m ||n
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiceless_bilabial_plosive.ogg '''P'''lay]
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#FFEEEE|{{Hover title|This letter is used only in foreign words|30}}
!Order
|bgcolor=#FFEEEE|Q q
!25 !!26 !!27 !!28 !!29 !!30
|bgcolor=#FFEEEE|Q q
!31 !!colspan="2"|32 !!colspan="2"|33 !!colspan="2"|34 !!35 !!36 !!37 !!38 !!39 !!40
|bgcolor=#FFEEEE|{{Audio|Voiceless_uvular_plosive.ogg|/k͡v/|help=no}}
!41 !!42 !!43 !!44 !!45 !!46 !!47 !!
|bgcolor=#FFEEEE|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiceless_uvular_plosive.ogg '''C'''aught]
|-
|-
| 31
![[wikipedia:Capital letters|Majuscule]]
| R r
|Ṅ ||O ||Ó ||Ö ||P ||style="background:#FEE7E6"|Q
| R r
|R ||colspan="2"|S ||colspan="2"|Ṡ ||colspan="2"|Ŝ ||T ||Ṫ ||U ||Ú ||Ü ||Û
|{{Audio|Uvular_trill.ogg|/ʀ/|help=no}}
|V ||style="background:#FEE7E6"|Ƿ ||style="background:#FEE7E6"|X ||Y ||Ý ||Z ||Ż ||
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uvular_trill.ogg '''R'''ed]
|-
|-
| 32
![[wikipedia:Lower case|Minuscule]]
| S s
|ṅ ||o ||ó ||ö ||p ||style="background:#FEE7E6"|q
| S s
|r ||style="border-right:1px dashed #A2A9B1;"|s ||style="border-left:1px dashed #A2A9B1;"|ſ ||style="border-right:1px dashed #A2A9B1;"|ṡ ||style="border-left:1px dashed #A2A9B1;"|ʃ ||style="border-right:1px dashed #A2A9B1;"|ŝ ||style="border-left:1px dashed #A2A9B1;"|ʆ ||t ||ṫ ||u ||ú ||ü ||û
|{{Audio|Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant.ogg|/s/|help=no}}
|v ||style="background:#FEE7E6"|ƿ ||style="background:#FEE7E6"|x ||y ||ý ||z ||ż ||
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant.ogg '''S'''urprise]
|-
|-
| 33
![[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA Sound]]
| Ṡ ṡ
|ɲ ||ɔ ||ɔː ||œː ||p ||style="background:#FEE7E6"|k͡v
| Sz sz
|r ||colspan="2"|s ||colspan="2"|ʃ ||colspan="2"|ɕ͡ʧ ||t ||c ||u ||uː ||y ||ʲu
|{{Audio|Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative.ogg|/ɕ/|help=no}}
|v ||style="background:#FEE7E6"|w ||style="background:#FEE7E6"|k͡s ||ɪ ||ɪː ||z ||ʒ ||
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative.ogg '''Sh'''ow]
|-
| 34
| Ŝ ŝ
| Sx sx
| /ɕ͡ʧ/
| ''Not in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language common]. Example: "{{Hover title|Puppy|Щенок/Ŝenok}}" in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surzhyk Tiskai language]''
|-
| 35
| T t
| T t
|{{Audio|Voiceless_retroflex_stop.oga|/ʈ/|help=no}}
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiceless_retroflex_stop.oga '''T'''ime]
|-
| 36
| Ṫ ṫ
| T' t'
|{{Audio|Voiceless_palatal_plosive.ogg|/c/|help=no}}
| ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiceless_palatal_plosive.ogg Voiceless palatal plosive] (not in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language common])''
|-
| 37
| U u
| U u
| {{Audio|Close_back_rounded_vowel.ogg|/u/|help=no}}
|rowspan="2"|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Close_back_rounded_vowel.ogg B'''oo'''t]
|-
| 38
| Ú ú
| Uu uu
| {{Audio|Close_back_rounded_vowel.ogg|/uː/|help=no}}
|-
| 39
| Ü ü
| Ue ue
| {{Audio|Close_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg|/ɨ/|help=no}}<br>{{Audio|Close_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg|/ɨː/|help=no}}
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Close_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg L'''i'''p (London accent)]
|-
| 40
| Û û
| Ju ju
| /ʲu/~/j͡u/
| ''Not in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language common]. Example: "{{Hover title|To love|Любить/Lûbitʹ}}" in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surzhyk Tiskai language]''
|-
| 41
| V v
| V v
| {{Audio|Voiced_labiodental_fricative.ogg|/v/|help=no}}
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiced_labiodental_fricative.ogg '''V'''al'''v'''e]
|-
|bgcolor=#FFEEEE|{{Hover title|This letter is used only in foreign words|42}}
|bgcolor=#FFEEEE|W w
|bgcolor=#FFEEEE|W w
|bgcolor=#FFEEEE|{{Audio|Voiced_labio-velar_approximant.ogg|/w/|help=no}}<br>{{Audio|Labiodental_approximant.ogg|/ʋ/|help=no}}
|bgcolor=#FFEEEE|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiced_labio-velar_approximant.ogg '''W'''eep]
|-
|bgcolor=#FFEEEE|{{Hover title|This letter is used only in foreign words|43}}
|bgcolor=#FFEEEE|X x
|bgcolor=#FFEEEE|X x
|bgcolor=#FFEEEE|/k͡s/
|bgcolor=#FFEEEE|''A bigram of /k/ and /s/, for example in Ma'''x'''imal''
|-
| 44
| Y y
| Y y
| {{Audio|Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel.ogg|/ɪ/|help=no}}
|rowspan="2"|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel.ogg B'''i'''t (General American)]
|-
| 45
| Ý ý
| Yy yy
| {{Audio|Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel.ogg|/ɪː/|help=no}}
|-
| 46
| Z z
| Z z
| {{Audio|Voiced_alveolar_sibilant.ogg|/z/|help=no}}
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiced_alveolar_sibilant.ogg '''Z'''oo]
|-
| 47
| Ż ż
| Z' z'
| {{Audio|Voiced_alveolo-palatal_sibilant.ogg|/ʑ/|help=no}}
| [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voiced_alveolo-palatal_sibilant.ogg Vi'''s'''ion]
|}
|}
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
{| class="wikitable" style="background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%"
{| class="wikitable" style="background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%"
!style="border-bottom:none; width: 60px; padding-bottom:0; text-align:right;"|[[wikipedia:Place of articulation|Place]] →
!rowspan="2"{{diagonal split header|[[wikipedia:Manner of articulation|Manner]]|[[wikipedia:Place of articulation|Place]]}}
!colspan="5"|[[wikipedia:Labial consonant|Labial]]
!colspan="5"|[[wikipedia:Labial consonant|Labial]]
!colspan="10"|[[wikipedia:Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
!colspan="10"|[[wikipedia:Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
Line 394: Line 215:
!colspan="4"|[[wikipedia:Laryngeal consonant|Laryngeal]]
!colspan="4"|[[wikipedia:Laryngeal consonant|Laryngeal]]
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 style="border-top:none; width: 60px; padding-top:0; text-align:center;"|'''[[wikipedia:Manner of articulation|Manner]] ↓
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]]
Line 402: Line 222:
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Postalveolar consonant|Postal-veolar]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Postalveolar consonant|Postal-veolar]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Palatal consonant|Platal]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|'''[[wikipedia:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
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|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless bilabial nasal|m̥]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless bilabial nasal|m̥]]</big><br><nowiki>(m)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]</big><br><nowiki>(m)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar nasal|n̥]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar nasal|n̥]]</big><br><nowiki>(n)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|n]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|n]]</big><br><nowiki>(n)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex nasal|ɳ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex nasal|ɳ]]</big><br><nowiki>(n)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ṅ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Plosive|Plosive]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Plosive|Plosive]]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]</big><br><nowiki>(p)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]</big><br><nowiki>(b)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives|t]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives|t]]</big><br><nowiki>(t)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]]</big><br><nowiki>(d)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex plosive|ʈ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex plosive|ʈ]]</big><br><nowiki>(t)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex plosive|ɖ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex plosive|ɖ]]</big><br><nowiki>(d)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]</big><br><nowiki>(ṫ)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal plosive|ɟ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal plosive|ɟ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ḋ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]</big><br><nowiki>(k)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced velar plosive|g]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced velar plosive|g]]</big><br><nowiki>(g)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless uvular plosive|q]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless uvular plosive|q]]</big><br><nowiki>(q)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar affricate#Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate|ʦ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar affricate#Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate|t͡s]]</big><br><nowiki>(c)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolar affricate#Voiced alveolar sibilant affricate|ʣ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolar affricate#Voiced alveolar sibilant affricate|d͡z]]</big><br><nowiki>(dz)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|ʧ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ċ)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced postalveolar affricate|ʤ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced postalveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]</big><br><nowiki>(dż)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex affricate|ʈʂ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex affricate|ʈ͡ʂ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ċ)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex affricate|ɖʐ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex affricate|ɖ͡ʐ]]</big><br><nowiki>(dż)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|ʨ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|t͡ɕ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ċ)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate|ʥ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate|d͡ʑ]]</big><br><nowiki>(dż)</nowiki>
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|-
<!--|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Non-[[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]] [[wikipedia:Affricate|affricate]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Non-[[wikipedia:Sibilant|sibilant]] [[wikipedia:Affricate|affricate]]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''-->
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Sibilant|Sibilant]] [[wikipedia:Fricative|fricative]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Sibilant|Sibilant]] [[wikipedia:Fricative|fricative]]
Line 521: Line 341:
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar sibilants|s]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar sibilants|s]]</big><br><nowiki>(s)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]</big><br><nowiki>(z)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ṡ)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ż)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex fricative|ʂ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless retroflex fricative|ʂ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ṡ)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex fricative|ʐ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced retroflex fricative|ʐ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ż)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ṡ)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ż)</nowiki>
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]</big><br><nowiki>(f)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]</big><br><nowiki>(v)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]]</big><br><nowiki>(j)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless velar fricative|x]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless velar fricative|x]]</big><br><nowiki>(ḣ)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ḣ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ḣ)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]</big><br><nowiki>(h)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]</big><br><nowiki>(h)</nowiki>
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Approximant|Approximant]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Approximant|Approximant]]
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|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced labiodental approximant|ʋ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced labiodental approximant|ʋ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ƿ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]</big><br><nowiki>(j)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]]</big><br><nowiki>(ƿ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|-
<!--|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Tap and flap consonants|Tap/Flap]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Tap and flap consonants|Tap/Flap]]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''-->
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Trill consonant|Trill]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Trill consonant|Trill]]
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|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar trill|r̥]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless alveolar trill|r̥]]</big><br><nowiki>(r)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills#Voiced alveolar trill|r]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills#Voiced alveolar trill|r]]</big><br><nowiki>(r)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless uvular trill|ʀ̥]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiceless uvular trill|ʀ̥]]</big><br><nowiki>(r)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced uvular trill|ʀ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced uvular trill|ʀ]]</big><br><nowiki>(r)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|-
<!--|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Affricate|affricate]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Affricate|affricate]]
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''-->
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Approximant|approximant]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Approximant|approximant]]
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|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]</big><br><nowiki>(l)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; border-left:none; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|ʎ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ŀ)</nowiki>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|-
<!--|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Tap and flap consonants|tap/flap]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Latelar]] [[wikipedia:Tap and flap consonants|tap/flap]]
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''-->
<!--|style="border-right:none; padding-right:0;"|
<!--|style="border-right:none; padding-right:0;"|
|style="border-left:none; padding-left:0;"|
|style="border-left:none; padding-left:0;"|
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|}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%"
{| class="wikitable" style="background:transparent;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%"
!style="border-bottom:none; padding-bottom:0; text-align:right;"|{{Hover title|Tongue position|Front-back}} →
!Tongue position
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2" rowspan="2"|[[wikipedia:Front vowel|Front]]
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|[[wikipedia:Front vowel|Front]]
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Near-[[wikipedia:Front vowel|front]]
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|Near-[[wikipedia:Front vowel|front]]
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2" rowspan="2"|[[wikipedia:Central vowel|Central]]
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|[[wikipedia:Central vowel|Central]]
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Near-[[wikipedia:Back vowel|back]]
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|Near-[[wikipedia:Back vowel|back]]
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2" rowspan="2"|[[wikipedia:Back vowel|Back]]
!bgcolor=#EAECF0 colspan="2"|[[wikipedia:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0 style="border-top:none; padding-top:0; text-align:center;"|'''{{Hover title|Tongue position|Up-down}} ↓
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]</big><br><nowiki>(i)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close front rounded vowel|y]]</big><br><nowiki>(ü)</nowiki>
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ü)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big><br><nowiki>(u)</nowiki>
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Near-close vowel|Near-close]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Near-close vowel|Near-close]]
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪ]]</big><br><nowiki>(y)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]</big><br><nowiki>(e)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
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|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]</big><br><nowiki>(o)</nowiki>
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Mid vowel|Mid]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Mid vowel|Mid]]
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|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|colspan="2"|<big>[[wikipedia:Mid central vowel|ə]]</big>
|colspan="2"|<big>[[wikipedia:Mid central vowel|ə]]</big><br><nowiki>(e)</nowiki>
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
Line 808: Line 626:
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]</big><br><nowiki>(e)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front rounded vowel|œ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front rounded vowel|œ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ö)</nowiki>
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
Line 817: Line 635:
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]</big><br><nowiki>(o)</nowiki>
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Near-open vowel|Near-open]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Near-open vowel|Near-open]]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Near-open front unrounded vowel|æ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ä)</nowiki>
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|colspan="2"|<big>[[wikipedia:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]</big>
|colspan="2"|<big>[[wikipedia:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]</big><br><nowiki>(ä)</nowiki>
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
Line 831: Line 649:
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]]
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]</big><br><nowiki>(a)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
Line 839: Line 657:
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|bgcolor=#DDDDDD style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|'''
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]]</big>
|style="border-right:none; width: 50px; padding-right:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]]</big><br><nowiki>(a)</nowiki>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open back rounded vowel|ɒ]]</big>
|style="border-left:none; width: 50px; padding-left:0; text-align:center;"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open back rounded vowel|ɒ]]</big><br><nowiki>(a)</nowiki>
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Diphthong|Diphthong]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Diphthong|Diphthong]]
|colspan="10"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]͡[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big>
|colspan="10"|<big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]</big>͡<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|u]]</big> <nowiki>(au)</nowiki>
|-
|-
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Vowel length|Long vowels]]
|bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[[wikipedia:Vowel length|Long vowels]]
|colspan="10"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|aː]]</big>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛː]]</big>''' ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]</big> ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close front unrounded vowel|iː]]</big>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪː]]</big>''' ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|oː]]</big> ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔː]]</big>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front rounded vowel|œː]]</big>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|uː]]</big>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨː]]</big>'''
|colspan="10"|'''<big>[[wikipedia:Open front unrounded vowel|aː]]</big> <nowiki>(á)</nowiki>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛː]]</big> <nowiki>(é)</nowiki>''' ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]</big> <nowiki>(é)</nowiki> ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close front unrounded vowel|iː]]</big> <nowiki>(í)</nowiki>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪː]]</big> <nowiki>(ý)</nowiki>''' ~ <big>[[wikipedia:Close-mid back rounded vowel|oː]]</big> <nowiki>(ó)</nowiki> ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔː]]</big> <nowiki>(ó)</nowiki>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Open-mid front rounded vowel|œː]]</big> <nowiki>(ö)</nowiki>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close back rounded vowel|uː]]</big> <nowiki>(ú)</nowiki>''' ~ '''<big>[[wikipedia:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨː]]</big> <nowiki>(ü)</nowiki>'''
|}
|}
'''<big>Bold</big>''' ''are the common sounds, while'' <big>regular</big> ''sounds may happen in dialects and/or in a world for easier pronunciation
'''<big>Bold</big>''' ''are the common sounds, while'' <big>regular</big> ''sounds may happen in dialects and/or in a world for easier pronunciation
===Softening===
 
Sounds for letters D, L, N, T preceding letters Â, Ê, I, Í, Û are softened/[[wikipedia:Palatalization (phonetics)|platalized]].
Historical phonetical shifts include:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
*Disappearance of /rʲ/ and its replacement with /r/
!colspan="3"|Softening
*Phonetical shift /ɡ/ → /ɦ/
!colspan="2"|Regular
*Phonetical shift /ʲeː/ → /iː/, orthographically briefly denoted as jͤ in the [[Louzen orthography#Baroque compromising|baroque orthography]]
|-
*Phonetical shift /ʊ͡ɔ/ → /uː/ ''(Equivalent to [[wikipedia:Polish language|Scouse]] "Ò")''
!Written
*Phonetical shift /ʊ͡ɔ/ → /œː/ ''(Equivalent to [[wikipedia:German language|Sino-Gadori]] "Ö")''
!Read
*Phonetical shift /ʃ͡ʧ/ → /ɕ͡ʧ/ ''(Equivalent to [[wikipedia:Russian language|Volgin]] "Щ")''
|bgcolor=#FFCBCB|'''{{Hover title|Wrong way to write the softness|Wrong}}
*Phonetical shift /r̩/ → /ær/, orthographically Ŕ → ÄR
!Written
*Phonetical shift /l̩/ → /ol/, orthographically Ĺ → OL
!Read
*Phonetical shift /m̩/ → /um/, orthographically Ḿ → UM
|-
*Phonetical shift of any other [[wikipedia:Syllabic consonant|syllabic consonant]] /◌̩/ → /e◌/
|di
*Phonetical shift /ja/ → /ʲa/ in according to [[Louzen orthography#Â, Ê, Û vs. Ja, Je, Ju|placement]] ''(Previously equivalent to [[wikipedia:Iotated A|Ꙗ]])''
|/ɟi/
*Phonetical shift /je/ → /ʲe/ in according to [[Louzen orthography#Â, Ê, Û vs. Ja, Je, Ju|placement]] ''(Previously equivalent to [[wikipedia:Iotated E|Ѥ]])''
|bgcolor=#FFEEEE|ḋi
*Phonetical shift /ju/ → /ʲu/ in according to [[Louzen orthography#Â, Ê, Û vs. Ja, Je, Ju|placement]] ''(Previously equivalent to [[wikipedia:Yu (Cyrillic)|Ю]])''
|dy
 
|/ɖɪ/
=Grammar=
|-
|li
|/lʲi/
|bgcolor=#FFEEEE|ŀi
|ly
|/lɪ/
|-
|ni
|/ɲi/
|bgcolor=#FFEEEE|ṅi
|ny
|/nɪ/
|-
|ti
|/ci/
|bgcolor=#FFEEEE|ṫi
|ty
|/ʈɪ/
|}
Important note is, that in case of softening with Â, Ê, Û, the /j/ sound is not pronounced:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!colspan="3"|Softening
!colspan="2"|Regular
|-
!Written
!Read
|bgcolor=#FFCBCB|'''{{Hover title|Wrong way to write the softness|Wrong}}
!Written
!Read
|-
|dâ
|/ɟa/
|bgcolor=#FFEEEE|ḋa
|dja
|/ɖja/
|-
|lâ
|/lʲa/
|bgcolor=#FFEEEE|ŀa
|lja
|/lja/
|-
|nâ
|/ɲa/
|bgcolor=#FFEEEE|ṅa
|nja
|/nja/
|-
|tâ
|/ca/
|bgcolor=#FFEEEE|ṫa
|tja
|/ʈja/
|}
==Nouns==
==Nouns==
===Grammatical gender===
===Grammatical gender===
Line 927: Line 691:
* Neuter {{Hover title|Single letter code used in dictionaries|(symbol ⚲, letter N)}}
* Neuter {{Hover title|Single letter code used in dictionaries|(symbol ⚲, letter N)}}
===Grammatical cases===
===Grammatical cases===
Louzen langauge works with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number 3 grammatical numbers] (singular, dual and plural) and 5 separate [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_case grammatical cases]:
Louzen langauge works with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number 3 grammatical numbers] (singular, dual and plural) and 6 separate [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_case grammatical cases]:
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case Nominative] (''Imêník''): ''Subject'' or a Predicate noun or adjectiv (Shorcut Nom., № {{Hover title|Grammatical cases are numbered in Louzen|1}})
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case Nominative] (''Imêník''): ''Subject'' or a Predicate noun or adjectiv (Shorcut Nom., № {{Hover title|Grammatical cases are numbered in Louzen|1}})
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case Genitive] (''Pridrżník''): Possessive or partial direct object, without ''Subject'' (Shorcut Gen., № {{Hover title|Grammatical cases are numbered in Louzen|2}})
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case Genitive] (''Pridrżník''): Possessive or partial direct object, without ''Subject'' (Shorcut Gen., № {{Hover title|Grammatical cases are numbered in Louzen|2}})
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_case Dative] (''Geŝník''): Giving to ''Subject'', phrases linked to certain verbs (Shorcut Dat., № {{Hover title|Grammatical cases are numbered in Louzen|3}})
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_case Dative] (''Geŝník''): Giving to ''Subject'', phrases linked to certain verbs (Shorcut Dat., № {{Hover title|Grammatical cases are numbered in Louzen|3}})
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_case Accusative] (''Jednateŀník''): Interract with ''Subject'' (see, hear, harass...) (Shorcut Acc., № {{Hover title|Grammatical cases are numbered in Louzen|4}})
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_case Accusative] (''Jednateŀník''): Interract with ''Subject'' (see, hear, harass...) (Shorcut Acc., № {{Hover title|Grammatical cases are numbered in Louzen|4}})
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablative_case Ablative] (''Drużník''): Part of ''Subject'', compared to ''Subject'', the way (Shorcut Abl., № {{Hover title|Grammatical cases are numbered in Louzen|5}})
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locative_case Locative] (''Míſtník''): In ''Subject'', on ''Subject'', past ''Subject'', nearby ''Subject'', about ''Subject'' (Shorcut Loc., № {{Hover title|Grammatical cases are numbered in Louzen|5}})
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_case Instrumentative] (''Drużník''): Using ''Subject'', with ''Subject'' (Shorcut Ins., № {{Hover title|Grammatical cases are numbered in Louzen|6}})
<!--*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablative_case Ablative] (''Drużník''): Part of ''Subject'', compared to ''Subject'', the way (Shorcut Abl., № {{Hover title|Grammatical cases are numbered in Louzen|5}})-->
Some forms of the [[wikipedia:Vocative case|Vocative]] (''Zvučník'') case still exist, making some of the scholars claim, that Louzen still has 7 cases. However, [[wikipedia:Vocative case|Vocative]] has not been generally used since 1910's.
 
There are 12 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflection Inflection patterns] (5 for Masculine, 4 for Feminine and 3 for Neuter)  
There are 12 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflection Inflection patterns] (5 for Masculine, 4 for Feminine and 3 for Neuter)  
===Grammatical inflection===
===Grammatical inflection===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! rowspan="2"|Translation to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common]
! rowspan="2"|Translation to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common]
! rowspan="2"|{{Hover title|Single letter code used in dictionaries|Code}}
! rowspan="2"|{{Hover title|Single letter code used in dictionaries|Code}}
! colspan="5"|Singular
! colspan="6"|Singular
! colspan="5"|Dual
! colspan="6"|[[wikipedia:Dual (grammatical number)|Dual]]
! colspan="5"|Plural
! colspan="6"|Plural
|-
|-
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case Nom.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case Nom.]
Line 946: Line 714:
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_case Dat.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_case Dat.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_case Acc.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_case Acc.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablative_case Abl.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locative_case Loc.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_case Ins.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case Nom.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case Nom.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case Gen.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case Gen.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_case Dat.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_case Dat.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_case Acc.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_case Acc.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablative_case Abl.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locative_case Loc.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_case Ins.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case Nom.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case Nom.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case Gen.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case Gen.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_case Dat.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_case Dat.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_case Acc.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_case Acc.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablative_case Abl.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locative_case Loc.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_case Ins.]
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="18" | '''Masculine
| style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="21" | '''Masculine
|-
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Brother'''
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Brother'''
Line 966: Line 737:
|''Bratu''
|''Bratu''
|''Brata''
|''Brata''
|''Bratovi''
|''Bratom''
|''Bratom''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Brata'''''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Brata'''''
Line 971: Line 743:
|''Bratám''
|''Bratám''
|''Brata''
|''Brata''
|''Bratáḣ''
|''Bratḣi''
|''Bratḣi''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Brati'''''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Brati'''''
Line 976: Line 749:
|''Bratúm''
|''Bratúm''
|''Braty''
|''Braty''
|''Brateḣ''
|''Bratmi''
|''Bratmi''
|-
|-
Line 982: Line 756:
| -u
| -u
| -a
| -a
| -ovi
| -om
| -om
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-a
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-a
Line 987: Line 762:
| -ám
| -ám
| -a
| -a
| -áḣ
| -ḣi
| -ḣi
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-i
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-i
Line 992: Line 768:
| -úm
| -úm
| -y
| -y
| -eḣ
| -mi
| -mi
|-
!colspan="21"|
|-
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''House'''
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''House'''
Line 1,000: Line 779:
|''Dömu''
|''Dömu''
|''Döm''
|''Döm''
|''Dömu''
|''Dömom''
|''Dömom''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Dömy'''''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Dömy'''''
Line 1,005: Line 785:
|''Dömoma''
|''Dömoma''
|''Dömê''
|''Dömê''
|''Dömáḣ''
|''Dömyma''
|''Dömyma''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Dömové'''''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Dömové'''''
Line 1,010: Line 791:
|''Dömúm''
|''Dömúm''
|''Dömy''
|''Dömy''
|''Dömêḣ''
|''Dömami''
|''Dömami''
|-
|-
Line 1,016: Line 798:
| -u
| -u
| ∅
| ∅
| -u
| -om
| -om
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-y
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-y
Line 1,021: Line 804:
| -oma
| -oma
| -ê
| -ê
| -áḣ
| -yma
| -yma
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-ové
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-ové
Line 1,026: Line 810:
| -úm
| -úm
| -y
| -y
| -êḣ
| -ami
| -ami
|-
!colspan="21"|
|-
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Man'''
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Man'''
Line 1,034: Line 821:
|''Muži''
|''Muži''
|''Muže''
|''Muže''
|''Mužum''
|''Muži''
|''Mužem''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Muža'''''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Muža'''''
|''Muž''
|''Muž''
|''Mužoma''
|''Mužoma''
|''Mužém''
|''Mužém''
|''Mužaḣ''
|''Mužmi''
|''Mužmi''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Muži'''''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Muži'''''
Line 1,044: Line 833:
|''Mužúm''
|''Mužúm''
|''Muže''
|''Muže''
|''Mužíḣ''
|''Mužma''
|''Mužma''
|-
|-
Line 1,050: Line 840:
| -i
| -i
| -e
| -e
| -um
| -i
| -em
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-a
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-a
| ∅
| ∅
| -oma
| -oma
| -ém
| -ém
| -aḣ
| -mi
| -mi
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-i
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-i
Line 1,060: Line 852:
| -úm
| -úm
| -e
| -e
| -íḣ
| -ma
| -ma
|-
!colspan="21"|
|-
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Country'''
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Country'''
Line 1,068: Line 863:
|''Kraji''
|''Kraji''
|''Kraja''
|''Kraja''
|''Kraji''
|''Krajom''
|''Krajom''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Kraja'''''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Kraja'''''
Line 1,073: Line 869:
|''Krajoma''
|''Krajoma''
|''Krajê''
|''Krajê''
|''Krajaḣ''
|''Krajoma''
|''Krajoma''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Kraje'''''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Kraje'''''
Line 1,078: Line 875:
|''Krajom''
|''Krajom''
|''Kraje''
|''Kraje''
|''Krajáḣ''
|''Krajmi''
|''Krajmi''
|-
|-
Line 1,084: Line 882:
| -i
| -i
| -a
| -a
| -i
| -om
| -om
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-a
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-a
Line 1,089: Line 888:
| -oma
| -oma
| -ê
| -ê
| -aḣ
| -oma
| -oma
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-e
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-e
Line 1,094: Line 894:
| -om
| -om
| -e
| -e
| -áḣ
| -mi
| -mi
|-
!colspan="21"|
|-
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Stone'''
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Stone'''
Line 1,102: Line 905:
|''Kámeni''
|''Kámeni''
|''Kámen''
|''Kámen''
|''Kámeni''
|''Kámenem''
|''Kámenem''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Kámena'''''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Kámena'''''
Line 1,107: Line 911:
|''Kámenama''
|''Kámenama''
|''Kámena''
|''Kámena''
|''Kámeneḣ''
|''Kámeni''
|''Kámeni''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Kámeny'''''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Kámeny'''''
Line 1,112: Line 917:
|''Kámenúm''
|''Kámenúm''
|''Kámeny''
|''Kámeny''
|''Kámeníḣ''
|''Kámeny''
|''Kámeny''
|-
|-
Line 1,118: Line 924:
| -i
| -i
| ∅
| ∅
| -i
| -em
| -em
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-a
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-a
Line 1,123: Line 930:
| -ama
| -ama
| -a
| -a
| -eḣ
| -i
| -i
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-y
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-y
Line 1,128: Line 936:
| -úm
| -úm
| -y
| -y
| -íḣ
| -y
| -y
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="18" | '''Feminine
| style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="21" | '''Feminine
|-
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Woman'''
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Woman'''
Line 1,138: Line 947:
|''Żenê''
|''Żenê''
|''Żenu''
|''Żenu''
|''Żenû''
|''Żenê''
|''Żenau''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Żenê'''''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Żenê'''''
|''Żenu''
|''Żenu''
|''Żenama''
|''Żenama''
|''Żenê''
|''Żenê''
|''Żeníḣ''
|''Żenimê''
|''Żenimê''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Żeny'''''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Żeny'''''
Line 1,148: Line 959:
|''Żenám''
|''Żenám''
|''Żeny''
|''Żeny''
|''Żenáḣ''
|''Żenami''
|''Żenami''
|-
|-
Line 1,154: Line 966:
| -ê
| -ê
| -u
| -u
| -û
| -ê
| -au
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-ê
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-ê
| -u
| -u
| -ama
| -ama
| -ê
| -ê
| -íḣ
| -imê
| -imê
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-y
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-y
Line 1,164: Line 978:
| -ám
| -ám
| -y
| -y
| -áḣ
| -ami
| -ami
|-
!colspan="21"|
|-
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Hope'''
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Hope'''
Line 1,172: Line 989:
|''Nadêli''
|''Nadêli''
|''Nadêlû''
|''Nadêlû''
|''Nadêli''
|''Nadêŀü''
|''Nadêŀü''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Nadêlê'''''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Nadêlê'''''
Line 1,177: Line 995:
|''Nadêlâ''
|''Nadêlâ''
|''Nadêlê''
|''Nadêlê''
|''Nadêlâḣ''
|''Nadêlimê''
|''Nadêlimê''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Nadêlê'''''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Nadêlê'''''
Line 1,182: Line 1,001:
|''Nadêlâm''
|''Nadêlâm''
|''Nadêlê''
|''Nadêlê''
|''Nadêlíḣ''
|''Nadêŀjáḣ''
|''Nadêŀjáḣ''
|-
|-
Line 1,188: Line 1,008:
| -i
| -i
| -û
| -û
| -i
| -ü
| -ü
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-ê
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-ê
Line 1,193: Line 1,014:
| -a
| -a
| -ê
| -ê
| -âḣ
| -imê
| -imê
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-ê
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-ê
Line 1,198: Line 1,020:
| -am
| -am
| -ê
| -ê
| -íḣ
| -jáḣ
| -jáḣ
|-
!colspan="21"|
|-
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Bone'''
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Bone'''
|rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| '''K
|rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| '''K
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Kosṫ'''''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Koſṫ'''''
|''Kosti''
|''Kosti''
|''Kosti''
|''Koſṫ''
|''Kosti''
|''Kosti''
|''Kosṫ''
|''Kosṫó''
|''Kosṫó''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Kosti'''''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Kosti'''''
|''Kostû''
|''Kostû''
|''Kosṫma''
|''Koſṫma''
|''Kosti''
|''Kosti''
|''Kosṫma''
|''Kostáḣ''
|''Koſṫma''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Kosti'''''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Kosti'''''
|''Kostí''
|''Kostí''
|''Kostím''
|''Kostím''
|''Kosti''
|''Kosti''
|''Kosteḣ''
|''Kostêmi''
|''Kostêmi''
|-
|-
Line 1,222: Line 1,050:
| -i
| -i
| ∅
| ∅
| -i
| -ó
| -ó
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-i
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-i
Line 1,227: Line 1,056:
| -ma
| -ma
| -i
| -i
| -áḣ
| -ma
| -ma
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-i
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-i
Line 1,232: Line 1,062:
| -ím
| -ím
| -i
| -i
| -eḣ
| -êmi
| -êmi
|-
!colspan="21"|
|-
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Mother''' (archaic)
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Mother''' (archaic)
|rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| '''T
|rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| '''T
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Máti'''''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Máti'''''
|''Máti''
|''Máti''
|''Máti''
|''Máti''
|''Máti''
Line 1,245: Line 1,079:
|''Máṫma''
|''Máṫma''
|''Máti''
|''Máti''
|''Mátiḣ''
|''Máṫma''
|''Máṫma''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Mátije'''''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Mátije'''''
Line 1,250: Line 1,085:
|''Mátijím''
|''Mátijím''
|''Mátê''
|''Mátê''
|''Mátíḣ''
|''Máṫmi''
|''Máṫmi''
|-
|-
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-i
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-i
| -i
| -i
| -i
| -i
| -i
Line 1,261: Line 1,098:
| -ma
| -ma
| -i
| -i
| -iḣ
| -ma
| -ma
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-ije
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-ije
Line 1,266: Line 1,104:
| -ijím
| -ijím
| -ê
| -ê
| -íḣ
| -mi
| -mi
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="18" | '''Neutrum
| style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="21" | '''Neutrum
|-
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Word'''
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Word'''
Line 1,276: Line 1,115:
|''Slovu''
|''Slovu''
|''Slovo''
|''Slovo''
|''Slovme''
|''Slovu''
|''Slovem''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Slovji'''''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Slovji'''''
|''Slovû''
|''Slovû''
|''Slovêma''
|''Slovêma''
|''Slovji''
|''Slovji''
|''Slovjíḣ''
|''Slovêma''
|''Slovêma''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Slova'''''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Slova'''''
Line 1,286: Line 1,127:
|''Slovám''
|''Slovám''
|''Slova''
|''Slova''
|''Slováḣ''
|''Slovy''
|''Slovy''
|-
|-
Line 1,292: Line 1,134:
| -u
| -u
| -o
| -o
| -me
| -u
| -em
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-ji
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-ji
| -û
| -û
| -êma
| -êma
| -ji
| -ji
| -jíḣ
| -êma
| -êma
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-a
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-a
Line 1,302: Line 1,146:
| -ám
| -ám
| -a
| -a
| -áḣ
| -y
| -y
|-
!colspan="21"|
|-
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Sea'''
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Sea'''
Line 1,311: Line 1,158:
|''Morê''
|''Morê''
|''Mori''
|''Mori''
|''Morom''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Mora'''''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Mora'''''
|''Mor''
|''Mor''
|''Morím''
|''Morím''
|''Mora''
|''Mora''
|''Morê''
|''Mormi''
|''Mormi''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Morê'''''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Morê'''''
Line 1,320: Line 1,169:
|''Morím''
|''Morím''
|''Morê''
|''Morê''
|''Moríḣ''
|''Morami''
|''Morami''
|-
|-
Line 1,327: Line 1,177:
| -ê
| -ê
| -i
| -i
| -om
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-a
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-a
| ∅
| ∅
| -ím
| -ím
| -a
| -a
| -ê
| -mi
| -mi
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-ê
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-ê
Line 1,336: Line 1,188:
| -ím
| -ím
| -ê
| -ê
| -íḣ
| -ami
| -ami
|-
!colspan="21"|
|-
|-
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Name'''
|rowspan="2" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Name'''
Line 1,344: Line 1,199:
|''Imû''
|''Imû''
|''Imê''
|''Imê''
|''Imi''
|''Imi''
|''Imi''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Imê'''''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Imê'''''
Line 1,349: Line 1,205:
|''Imom''
|''Imom''
|''Imê''
|''Imê''
|''Imêḣ''
|''Imem''
|''Imem''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Imê'''''
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Imê'''''
Line 1,354: Line 1,211:
|''Imêm''
|''Imêm''
|''Imêje''
|''Imêje''
|''Imíḣ''
|''Imêma''
|''Imêma''
|-
|-
Line 1,360: Line 1,218:
| -û
| -û
| -ê
| -ê
| -i
| -i
| -i
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-ê
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-ê
Line 1,365: Line 1,224:
| -om
| -om
| -ê
| -ê
| -êḣ
| -em
| -em
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-ê
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-ê
Line 1,370: Line 1,230:
| -êm
| -êm
| -êje
| -êje
| -íḣ
| -êma
| -êma
|}
|}
==Adjectives==
Unlike in Nouns, adjectives have seen some case reduction. This reduction includes:
*Merger of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case Genitive] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locative_case Locative] in [[wikipedia:Dual (grammatical number)|dual]] and plural numbers
*Merger of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case Nominative] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_case Accusative] in the [[wikipedia:Dual (grammatical number)|dual number]]
*Complete disappearance of the [[wikipedia:Vocative case|Vocative case]], even in archaic terms and stable phrases
===Grammatical inflection===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! rowspan="2"|Translation to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language Common]
! rowspan="2"|{{Hover title|Single letter code used in dictionaries|Code}}
! colspan="6"|Singular
! colspan="4"|[[wikipedia:Dual (grammatical number)|Dual]]
! colspan="5"|Plural
! rowspan="2"|[[wikipedia:Grammatical gender|Gender]]
|-
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case Nom.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case Gen.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_case Dat.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_case Acc.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locative_case Loc.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_case Ins.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case Nom.]+[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_case Acc.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case Gen.]+[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locative_case Loc.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_case Dat.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_case Ins.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case Nom.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case Gen.]+[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locative_case Loc.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_case Dat.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_case Acc.]
| bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_case Ins.]
|-
| style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="19" | '''Descriptive
|-
|rowspan="6" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Hard
|rowspan="6" style="text-align: center;"| '''H
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Tvärdý
|rowspan="2"|''Tvärdóho
|rowspan="2"|''Tvärdómu
|''Tvärdóho
|rowspan="2"|''Tvärdém
|rowspan="2"|''Tvärdom
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Tvärda
|''Tvärda
|rowspan="3"|''Tvärdám
|rowspan="3"|''Tvärdámi
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Tvärdí
|''Tvärdýḣ
|rowspan="3"|''Tvärdým
|rowspan="3"|''Tvärdé
|rowspan="3"|''Tvärdömi
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Masculine
|-
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Tvärdé
|''Tvärdé
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Tvärdâ
|rowspan="2"|''Tvärdâ
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Tvärdá
|rowspan="2"|''Tvärdéḣ
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Neutrum
|-
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Tvärdá
|''Tvärdé
|''Tvärdé
|''Tvärdoju
|''Tvärdé
|''Tvärdoju
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Tvärdê
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Tvärdé
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Feminine
|-
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-ý
|rowspan="2"|-óho
|rowspan="2"|-ómu
| -óho
|rowspan="2"|-ém
|rowspan="2"|-om
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-a
| -a
|rowspan="3"|-ám
|rowspan="3"|-ámi
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-í
| -ýḣ
|rowspan="3"|-ým
|rowspan="3"|-é
|rowspan="3"|-ömi
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Masculine
|-
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-é
| -é
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-â
|rowspan="2"|-â
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-á
|rowspan="2"|-éḣ
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Neuter
|-
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-á
| -é
| -é
| -oju
| -é
| -oju
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-ê
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-é
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Feminine
|-
!colspan="19"|
|-
|rowspan="6" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Fresh
|rowspan="6" style="text-align: center;"| '''G
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Svêżí
|rowspan="2"|''Svêżího
|rowspan="2"|''Svêżímu
|''Svêżí
|rowspan="2"|''Svêżím
|rowspan="2"|''Svêżím
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Svêża
|''Svêża
|rowspan="3"|''Svêżám
|rowspan="3"|''Svêżámi
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Svêżí
|''Svêżíḣ
|rowspan="3"|''Svêżím
|rowspan="3"|''Svêżí
|rowspan="3"|''Svêżími
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Masculine
|-
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Svêże
|''Svêże
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Svêże
|rowspan="2"|''Svêże
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Svêże
|rowspan="2"|''Svêże
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Neutrum
|-
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Svêżá
|''Svêżej
|''Svêżej
|''Svêżju
|''Svêżeju
|''Svêżej
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Svêżje
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Svêżje
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Feminine
|-
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-í
|rowspan="2"|-ího
|rowspan="2"|-ímu
| -í
|rowspan="2"|-ím
|rowspan="2"|-ím
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-a
| -a
|rowspan="3"|-ám
|rowspan="3"|-ámi
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-í
| -íḣ
|rowspan="3"|-ím
|rowspan="3"|-í
|rowspan="3"|-ími
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Masculine
|-
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-e
| -e
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-e
|rowspan="2"|-e
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-e
|rowspan="2"|-e
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Neutrum
|-
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-á
| -ej
| -ej
| -ju
| -eju
| -ej
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-je
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-je
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Feminine
|-
| style="text-align: center; background: #A3B6BF;" colspan="19" | '''Possessive
|-
|rowspan="6" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Father's
|rowspan="6" style="text-align: center;"| '''O
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Ojcúv
|rowspan="2"|''Ojcova
|rowspan="2"|''Ojcovu
|''Ojcúv
|rowspan="2"|''Ojcovo
|rowspan="2"|''Ojcovo
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Ojcova
|''Ojcovêḣ
|rowspan="3"|''Ojcovám
|rowspan="3"|''Ojcovámi
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Ojcovi
|''Ojcovýḣ
|rowspan="3"|''Ojcovým
|rowspan="3"|''Ojcové
|rowspan="3"|''Ojcovömi
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Mustelaria
|-
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Ojcovo
|''Ojcovo
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5 rowspan="2"|'''''Ojcovê
|rowspan="2"|''Ojcovê
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Ojcova
|rowspan="2"|''Ojcova
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Neutrum
|-
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Ojcova
|''Ojcovy
|''Ojcovê
|''Ojcovu
|''Ojcovê
|''Ojcovê
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Ojcovy
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Feminine
|-
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-úv
|rowspan="2"|-ova
|rowspan="2"|-ovu
| -úv
|rowspan="2"|-ovo
|rowspan="2"|-ovo
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-ova
| -ovêḣ
|rowspan="3"|-ovám
|rowspan="3"|-ovámi
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-ovi
| -ovýḣ
|rowspan="3"|-ovým
|rowspan="3"|-ové
|rowspan="3"|-ovömi
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Masculine
|-
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-ovo
| -ovo
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5 rowspan="2"|-ovê
|rowspan="2"|-ovê
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-ova
|rowspan="2"|-ova
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Neutrum
|-
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-ova
| -ovy
| -ovê
| -ovu
| -ovê
| -ovê
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-ovy
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Feminine
|-
!colspan="19"|
|-
|rowspan="6" bgcolor=#EAECF0|'''Mother's
|rowspan="6" style="text-align: center;"| '''F
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Maṫčin
|rowspan="2"|''Maṫčiny
|rowspan="3"|''Maṫčinê
|''Maṫčin
|rowspan="3"|''Maṫčinê
|rowspan="3"|''Maṫčinê
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Maṫčina
|''Maṫčinêḣ
|rowspan="3"|''Maṫčinám
|rowspan="3"|''Maṫčinámi
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Maṫčini
|''Maṫčinýḣ
|rowspan="3"|''Maṫčiným
|rowspan="3"|''Maṫčinné
|rowspan="3"|''Maṫčinými
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Masculine
|-
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Maṫčino
|''Maṫčino
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Maṫčinê
|rowspan="2"|''Maṫčinê
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Maṫčina
|rowspan="2"|''Maṫčina
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Neutrum
|-
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Maṫčina
|''Maṫčiny
|''Maṫčinu
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Maṫčinije
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''''Maṫčinije
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Feminine
|-
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|∅
|rowspan="2"|-y
|rowspan="3"|-ê
|∅
|rowspan="3"|-ê
|rowspan="3"|-ê
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-a
| -êḣ
|rowspan="3"|-ám
|rowspan="3"|-ámi
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-i
| -ýḣ
|rowspan="3"|-ým
|rowspan="3"|-né
|rowspan="3"|-ými
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Masculine
|-
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-o
| -o
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-ê
|rowspan="2"|-ê
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-a
|rowspan="2"|-a
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Neutrum
|-
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-a
| -y
| -u
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-ije
| bgcolor=#F5F5F5|-ije
|bgcolor=#F5F5F5|'''Feminine
|}
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Latest revision as of 09:49, 11 February 2022

Louzen language
Louzenish, Nordulevan
Lúzinʆina - Lúzinſký Âzyk
LouzeniFlag.png
Flag of the Duchy of Louzeni
Pronunciation/luːzinɕ͡ʧina/ Speaker Icon.svg
Native to
RegionSlavic Belt in Thuadia
EthnicityLouzeni Slavs
Native speakers
L1: 5,812,000
L2: 2,317,000
FL: 520,000
Standard forms
Louzen language great wordbook
Dialects
  • Qash mixed dialects
  • Louzeni[1]
  • Mountainous Haldenian
Louzen Latin Alphabet
Official status
Official language in
Recognised minority
language in
Language codes
ISO 639-1LI
ISO 639-2LOI
ISO 639-3LOI
LouzenLangMap.png
Distribution of the language
  Absolute majority
  >30% of native speakers
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

The Louzen language is a Slavic language out of Kento-Polyash language group, which is a official language of the autonomous Duchy of Louzeni in Gadorien and is a recognized minority language in Zhousheng, Gadorien and Qazhshava

Introduction

The language has a slavic root and grammar, but has developed along with strong germanic influences, which shaped the grammar of the language. Unlike most of other slavic languages, Louzen maintained use of Dual as a grammatical number.

Orthography and Phonology

Alphabet

Main article: Louzen orthography

Although until the 18th century, Louzeni used Protopolyash script, the strong influence of Gadori germanic tribes using latin pushed it towards Latin script, which eventually became the most used script and eventually gained a linguistic monopoly in the middle of 19th century.

Until the rebirth movement in the end of 19th century, Louzen used only Graphemes to denote multiple sounds, which did not have a standard 26-alphabet letter given to them, but later, a system of diacritic marks was devised, creating a version, where any important phoneme is denoted by a single letter. Louzen, although not officially using it, sometimes used lenghtened marks for vowels and syllabic consonants. Those symbols were used in some historical transcripts, but were eventually faded in eary 1900's.

A a Á á Ä ä Â â B b C c Ċ ċ D d Ḋ ḋ E e
É é Ê ê F f G g H h Ḣ ḣ I i Í í J j K k
L l Ŀ ŀ M m N n Ṅ ṅ O o Ó ó Ö ö P p Q q
R r S s ſ Ṡ ṡ ʃ Ŝ ŝ ʆ T t Ṫ ṫ U u Ú ú Ü ü Û û
V v Ƿ ƿ X x Y y Ý ý Z z Ż ż
Order 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Majuscule A Á Ä Â B C Ċ D Ḋ E É Ê F G H Ḣ I Í J K L Ŀ M N
Minuscule a á ä â b c ċ d ḋ e é ê f g h ḣ i í j k l ŀ m n
IPA Sound a aː æː ʲa b t͡s t͡ʃ d ɟ ɛ ɛː ʲe f g h x i iː j k l ʎ m n
Order 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
Majuscule Ṅ O Ó Ö P Q R S Ṡ Ŝ T Ṫ U Ú Ü Û V Ƿ X Y Ý Z Ż
Minuscule ṅ o ó ö p q r s ſ ṡ ʃ ŝ ʆ t ṫ u ú ü û v ƿ x y ý z ż
IPA Sound ɲ ɔ ɔː œː p k͡v r s ʃ ɕ͡ʧ t c u uː y ʲu v w k͡s ɪ ɪː z ʒ

Phonology

Labial Coronal Dorsal Laryngeal
Bilabial Labiodental Linguolabial Dental Alveolar Postal-veolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Nasal m̥
(m) 		m
(m) 		n̥
(n) 		n
(n) 		ɳ
(n) 		ɲ
(ṅ)
Plosive p
(p) 		b
(b) 		t
(t) 		d
(d) 		ʈ
(t) 		ɖ
(d) 		c
(ṫ) 		ɟ
(ḋ) 		k
(k) 		g
(g) 		q
(q)
Sibilant affricate t͡s
(c) 		d͡z
(dz) 		t͡ʃ
(ċ) 		d͡ʒ
(dż) 		ʈ͡ʂ
(ċ) 		ɖ͡ʐ
(dż) 		t͡ɕ
(ċ) 		d͡ʑ
(dż)
Sibilant fricative s
(s) 		z
(z) 		ʃ
(ṡ) 		ʒ
(ż) 		ʂ
(ṡ) 		ʐ
(ż) 		ɕ
(ṡ) 		ʑ
(ż)
Non-sibilant fricative f
(f) 		v
(v) 		ʝ
(j) 		x
(ḣ) 		ɣ
(ḣ) 		χ
(ḣ) 		h
(h) 		ɦ
(h)
Approximant ʋ
(ƿ) 		j
(j) 		w
(ƿ)
Trill r̥
(r) 		r
(r) 		ʀ̥
(r) 		ʀ
(r)
Latelar approximant l
(l) 		ʎ
(ŀ)
Tongue position Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close i
(i) 		y
(ü) 		ɨ
(ü) 		u
(u)
Near-close ɪ
(y)
Close-mid e
(e) 		o
(o)
Mid ə
(e)
Open-mid ɛ
(e) 		œ
(ö) 		ɔ
(o)
Near-open æ
(ä) 		ɐ
(ä)
Open a
(a) 		ɑ
(a) 		ɒ
(a)
Diphthong a͡u (au)
Long vowels aː (á) ~ ɛː (é) ~ eː (é) ~ iː (í) ~ ɪː (ý) ~ oː (ó) ~ ɔː (ó) ~ œː (ö) ~ uː (ú) ~ ɨː (ü)

Bold are the common sounds, while regular sounds may happen in dialects and/or in a world for easier pronunciation

Historical phonetical shifts include:

  • Disappearance of /rʲ/ and its replacement with /r/
  • Phonetical shift /ɡ/ → /ɦ/
  • Phonetical shift /ʲeː/ → /iː/, orthographically briefly denoted as jͤ in the baroque orthography
  • Phonetical shift /ʊ͡ɔ/ → /uː/ (Equivalent to Scouse "Ò")
  • Phonetical shift /ʊ͡ɔ/ → /œː/ (Equivalent to Sino-Gadori "Ö")
  • Phonetical shift /ʃ͡ʧ/ → /ɕ͡ʧ/ (Equivalent to Volgin "Щ")
  • Phonetical shift /r̩/ → /ær/, orthographically Ŕ → ÄR
  • Phonetical shift /l̩/ → /ol/, orthographically Ĺ → OL
  • Phonetical shift /m̩/ → /um/, orthographically Ḿ → UM
  • Phonetical shift of any other syllabic consonant /◌̩/ → /e◌/
  • Phonetical shift /ja/ → /ʲa/ in according to placement (Previously equivalent to Ꙗ)
  • Phonetical shift /je/ → /ʲe/ in according to placement (Previously equivalent to Ѥ)
  • Phonetical shift /ju/ → /ʲu/ in according to placement (Previously equivalent to Ю)

Grammar

Nouns

Grammatical gender

Zhoushi languages distinguishes a total of 3 grammatical genders, one being latter subdivided into animate and inanimate forms,[2] although that doesn't change the rules on the usage, only works for listing the inflection patterns:

  • Masculine (symbol ♂, letter M)
  • Feminine (symbol ♀, letter F)
  • Neuter (symbol ⚲, letter N)

Grammatical cases

Louzen langauge works with 3 grammatical numbers (singular, dual and plural) and 6 separate grammatical cases:

  • Nominative (Imêník): Subject or a Predicate noun or adjectiv (Shorcut Nom., № 1)
  • Genitive (Pridrżník): Possessive or partial direct object, without Subject (Shorcut Gen., № 2)
  • Dative (Geŝník): Giving to Subject, phrases linked to certain verbs (Shorcut Dat., № 3)
  • Accusative (Jednateŀník): Interract with Subject (see, hear, harass...) (Shorcut Acc., № 4)
  • Locative (Míſtník): In Subject, on Subject, past Subject, nearby Subject, about Subject (Shorcut Loc., № 5)
  • Instrumentative (Drużník): Using Subject, with Subject (Shorcut Ins., № 6)

Some forms of the Vocative (Zvučník) case still exist, making some of the scholars claim, that Louzen still has 7 cases. However, Vocative has not been generally used since 1910's.

There are 12 Inflection patterns (5 for Masculine, 4 for Feminine and 3 for Neuter)

Grammatical inflection

Translation to Common Code Singular Dual Plural
Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Loc. Ins. Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Loc. Ins. Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Loc. Ins.
Masculine
Brother B Brat Brata Bratu Brata Bratovi Bratom Brata Brat Bratám Brata Bratáḣ Bratḣi Brati Bratú Bratúm Braty Brateḣ Bratmi
∅ -a -u -a -ovi -om -a ∅ -ám -a -áḣ -ḣi -i -ú -úm -y -eḣ -mi
House D Döm Dömy Dömu Döm Dömu Dömom Dömy Dömu Dömoma Dömê Dömáḣ Dömyma Dömové Dömú Dömúm Dömy Dömêḣ Dömami
∅ -y -u ∅ -u -om -y -u -oma -ê -áḣ -yma -ové -ú -úm -y -êḣ -ami
Man M Muž Muže Muži Muže Muži Mužem Muža Muž Mužoma Mužém Mužaḣ Mužmi Muži Mužú Mužúm Muže Mužíḣ Mužma
∅ -e -i -e -i -em -a ∅ -oma -ém -aḣ -mi -i -ú -úm -e -íḣ -ma
Country K Kraj Kraja Kraji Kraja Kraji Krajom Kraja Kraju Krajoma Krajê Krajaḣ Krajoma Kraje Krajú Krajom Kraje Krajáḣ Krajmi
∅ -a -i -a -i -om -a -u -oma -ê -aḣ -oma -e -ú -om -e -áḣ -mi
Stone A Kámen Kámene Kámeni Kámen Kámeni Kámenem Kámena Kámenu Kámenama Kámena Kámeneḣ Kámeni Kámeny Kámenêv Kámenúm Kámeny Kámeníḣ Kámeny
∅ -e -i ∅ -i -em -a -u -ama -a -eḣ -i -y -êv -úm -y -íḣ -y
Feminine
Woman Z Żena Żeny Żenê Żenu Żenê Żenau Żenê Żenu Żenama Żenê Żeníḣ Żenimê Żeny Żen Żenám Żeny Żenáḣ Żenami
-a -y -ê -u -ê -au -ê -u -ama -ê -íḣ -imê -y ∅ -ám -y -áḣ -ami
Hope N Nadêlâ[3] Nadêlê Nadêli Nadêlû Nadêli Nadêŀü Nadêlê Nadêlû Nadêlâ Nadêlê Nadêlâḣ Nadêlimê Nadêlê Nadêlê Nadêlâm Nadêlê Nadêlíḣ Nadêŀjáḣ
-â -ê -i -û -i -ü -ê -u -a -ê -âḣ -imê -ê -ê -am -ê -íḣ -jáḣ
Bone K Koſṫ Kosti Kosti Koſṫ Kosti Kosṫó Kosti Kostû Koſṫma Kosti Kostáḣ Koſṫma Kosti Kostí Kostím Kosti Kosteḣ Kostêmi
∅ -i -i ∅ -i -ó -i -û -ma -i -áḣ -ma -i -í -ím -i -eḣ -êmi
Mother (archaic) T Máti Máti Máti Máti Máti Máṫ Mátê Mátû Máṫma Máti Mátiḣ Máṫma Mátije Mátijí Mátijím Mátê Mátíḣ Máṫmi
-i -i -i -i -i ∅ -ê -û -ma -i -iḣ -ma -ije -ijí -ijím -ê -íḣ -mi
Neutrum
Word S Slovo Slova Slovu Slovo Slovu Slovem Slovji Slovû Slovêma Slovji Slovjíḣ Slovêma Slova Slov Slovám Slova Slováḣ Slovy
-o -a -u -o -u -em -ji -û -êma -ji -jíḣ -êma -a ∅ -ám -a -áḣ -y
Sea R Morê Morê Mori Morê Mori Morom Mora Mor Morím Mora Morê Mormi Morê Morí Morím Morê Moríḣ Morami
-ê -ê -i -ê -i -om -a ∅ -ím -a -ê -mi -ê -í -ím -ê -íḣ -ami
Name I Imê Imênê Imû Imê Imi Imi Imê Imú Imom Imê Imêḣ Imem Imê Imí Imêm Imêje Imíḣ Imêma
-ê -ênê -û -ê -i -i -ê -ú -om -ê -êḣ -em -ê -í -êm -êje -íḣ -êma

Adjectives

Unlike in Nouns, adjectives have seen some case reduction. This reduction includes:

Grammatical inflection

Translation to Common Code Singular Dual Plural Gender
Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Loc. Ins. Nom.+Acc. Gen.+Loc. Dat. Ins. Nom. Gen.+Loc. Dat. Acc. Ins.
Descriptive
Hard H Tvärdý Tvärdóho Tvärdómu Tvärdóho Tvärdém Tvärdom Tvärda Tvärda Tvärdám Tvärdámi Tvärdí Tvärdýḣ Tvärdým Tvärdé Tvärdömi Masculine
Tvärdé Tvärdé Tvärdâ Tvärdâ Tvärdá Tvärdéḣ Neutrum
Tvärdá Tvärdé Tvärdé Tvärdoju Tvärdé Tvärdoju Tvärdê Tvärdé Feminine
-ý -óho -ómu -óho -ém -om -a -a -ám -ámi -í -ýḣ -ým -é -ömi Masculine
-é -é -â -â -á -éḣ Neuter
-á -é -é -oju -é -oju -ê -é Feminine
Fresh G Svêżí Svêżího Svêżímu Svêżí Svêżím Svêżím Svêża Svêża Svêżám Svêżámi Svêżí Svêżíḣ Svêżím Svêżí Svêżími Masculine
Svêże Svêże Svêże Svêże Svêże Svêże Neutrum
Svêżá Svêżej Svêżej Svêżju Svêżeju Svêżej Svêżje Svêżje Feminine
-í -ího -ímu -í -ím -ím -a -a -ám -ámi -í -íḣ -ím -í -ími Masculine
-e -e -e -e -e -e Neutrum
-á -ej -ej -ju -eju -ej -je -je Feminine
Possessive
Father's O Ojcúv Ojcova Ojcovu Ojcúv Ojcovo Ojcovo Ojcova Ojcovêḣ Ojcovám Ojcovámi Ojcovi Ojcovýḣ Ojcovým Ojcové Ojcovömi Mustelaria
Ojcovo Ojcovo Ojcovê Ojcovê Ojcova Ojcova Neutrum
Ojcova Ojcovy Ojcovê Ojcovu Ojcovê Ojcovê Ojcovy Feminine
-úv -ova -ovu -úv -ovo -ovo -ova -ovêḣ -ovám -ovámi -ovi -ovýḣ -ovým -ové -ovömi Masculine
-ovo -ovo -ovê -ovê -ova -ova Neutrum
-ova -ovy -ovê -ovu -ovê -ovê -ovy Feminine
Mother's F Maṫčin Maṫčiny Maṫčinê Maṫčin Maṫčinê Maṫčinê Maṫčina Maṫčinêḣ Maṫčinám Maṫčinámi Maṫčini Maṫčinýḣ Maṫčiným Maṫčinné Maṫčinými Masculine
Maṫčino Maṫčino Maṫčinê Maṫčinê Maṫčina Maṫčina Neutrum
Maṫčina Maṫčiny Maṫčinu Maṫčinije Maṫčinije Feminine
∅ -y -ê ∅ -ê -ê -a -êḣ -ám -ámi -i -ýḣ -ým -né -ými Masculine
-o -o -ê -ê -a -a Neutrum
-a -y -u -ije -ije Feminine

  1. ↑ Often referred as "Literary form", as Louzeni accent is the one Louzeni language grammar rules are based on.
  2. ↑ See Wikipedia articles about Grammatical gender and Animacy
  3. ↑ Term Nadêlâ has a root "Nadêŀ", not "Nadêl", which makes the inflection more difficult as ŀa must be written as lâ etc...
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