Gylian Parliament

Gylian Parliament Parlement Gylienne (French)
12th Parliament
Type
Type	Bicameral
Houses	Chamber of Deputies Senate
History
Founded	16 October 1958 (Popular Assembly) 1 February 1962 (Gylian Parliament)
Leadership
Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies	Veþi Duósu, Independent since 1 February 2016
Speaker of the Senate	Þene Lamlyn, Independent since 1 March 2019
Structure
Seats	800 500 Deputies 300 Senators
File:Gylias-Election-Federal-2016.svg
Chamber of Deputies political groups	Government   Progressive Alliance   Liberal Union   Green Party   Independent Regional Alliance for Minorities Opposition   National Bloc   Centre Group   Union for Freedom and Prosperity   Non-inscrits and independents
Senate political groups	Independents
Joint committees	28
Elections
Chamber of Deputies voting system	Single transferable vote
Senate voting system	Sortition and appointment by the President based on advice
Chamber of Deputies last election	22 January 2016
Chamber of Deputies next election	22 January 2020
Meeting place
Parliament Building, Mişeyáke, Mişeyáke
Website
http://www.parliament.gls/

The Gylian Parliament (French: Parlement Gylienne) is the bicameral federal legislature of Gylias. It consists of the Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des députés) and Senate (Senat). Both assemblies meet in the Parliament Building in Mişeyáke, in separate chambers, and can meet jointly in certain circumstances.

The Chamber of Deputies is the lower house and primary legislative body at the federal level. It represents the people of Gylias, electing 5 members from multi-member districts known as circonscriptions. It currently has 500 members.

The Senate is the upper house. It represents the federation of Gylias. Previously elected from 1962 to 1995, since 2000 its members are chosen through sortition and appointment by the President based on advice. It currently has 300 members.

The Parliament took its current form with the Law on Electoral Representation of 1960, which provided for a bicameral federal parliament elected through single transferable vote. It is the successor of the unicameral Popular Assembly — the unicameral legislature of 1958-1962 which legally became the Chamber of Deputies — and thus the General Council of the Free Territories. Since 2000, members of Parliament are elected every four years in fixed-term elections.

Like all other legislatures in Gylias, the Parliament is a popular legislature, with its members serving part-time. Currently, 43 parties are represented in Parliament, forming various parliamentary groups within its chambers.

History

The Gylian Parliament was created during the transition from the Free Territories to Gylias. One notable element of this transition was the replacement of the indirectly-elected General Council of the Free Territories, formed of delegates chosen from local communal assemblies, with a directly-elected federal legislature, known as the Popular Assembly.

The only election for the Popular Assembly took place in 1958, using national party-list proportional representation. The Assembly served a term of four years, overseeing the legal reforms and formalisation of the Free Territories' anarchist governance, including the passage of the Constitution of Gylias and six codes of law. The adoption of the Law on Electoral Representation of 1960 brought the reorganisation of the legislature, with the formation of an additional chamber. The change from proportional representation to single transferable vote aided the growth of Gylias' multi-party system, and the formation of ideology-based electoral blocs.

The first election for the Gylian Parliament took place in 1962. The election ushered in the modern Gylian political system, with five-party electoral blocs and non-inscrit members — belonging to smaller parties or independent politicians. To keep the locus of governance at the local level, based on principles of subsidiarity, the Parliament was made a popular legislature, and initially had a seven-year term.

Parliament's term of office was shortened to 5 years before the 1976 election, with the 1980 election being held a year ahead of schedule to not overlap with the 1981 presidential election. Three more elections were held five years apart before the term was fixed at 4 years starting with the 2000 election. The current cycle allows federal and regional elections to be held two years apart.

Various projects for parliamentary reform have been proposed. The most successful, supported by the New Alliance for the Future, took place in the 1990s and changed the Senate into a body chosen by sortition and appointment.

Legislative functions

The Parliament represents the federal legislative branch of Gylias. Its responsibilities are limited by law in order to avoid usurpation of self-governance from the communal assemblies and municipalities, in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity. The Parliament thus performs more of a deliberative and delegative role in Gylian politics. It scrutinises, debates, and advances proposals and works to gather a consensus from the public and all levels of government regarding matters of federal importance.

Members of Parliament are subject to imperative mandates and recall from their constituents.

The Parliament is imperfectly bicameral: the Chamber of Deputies is the responsible house, and the only one where federal budget bills are introduced. The chambers meet in two regular sessions, as specified in the Constitution:

• The first session begins in February and cannot last beyond the end of June.
• The second session begins in September and cannot last beyond the end of December.

Extraordinary sessions may be called during the summer and winter recesses.

Bills may be introduced by any member of either chamber (except budget bills) and there is no distinction between bills introduced by members of government or opposition parties.

Legislative procedure

The Parliament's legislative procedure has four stages:

1. Proposal: can be made by the people (in the form of a popular initiative), civil society or professional organisations, municipal or regional councils, individual members of Parliament, or members of the government.
   1. The bill in question is subject to a general discussion, and afterwards referred to the relevant committee for review.
   2. The committee prepares a report on the bill, with the advice of other committees, and presents it to Parliament.
   3. The chamber where the bill originated votes to either request a further report or proceed to debate. (A vote to reject the bill ends the legislative process.)
2. Drafting: takes place in parliamentary committees, with public hearings and consultations.
   1. The bill is brought to the relevant committees for review and drafting.
   2. The committees discuss, propose, and compose the final text of the bill. During the drafting process, members of the public are also consulted on the bill, and expert witnesses are called to provide input.
   3. The final draft is reviewed article-by-article, and presented to the Parliament.
3. Approval: takes place in both chambers of Parliament.
   1. The Parliament debates and proposes further amendments to the bill. (It can also vote to refer the bill back to committees for further consideration, returning it to the drafting stage.)
   2. The bill is sent to the Constitutional Court for inspection.
   3. Once cleared by the Constitutional Court, the chamber where the bill originated votes on it.
   4. If the bill passes the chamber, it is sent to the other chamber where it must be voted through without further changes.
   5. If the other chamber modifies the bill, it must be returned to the original chamber to approve the changes.
   6. To prevent repeated passing of the bill between the two chambers, the Chamber of Deputies can overrule the Senate's rejection of a bill by majority vote.
4. Promulgation: done by the President of Gylias.
   1. Once a bill is passed, it is sent to the President for promulgation into law.
   2. The President can reject a bill with a written justification, returning it to Parliament. (It is customary for the justification to be that the bill is unconstitutional or would affect popular self-governance.)
   3. If the bill is returned, Parliament debates it anew.
   4. If the Parliament approves the bill without modifications, the President must sign it into law.

After the President has promulgated it, a law is publiced into the Official Gazette and commences after 15 days, unless a longer time period is specified.

Responsibilities

Other responsibilities of the Parliament include:

• Providing a forum for debating and discussing matters of public importance through popular petitions, motions, and bills.
• Debating amendements to the Constitution.
• Reviewing the actions of government, both policy and routine administration.
• Approving federal budgets.

Parliamentary procedure

Both chambers of Parliament have a presiding Speaker, chosen from the members at the beginning of a new term and renouncing party affiliation. Speakers carry out administrative tasks: they maintain order during debates, determine the order in which members speak, make rulings on procedure, and announce vote results. Speakers may not vote in a debate except in the event of a tie, where they will vote in favour of further debate or the status quo.

The Gylian Parliament does not have rules on unparliamentary language, giving it a more informal atmosphere compared to other state legislatures, but members are not allowed to interrupt other members while they are speaking. Members can directly speak amongst themselves or address their remarks to the Speaker; the former is more common. They can refer to each other by full name, or as "Deputy" or "Senator" for short according to the chamber they serve in. Members are not allowed to directly insult another member's family members or non-parliamentary friends. Members of Parliament do not have parliamentary immunity, but have parliamentary privilege for their statements.

All votes in Parliament are made electronically.

Each day of parliamentary session has 30 minutes reserved for Question Time, during which Deputies and Senators address questions to the Cabinet and Prime Minister. The Prime Minister transfers questions that are not their direct responsibility to the relevant cabinet members. As a result of the large number of parties represented and stricter moderation by the Speakers, Question Time sessions in Gylias are known for their lively but civilised atmosphere. Questions during this period are required to be relevant to policy, even from members of government parties. Speakers routinely disallow pre-arranged questions for the purpose of criticising the opposition.

Both chambers of Parliament meet and conduct their sessions separately, but joint meetings of both chambers can take place to receive addresses from visiting heads of state or government. The most recent joint sitting occurred on 31 May 2013, when Queen Anelyn I addressed the Gylian Parliament during her state visit. Deputies and Senators take the oath of office together when a new Parliament is sworn in.

Members

Members of Parliament serve part-time, in accordance with the popular legislature principle. They are paid a salary equivalent to an average worker's wage, and must handle their own accommodation and transportation.

Members of Parliament cannot consume alcohol, drugs or any similar mind-altering substances while on duty. Parliamentary sessions adjourn for the day at 16:00, and no meetings take place on weekends.

Proxy voting is used if a member of Parliament is unable to attend a vote in person.

Parliamentary groups

Parties and independents form parliamentary groups in the Chamber of Deputies, in order to simplify organisation and determine membership of committees and speaking order during debates. Groups also receive allowances to support their activities.

Six groups have been represented in the Parliament since 1989: five electoral blocs and the non-inscrit group, which reunites all unaffiliated parties and independent members.

The parliamentary groups represented in the current legislature are:

Group		Constituent parties
	Progressive Alliance group	DCP, SP, SDP, DL, LSL
	Liberal Union group	NUP, NLP, PRRA, LLR, FSP
	Centre Group group	MCP, RDC, RCP, IPR, CCM
	National Bloc group	CNP, NPR, PDU, UND, MRR
	Union for Freedom and Prosperity group	PP, IFP, PFG, FEP, ECM
Non-inscrits group		APP, FLP, FVU, GP, HP, IRAM, LND, NAF, NPP, PPFN, PP-CM, Pirates, RFS, RJU, UNR, UI, UM

Committees

Much of the Gylian Parliament's work is done in committees, which have a strong role in scrutinising legislative proposals. The committees' roles is to examine policy and legislation, take evidence from witnesses, and conduct inquiries. They provide the opportunity for the public and experts to participate in the legislative process, and members of Parliament to ask questions and review proposals.

There are two types of committees. Permanent Committees are established on a permanent basis, responsible for scrutinising bills and topics referred to them by the chambers, examining the government's budget and activities, and providing guidance and research during the bill-drafting process.

There are currently 28 Permanent Committees, representing the majority of parliamentary committees. They form a significant contribution to grey literature published in Gylias, including white papers and green papers, and serving on a Permanent Committee or chairing it is a prestigious position.

The current Permanent Committees are:

• Civil, Political, Economic, and Social Liberties
• Community Affairs
• Constitutional Affairs and Public Administration
• Culture, Arts and Leisure
• Defense
• Education and Learning
• Equality and Social Integration
• Economy and Finance
• Environment and Resources
• Federal and Regional Coordination
• Foreign Relations
• Justice and Human Rights
• Health and Wellbeing
• Intelligence and Security
• Labour
• Law Enforcement and Public Safety
• Local Government
• Natural Resources
• Parliamentary Procedures and Matters
• Planning and Development
• Public Accounts
• Public Standards and Integrity
• Public Petitions
• Publications and Parliamentary Library
• Science and Technology
• Social Policy
• Trade
• Transport and Infrastructure

Temporary Committees are established to deal with particular issues, and work closely with Permanent Committees. Different Prime Ministers have established Temporary Committees that reflected their program.

The Parliament has no internal committees. Administration of parliamentary affairs, from procedures to budgeting and appointing the members of committees, is handled by the Permanent Committee on Parliamentary Procedures and Matters, which in turn has a sub-committee for commitee memberships and appointments.

All parliamentary committees are joint committees, including both Deputies and Senators. A committee has 20 members in total, half from each chamber, with membership equally divided between the government and opposition. The membership of the committees is established through negotiation and consensus, with the aim of ensuring representation and participation from all members.

Broadcasting

Parliamentary proceedings were first broadcast by Gylian Radio, beginning in November 1958. Gylian Television also began covering them the following year, but its coverage was initially constrained by schedules, and thus largely relegated to news and political programmes. The foundation of GTV3 in the late 1960s allowed coverage to expand, as it fit the channel's remit for socially-oriented programming. Ultimately, GTV Parliament was established in 1976 to provide full broadcasting of parliamentary proceedings.

GTV Parliament operates two channels for both chambers and broadcasts their proceedings, as well as those of parliamentary committees. The channel broadcasts only while Parliament is in session, and does not operate outside those times.

List of Parliaments

Election	Parliament
1958	Popular Assembly
1962	1st Parliament
1969	2nd Parliament
1976	3rd Parliament
1980	4th Parliament
1985	5th Parliament
1990	6th Parliament
1995	7th Parliament
2000	8th Parliament
2004	9th Parliament
2008	10th Parliament
2012	11th Parliament
2016	12th Parliament

Historical composition of the Chamber of Deputies

RR   PA   LU   CG   NB   UFP   CC   FROS   NI
1962–1969	5 105 64 55 51 4 1
1969–1976	2 106 59 51 65 1 1
1976–1980	94 94 35 32 79 60 1
1980–1985	85 80 36 34 76 79 5
1985–1990	80 99 57 58 99 100 27
1990–1995	85 84 68 181 72 10
1995–2000	84 82 72 182 75 5
2000–2004	90 81 61 183 80 5
2004–2008	94 80 58 172 92 4
2008–2012	100 88 59 150 99 4
2012–2016	121 101 68 112 95 3
2016–2020	125 103 64 106 98 4