Iberic conquest of the Tuachec Empire: Difference between revisions
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==Beginning of the conflict== | ==Beginning of the conflict== | ||
[[File:Los 13 de la Isla del Gallo.jpg|250px|thumb|The Famous Thirteen by Juan Lepiani]] | |||
[R]] and his brothers ([[Gonzalo Pizarro|Gonzalo]], [[Juan Pizarro (conquistador)|Juan]], and [[Hernando Pizarro|Hernando]]) were attracted by the rumors of a rich and fabulous kingdom. They had left the then-impoverished [[Extremadura]], like many migrants after them.<ref name=Prescott/>{{rp|136}} | |||
{{Cquote|There lies Peru with its riches;<br/>Here, Panama and its poverty.<br/>Choose, each man, what best becomes a brave Castilian.|15px|15px|Francisco Pizarro<ref name=Prescott/>{{rp|116}}}} | |||
In 1529, Francisco Pizarro obtained permission from the Spanish Monarchy to conquer the land they called [[Peru]].<ref name=Prescott/>{{rp|133}} | |||
According to historian [[Raúl Porras Barrenechea]], Peru is not a [[Quechua languages|Quechuan]] nor [[Caribbean Spanish|Caribbean]] word, but Indo-Hispanic or hybrid. Unknown to Pizarro, as he was lobbying for permission to mount an expedition, his proposed enemy was being devastated by the [[Native American disease and epidemics|diseases brought to the American continents]] during earlier Spanish contacts. | |||
When Pizarro arrived in Peru in 1532, he found it vastly different from when he had been there just five years before. Amid the ruins of the city of [[Tumbes, Peru|Tumbes]], he tried to piece together the situation before him. From two local boys, whom Pizarro had taught how to speak Spanish in order to translate for him, Pizarro learned of the civil war and of the disease that was destroying the Inca Empire.<ref name="MacQuarrie2007" /> | |||
After four long expeditions, Pizarro established the first Spanish settlement in northern Peru, calling it [[Piura|San Miguel de Piura]].<ref name="Prescott"/>{{rp|153–154}} | |||
[[File:Atawallpa Pizarro tinkuy.jpg|thumb|180px|Francisco Pizarro meets with Atahualpa, 1532]] | |||
When first spotted by the natives, Pizarro and his men were thought to be ''Viracocha Cuna'' or "gods". The Natives described Pizarro's men to the Inca. They said that ''capito'' was tall with a full beard and was completely wrapped in clothing. The Natives described the men's swords and how they killed sheep with them. The men did not eat human flesh, but rather sheep, lamb, duck, pigeons, and deer, and cooked the meat. Atahualpa was fearful of what the newly arrived white men were capable of. If they were ''runa quicachac'' or "destroyers of peoples," then he should flee. If they were ''Viracocha Cuna Runa allichac'' or "gods who are benefactors of the people," then he should not flee, but welcome them.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}} The messengers went back to Tangarala, and Atahualpa sent Cinquinchara, an Orejon warrior, to the Spanish to serve as an interpreter. | |||
After traveling with the Spanish, Cinquinchara returned to Atahualpa; they discussed whether or not the Spanish men were gods. Cinquinchara decided they were men because he saw them eat, drink, dress, and have relations with women. He saw them produce no miracles. Cinquinchara informed Atahualpa that they were small in number, about 170–180 men, and had bound the Native captives with "iron ropes". When Atahualpa asked what to do about the strangers, Cinquinchara advised that they be killed because they were evil thieves who would take whatever they wanted, and were "''supai cuna"'' or "devils". He recommended trapping the men inside of their sleeping quarters and burning them to death.<ref name="Betanzos1996">Betanzos ''et al.'' (1996).</ref> | |||
{{Eurth}} | {{Eurth}} | ||
[[Category:Pecario]] | [[Category:Pecario]] | ||
Revision as of 12:58, 17 August 2023
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| Iberic conquest of the Inca Empire | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Capture of Tuachec Emperor Viracocha IV | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
Native allies |
 Tuachec Empire (1630–33)Neo-Tuachec State (1634–52) | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
1st phase (1630–33):
2nd phase (1634–52): | |||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
|
3'000 soldiers Unknown number of native auxiliaries | 100,000 soldiers | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| Light | Heavy | ||||||||
The Iberic conquest of the Tuachec Empire, also known as the Conquest of Pecario, was one of the most important campaigns in the Iberic colonization in Alharu. After years of preliminary exploration and military skirmishes, 3'000 Iberic soldiers under stillian conquistador Diego de Montega, along with his brothers and their indigenous allies, captured the Vagra Tuachec Viracocha IV in the 1630 Battle of Tawatinsuyo. It was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Iberic victory in 1652 and colonization of the region as the Kingdom of Pecario.
When the Iberic settlers landed on the coasts of the Tuachec Empire in 1630, it spanned a considerable area and was by far the largest Mesothalassan civilization. The territory more or less covered the current territory of the Republic of Pecario. Stretching from the high mountains of the Cordillera del Sol to the Bay of Manamana. Because of the diverse cultures, the Tuachec allowed many areas of the empire to be governed under the control of local leaders, who were watched and monitored by Tuachec officials. Under the administrative mechanisms established by the Tuachec, all parts of the empire answered to, and were ultimately under the direct control of, the Tuachec Emperor. Scholars estimate that the population of the Tuachec Empire was more than 15,000,000.
Some scholars believe that while the Iberic conquest was undoubtedly the proximate cause of the collapse of the Tuachec Empire, it may very well have been past its peak and already in the process of decline. Recent harvests had been shaken by droughts and severe winters, causing the emperor to raise taxes throughout the empire. Seeing these as signs of the gods who showed that the current emperor was not one of them, local leaders began fomenting revolts against Viracocha IV in order to seize the imperial throne. It was in this tense climate that Diego de Montega and his men landed in 1630, greatly helping them to conquer more easily.
Chronology
- 1630 - Diego de Montega makes first contact with the Tuachec Empire at Riomar, the southernmost Tuachec stronghold along the coast
- 1631 - Iberics form a bond with rebel natives and Montega includes them among his troops to face the Tuachecs. Viracocha IV is captured by Iberics
- 1632 - Viracocha IV is executed ; Montega submits Tualcacán and installs fourteen-year-old Inti Yupanqui as new Tuachec Emperor
- 1633 - Montega founds the city of Santa Borbones
- 1634 - Juan de Montega kills Inti Yupanqui's wife. Inti Yupanqui rebels and kills him and his men by vengeance. He surrounds Tukavera and Tuachec general Cusi Hualpa attacks Santa Borbones.
- 1635 - Guariano seizes Tualcacán from Francis de Montega. Sebastián de Salcázaro sacks Kallanka. Yupanqui escapes and flees to Tuyuc Wasi, which became the capital of the Neo-Tuachec State
- 1637 - Francis de Montega executes Francisco de Guariano
- 1642 - Diego de Montega invades and sacks Tuyuc Wasi; Yupanqui escapes
- 1645 - Diego de Montega is murdered by Sebastián de Salcázaro and other supporters of Guariano
- 1647 - Inti Yupanqui is murdered by supporters of Sebastián de Salcázaro. The Tuachec do not stop their revolt
- 1652 - King of Pecario, Pedro de Mercado, declares war on the Neo-Tuachec State; Tuyuc Wasi is sacked and Urpi Yupani, the last Tuachec Emperor, is captured and executed in Santa Borbones. The Neo-Tuachec capital of Tuyuc Wasi is abandoned; the Iberics remove inhabitants and relocate them elsewhere
Beginning of the conflict
[R]] and his brothers (Gonzalo, Juan, and Hernando) were attracted by the rumors of a rich and fabulous kingdom. They had left the then-impoverished Extremadura, like many migrants after them.[1]Template:Rp
There lies Peru with its riches;
Here, Panama and its poverty.
Choose, each man, what best becomes a brave Castilian.— Francisco Pizarro[1]Template:Rp
In 1529, Francisco Pizarro obtained permission from the Spanish Monarchy to conquer the land they called Peru.[1]Template:Rp
According to historian Raúl Porras Barrenechea, Peru is not a Quechuan nor Caribbean word, but Indo-Hispanic or hybrid. Unknown to Pizarro, as he was lobbying for permission to mount an expedition, his proposed enemy was being devastated by the diseases brought to the American continents during earlier Spanish contacts.
When Pizarro arrived in Peru in 1532, he found it vastly different from when he had been there just five years before. Amid the ruins of the city of Tumbes, he tried to piece together the situation before him. From two local boys, whom Pizarro had taught how to speak Spanish in order to translate for him, Pizarro learned of the civil war and of the disease that was destroying the Inca Empire.[2]
After four long expeditions, Pizarro established the first Spanish settlement in northern Peru, calling it San Miguel de Piura.[1]Template:Rp
When first spotted by the natives, Pizarro and his men were thought to be Viracocha Cuna or "gods". The Natives described Pizarro's men to the Inca. They said that capito was tall with a full beard and was completely wrapped in clothing. The Natives described the men's swords and how they killed sheep with them. The men did not eat human flesh, but rather sheep, lamb, duck, pigeons, and deer, and cooked the meat. Atahualpa was fearful of what the newly arrived white men were capable of. If they were runa quicachac or "destroyers of peoples," then he should flee. If they were Viracocha Cuna Runa allichac or "gods who are benefactors of the people," then he should not flee, but welcome them.[citation needed] The messengers went back to Tangarala, and Atahualpa sent Cinquinchara, an Orejon warrior, to the Spanish to serve as an interpreter.
After traveling with the Spanish, Cinquinchara returned to Atahualpa; they discussed whether or not the Spanish men were gods. Cinquinchara decided they were men because he saw them eat, drink, dress, and have relations with women. He saw them produce no miracles. Cinquinchara informed Atahualpa that they were small in number, about 170–180 men, and had bound the Native captives with "iron ropes". When Atahualpa asked what to do about the strangers, Cinquinchara advised that they be killed because they were evil thieves who would take whatever they wanted, and were "supai cuna" or "devils". He recommended trapping the men inside of their sleeping quarters and burning them to death.[3]
