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| {{WIP}}
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| {{Region icon Eurth}}
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| {{Infobox language | | {{Infobox language |
| | name = Nhai | | | name = Khotirava |
| | altname = Rhavanese, Rhavan Speak | | | altname = Rhavanese |
| | nativename = | | | nativename = Ghātikhaobák |
| | acceptance =
| | | states = [[Rhava]] |
| | image =
| | | ethnicity = [[Demographics of Rhava|Rhavanese]] |
| | imagesize =
| | | pronunciation = [ɣatikaːwbɑːk] (Ghatikhaobak)<br/>[kɔtirəwɑː] (Khotirava) |
| | imagealt =
| | | speakers = 21,348,102 |
| | imagecaption =
| | | date = 2021 |
| | pronunciation =
| | | ref = |
| | states = | | | speakers2 = Total speakers: 26,954,034 |
| [[File:Rhavanese Flag.png|25px|frameless]] [[Rhava]]
| | | familycolor = Austroasiatic |
| | region = | | | ancestor = [[Proto-Khiewsiak]] |
| | creator =
| | | ancestor2 = [[Old Rhavan]] |
| | created =
| | | ancestor3 = [[Classical Rhavan]] |
| | setting = | | | script = [[Rha script]]<br/>[[Rha Braille]] |
| | ethnicity = Rhavanese
| | | nation = {{RHA}} |
| | extinct = | | | agency = [[Rhavanese Culture Preservation Agency]] |
| | era =
| | | dia1 = [[Kham Rha dialect|Kham]] |
| | speakers = 30,000,000 | | | dia2 = [[Khnem Rha dialect|Khnem]] |
| | date = | | | dia3 = [[Bak Rha dialect|Bak]] |
| | dateprefix =
| | | dia4 = [[Nam Rha dialect|Nam]] |
| | ref = | | | iso1 = rhav |
| | refname =
| | | iso2 = rhav |
| | speakers2 = | | | iso3 = rhav |
| | revived =
| | | lc1 = kha |
| | revived-category =
| | | ld1 = [[Kham Rha dialect|Kham]] |
| | familycolor = huang | | | lc2 = khn |
| | fam1 = Huang
| | | ld2 = [[Khnem Rha dialect|Khnem]] |
| | fam2 = Eastern
| | | lc3 = bak |
| | protoname =
| | | ld3 = [[Bak Rha dialect|Bak]] |
| | ancestor = | | | lc4 = nam |
| | ancestor2 = <!-- up to ancestor8 --> | | | ld4 = [[Nam Rha dialect|Nam]] |
| | standards = | | | glotto = |
| | stand1 = Northern (standard script) | | | glottorefname = |
| | stand2 = <!-- up to stand6 -->
| | | lingua = |
| | dialects = | | | map = ] |
| | listclass = | | | mapcaption = |
| | dia1 = Northern | | | notice = IPA |
| | dia2 = Central | | | image = |
| | dia3 = Southern | | [[File:Khotirava3.png|150px]] |
| | dia4 = Traditional | | | imagecaption = |
| | dia5 = Formal | |
| | script =
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| | sign =
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| | posteriori =
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| | nation = {{flag|Rhava}}
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| | minority =
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| | agency =
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| | development_body =
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| | iso1 = | |
| | iso1comment =
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| | iso2 = | |
| | iso2b =
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| | iso2t =
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| | iso2comment =
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| | iso3 = | |
| | iso3comment =
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| | lc1 = | |
| | ld1 = | |
| | lc2 = <!-- up to lc30 --> | |
| | ld2 = <!-- up to ld30 --> | |
| | iso6 = | |
| | isoexception = | |
| | linglist = | |
| | lingname = | |
| | linglist2 = <!-- up to linglist6 --> | |
| | lingname2 = <!-- up to lingname6 --> | |
| | glotto = | |
| | glottoname =
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| | glotto2 = <!-- up to glotto5 -->
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| | glottoname2 = <!-- up to glottoname5 -->
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| | aiatsis =
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| | aiatsisname =
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| | aiatsis2 = <!-- up to aiatsis6 -->
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| | aiatsisname2 = <!-- up to aiatsisname6 -->
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| | guthrie = | |
| | ELP =
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| | ELPname =
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| | ELP2 = <!-- up to ELP6 -->
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| | ELPname2 = <!-- up to ELPname6 -->
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| | glottopedia =
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| | lingua = | |
| | lingua_ref =
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| | ietf =
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| | map = | |
| | mapsize =
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| | mapalt =
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| | mapcaption = | |
| | map2 = | |
| | mapalt2 = | |
| | mapcaption2 = | |
| | pushpin_map = | |
| | pushpin_image =
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| | pushpin_map_alt =
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| | pushpin_map_caption =
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| | pushpin_mapsize =
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| | pushpin_label =
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| | pushpin_label_position =
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| | coordinates = <!-- use {{Coord}} -->
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| | module =
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| | notice =
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| }} | | }} |
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| Nhai is the official language of [[Rhava]] and is a part of the [[Huang]] family tree. Nhai is separated into to writing scripts, ancient and standard. In modern day cities only standard is taught, but in rural areas ancient is taught.
| | '''Rha''', or '''Khótirâvá''' alternatively referred to as '''Ghātikhaobák''', is an [[Alharu]]n native language of the Indonadisi family spoken by Rhavanese people in a number of dialects. It is one of a couple official languages in [[Rhava]]. |
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| ==Rhavanese Phonetics== | | ==Usage== |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 90%"
| | |
| |+ Common Vietnamese rimes {{ref|Notes|[Notes]}}
| | Rha and its dialects are the native languages of all provinces excluding the [[Nalinese Autonomous Region]], and the provinces of [[Nokornhai]], [[Amoujawat]], and [[Khiewmawthu]]. The Rhavanese diaspora overseas also uses Rha for signs, and restaurants. Rha study is mandatory in all schools, and the language is the lingua franca in the provinces to the south and east, where it is not the mother tongue. |
| ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
| | |
| ! Zero coda
| | ==Writing System== |
| ! colspan="2" | Off-glide coda
| | |
| ! colspan="3" | Nasal consonant coda
| | Rha after [[Salvia]]n colonization was written in the latin script, with different marks indicated how to pronounce vowels and some consonants. The Rha script however is still used in decorative, historical, and ceremonial use. The Rha script is an abugida system. |
| ! colspan="3" | Stop consonant coda
| | |
| |-
| | ==Phonology== |
| ! {{IPA|∅}} || {{IPA|/j/}} || {{IPA|/w/}} || {{IPA|/m/}} || {{IPA|/n/}} || {{IPA|/ŋ/}} || {{IPA|/p/}} || {{IPA|/t/}} || {{IPA|/k/}}
| | |
| |-
| | ==Sample Text== |
| ! rowspan="14" style="width: 5px;" | Vowel nucleus
| | |
| ! {{IPA|/ă/}}
| | {{Eurth}} |
| | || ''ạy''<br>{{IPA|[ăj]}} || ''ạu''<br>{{IPA|[ăw]}} || ''ặm''<br>{{IPA|[ăm]}} || ''ặn''<br>{{IPA|[ăn]}} || ''ặng''<br>{{IPA|[ăŋ]}} || ''ặp''<br>{{IPA|[ăp]}} || ''ặt''<br>{{IPA|[ăt]}} || ''ặc''<br>{{IPA|[ăk]}}
| | [[Category:Rhava]] |
| |-
| | [[Category:Language (Eurth)]] |
| ! {{IPA|/a/}}
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| | ''ạ'', ''(gi)à'', ''(gi)ả'', ''(gi)ã'', ''(gi)á''<br>{{IPA|[a]}} || ''ại''<br>{{IPA|[aj]}} || ''ạo''<br>{{IPA|[aw]}} || ''ạm''<br>{{IPA|[am]}} || ''ạn''<br>{{IPA|[an]}} || ''ạng''<br>{{IPA|[aŋ]}} || ''ạp''<br>{{IPA|[ap]}} || ''ạt''<br>{{IPA|[at]}} || ''ạc''<br>{{IPA|[ak]}}
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| |-
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| ! {{IPA|/ɛ/}}
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| | ''ẹ''<br>{{IPA|[ɛ]}} || || ''ẹo''<br>{{IPA|[ɛw]}} || ''ẹm''<br>{{IPA|[ɛm]}} || ''ẹn''<br>{{IPA|[ɛn]}} || ''ạnh''<br>{{IPA|[ăjŋ]}} || ''ẹp''<br>{{IPA|[ɛp]}} || ''ẹt''<br>{{IPA|[ɛt]}} || ''ạch''<br>{{IPA|[ăjk]}}
| |
| |-
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| ! {{IPA|/ɔ/}}
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| | ''ọ''<br>{{IPA|[ɔ]}} || ''ọi''<br>{{IPA|[ɔj]}} || || ''ọm''<br>{{IPA|[ɔm]}} || ''ọn''<br>{{IPA|[ɔn]}} || ''ọng''<br>{{IPA|[ăwŋ]}} || ''ọp''<br>{{IPA|[ɔp]}} || ''ọt''<br>{{IPA|[ɔt]}} || ''ọc''<br>{{IPA|[ăwk]}}
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| |-
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| ! {{IPA|/ə̆/}}
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| | || ''ậy''<br>{{IPA|[ə̆j]}} || ''ậu''<br>{{IPA|[ə̆w]}} || ''ậm''<br>{{IPA|[ə̆m]}} || ''ận''<br>{{IPA|[ə̆n]}} || ''ậng''<br>{{IPA|[ə̆ŋ]}} || ''ập''<br>{{IPA|[ə̆p]}} || ''ật''<br>{{IPA|[ə̆t]}} || ''ậc''<br>{{IPA|[ə̆k]}}
| |
| |-
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| ! {{IPA|/ə/}}
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| | ''ợ''<br>{{IPA|[ə]}} || ''ợi''<br>{{IPA|[əj]}} || || ''ợm''<br>{{IPA|[əm]}} || ''ợn''<br>{{IPA|[ən]}} || || ''ợp''<br>{{IPA|[əp]}} || ''ợt''<br>{{IPA|[ət]}} ||
| |
| |-
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| ! {{IPA|/e/}}
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| | ''ệ''<br>{{IPA|[e]}} || || ''ệu''<br>{{IPA|[ew]}} || ''ệm''<br>{{IPA|[em]}} || ''ện''<br>{{IPA|[en]}} || ''ệnh''<br>{{IPA|[ə̆jŋ]}} || ''ệp''<br>{{IPA|[ep]}} || ''ệt''<br>{{IPA|[et]}} || ''ệch''<br>{{IPA|[ə̆jk]}}
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| |-
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| ! {{IPA|/o/}}
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| | ''ộ''<br>{{IPA|[o]}} || ''ội''<br>{{IPA|[oj]}} || || ''ộm''<br>{{IPA|[om]}} || ''ộn''<br>{{IPA|[on]}} || ''ộng''<br>{{IPA|[ə̆wŋ]}} || ''ộp''<br>{{IPA|[op]}} || ''ột''<br>{{IPA|[ot]}} || ''ộc''<br>{{IPA|[ə̆wk]}}
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| |-
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| ! {{IPA|/i/}}
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| | ''ị'', ''ỵ''<br>{{IPA|[i]}} || || ''ịu''<br>{{IPA|[iw]}} || ''ịm'', ''ỵm''<br>{{IPA|[im]}} || ''ịn''<br>{{IPA|[in]}} || ''ịnh''<br>{{IPA|[iŋ]}} || ''ịp'', ''ỵp''<br>{{IPA|[ip]}} || ''ịt''<br>{{IPA|[it]}} || ''ịch'', ''ỵch''<br>{{IPA|[ik]}}
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| |-
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| ! {{IPA|/ɨ/}}
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| | ''ự''<br>{{IPA|[ɨ]}} || ''ựi''<br>{{IPA|[ɨj]}} || ''ựu''<br>{{IPA|[ɨw]}} || || || ''ựng''<br>{{IPA|[ɨŋ]}} || || ''ựt''<br>{{IPA|[ɨt]}} || ''ực''<br>{{IPA|[ɨk]}}
| |
| |-
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| ! {{IPA|/u/}}
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| | ''ụ''<br>{{IPA|[u]}} || ''ụi''<br>{{IPA|[uj]}} || || ''ụm''<br>{{IPA|[um]}} || ''ụn''<br>{{IPA|[un]}} || ''ụng''<br>{{IPA|[uŋ]}} || ''ụp''<br>{{IPA|[up]}} || ''ụt''<br>{{IPA|[ut]}} || ''ục''<br>{{IPA|[uk]}}
| |
| |-
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| ! {{IPA|/iə/}}
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| | ''ịa'', ''(g)ịa'', ''ỵa''<br>{{IPA|[iə]}} || || ''iệu'', ''yệu''<br>{{IPA|[iəw]}} || ''iệm'', ''yệm''<br>{{IPA|[iəm]}} || ''iện'', ''yện ''<br>{{IPA|[iən]}} || ''iệng'', ''yệng''<br>{{IPA|[iəŋ]}} || ''iệp'', ''yệp''<br>{{IPA|[iəp]}} || ''iệt'', ''yệt''<br>{{IPA|[iət]}} || ''iệc''<br>{{IPA|[iək]}}
| |
| |-
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| ! {{IPA|/ɨə/}}
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| | ''ựa''<br>{{IPA|[ɨə]}} || ''ượi''<br>{{IPA|[ɨəj]}} || ''ượu''<br>{{IPA|[ɨəw]}} || ''ượm''<br>{{IPA|[ɨəm]}} || ''ượn''<br>{{IPA|[ɨən]}} || ''ượng''<br>{{IPA|[ɨəŋ]}} || ''ượp''<br>{{IPA|[ɨəp]}} || ''ượt''<br>{{IPA|[ɨət]}} || ''ược''<br>{{IPA|[ɨək]}}
| |
| |-
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| ! {{IPA|/uə/}}
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| | ''ụa''<br>{{IPA|[uə]}} || ''uội''<br>{{IPA|[uəj]}} || || ''uộm''<br>{{IPA|[uəm]}} || ''uộn''<br>{{IPA|[uən]}} || ''uộng''<br>{{IPA|[uəŋ]}} || || ''uột''<br>{{IPA|[uət]}} || ''uộc''<br>{{IPA|[uək]}}
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="8" | Labiovelar on-glide followed by vowel nucleus
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| ! {{IPA|/ʷă/}}
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| | || ''oạy'', ''(q)uạy''<br>{{IPA|[ʷăj]}} || || ''oặm'', ''(q)uặm''<br>{{IPA|[ʷăm]}} || ''oặn'', ''(q)uặn''<br>{{IPA|[ʷăn]}} || ''oặng'', ''(q)uặng''<br>{{IPA|[ʷăŋ]}} || ''oặp'', ''(q)uặp''<br>{{IPA|[ʷăp]}} || ''oặt'', ''(q)uặt''<br>{{IPA|[ʷăt]}} || ''oặc'', ''(q)uặc''<br>{{IPA|[ʷăk]}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! {{IPA|/ʷa/}}
| |
| | ''oạ'', ''(q)uạ''<br>{{IPA|[ʷa]}} || ''oại'', ''(q)uại''<br>{{IPA|[ʷaj]}} || ''oạo'', ''(q)uạo''<br>{{IPA|[ʷaw]}} || ''oạm'', ''(q)uạm''<br>{{IPA|[ʷam]}} || ''oạn'', ''(q)uạn''<br>{{IPA|[ʷan]}} || ''oạng'', ''(q)uạng ''<br>{{IPA|[ʷaŋ]}} || ''oạp'', ''(q)uạp''<br>{{IPA|[ʷap]}} || ''oạt'', ''(q)uạt''<br>{{IPA|[ʷat]}} || ''oạc'', ''(q)uạc''<br>{{IPA|[ʷak]}}
| |
| |-
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| ! {{IPA|/ʷɛ/}}
| |
| | ''oẹ'', ''(q)uẹ''<br>{{IPA|[ʷɛ]}} || || ''oẹo'', ''(q)uẹo''<br>{{IPA|[ʷɛw]}} || ''oẹm'', ''(q)uẹm''<br>{{IPA|[ʷɛm]}} || ''oẹn'', ''(q)uẹn''<br>{{IPA|[ʷɛn]}} || ''oạnh'', ''(q)uạnh''<br>{{IPA|[ʷăjŋ]}} || || ''oẹt'', ''(q)uẹt''<br>{{IPA|[ʷɛt]}} || ''oạch'', ''(q)uạch''<br>{{IPA|[ʷăjk]}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! {{IPA|/ʷə̆/}}
| |
| | || ''uậy''<br>{{IPA|[ʷə̆j]}} || || || ''uận''<br>{{IPA|[ʷə̆n]}} || ''uậng''<br>{{IPA|[ʷə̆ŋ]}} || || ''uật''<br>{{IPA|[ʷə̆t]}} ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! {{IPA|/ʷə/}}
| |
| | ''uợ''<br>{{IPA|[ʷə]}} || || || || || || || ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! {{IPA|/ʷe/}}
| |
| | ''uệ''<br>{{IPA|[ʷe]}} || || ''uệu''<br>{{IPA|[ʷew]}} || || ''uện''<br>{{IPA|[ʷen]}} || ''uệnh''<br>{{IPA|[ʷə̆jŋ]}} || || ''uệt''<br>{{IPA|[ʷet]}} || ''uệch''<br>{{IPA|[ʷə̆jk]}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! {{IPA|/ʷi/}}
| |
| | ''uỵ''<br>{{IPA|[ʷi]}} || || ''uỵu''<br>{{IPA|[ʷiw]}} || || ''uỵn''<br>{{IPA|[ʷin]}} || ''uỵnh''<br>{{IPA|[ʷiŋ]}} || ''uỵp''<br>{{IPA|[ʷip]}} || ''uỵt''<br>{{IPA|[ʷit]}} || ''uỵch''<br>{{IPA|[ʷik]}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! {{IPA|/ʷiə/}}
| |
| | ''uỵa''<br>{{IPA|[ʷiə]}} || || || || ''uyện''<br>{{IPA|[ʷiən]}} || || || ''uyệt''<br>{{IPA|[ʷiət]}} ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2" | Tone
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| ! colspan="6" | ''a'' {{IPA|/a/}}, ''à'' {{IPA|/â/}}, ''á'' {{IPA|/ǎ/}}, ''ả'' {{IPA|/a᷉/}}, ''ã'' {{IPA|/ǎˀ/}}, ''ạ'' {{IPA|/âˀ/}}
| |
| ! colspan="3" | ''á'' {{IPA|/á/}}, ''ạ'' {{IPA|/à/}}
| |
| |}
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| {{refbegin}} | |
| {{note|Notes| Notes:}}
| |
| * Less common rimes may not be represented in this table.
| |
| * The ''nặng'' tone mark (dot below) has been added to all rimes in this table for illustration purposes only. It indicates which letter tone marks in general are added to, largely according to the "new style" rules of Vietnamese orthography as stated in [[:vi:Quy tắc đặt dấu thanh trong chữ quốc ngữ#Ki.E1.BB.83u m.E1.BB.9Bi|Quy tắc đặt dấu thanh trong chữ quốc ngữ]]. In practice, not all these rimes have real words or syllables that have the ''nặng'' tone.
| |
| * The IPA representations are based on [[Help:IPA/Vietnamese|Wikipedia's conventions]]. Different dialects may have different pronunciations.
| |
| {{refend}}
| |
