Rhavanese language: Difference between revisions

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{{WIP}}
{{Region icon Eurth}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
| name             = Nhai
| name = Khotirava
| altname         = Rhavanese, Rhavan Speak
| altname = Rhavanese
| nativename       =
| nativename = Ghātikhaobák
| acceptance      =
| states = [[Rhava]]
| image            =
| ethnicity = [[Demographics of Rhava|Rhavanese]]
| imagesize        =
| pronunciation    = [ɣatikaːwbɑːk] (Ghatikhaobak)<br/>[kɔtirəwɑː] (Khotirava)
| imagealt        =
| speakers = 21,348,102
| imagecaption    =
| date = 2021
| pronunciation    =  
| ref =  
| states           =  
| speakers2 = Total speakers: 26,954,034
[[File:Rhavanese Flag.png|25px|frameless]] [[Rhava]]
| familycolor = Austroasiatic
| region          =
| ancestor = [[Proto-Khiewsiak]]
| creator          =
| ancestor2 = [[Old Rhavan]]
| created          =
| ancestor3 = [[Classical Rhavan]]
| setting          =
| script = [[Rha script]]<br/>[[Rha Braille]]
| ethnicity        = Rhavanese
| nation = {{RHA}}
| extinct          =
| agency = [[Rhavanese Culture Preservation Agency]]
| era              =
| dia1 = [[Kham Rha dialect|Kham]]
| speakers         = 30,000,000
| dia2 = [[Khnem Rha dialect|Khnem]]
| date             =
| dia3 = [[Bak Rha dialect|Bak]]
| dateprefix      =
| dia4 = [[Nam Rha dialect|Nam]]
| ref             =
| iso1 = rhav
| refname          =
| iso2 = rhav
| speakers2       =
| iso3 = rhav
| revived          =
| lc1 = kha
| revived-category =  
| ld1 = [[Kham Rha dialect|Kham]]
| familycolor     = huang
| lc2 = khn
| fam1            = Huang
| ld2 = [[Khnem Rha dialect|Khnem]]
| fam2            = Eastern
| lc3 = bak
| protoname        =
| ld3 = [[Bak Rha dialect|Bak]]
| ancestor         =
| lc4 = nam
| ancestor2       = <!-- up to ancestor8 -->
| ld4 = [[Nam Rha dialect|Nam]]
| standards        =
| glotto =  
| stand1          = Northern (standard script)
| glottorefname =  
| stand2          = <!-- up to stand6 -->
| lingua =  
| dialects        =
| map = ]
| listclass        =
| mapcaption =  
| dia1             = Northern
| notice = IPA
| dia2             = Central
| image =  
| dia3             = Southern
[[File:Khotirava3.png|150px]]
| dia4             = Traditional
| imagecaption =  
| dia5            = Formal
| script          =
| sign            =
| posteriori      =
| nation          = [[Rhava]]
| minority        =
| agency          =
| development_body =
| iso1             =
| iso1comment      =
| iso2             =
| iso2b            =
| iso2t            =
| iso2comment      =
| iso3             =
| iso3comment      =
| lc1             =
| ld1             =
| lc2             = <!-- up to lc30 -->
| ld2             = <!-- up to ld30 -->
| iso6            =
| isoexception    =
| linglist        =
| lingname        =
| linglist2        = <!-- up to linglist6 -->
| lingname2        = <!-- up to lingname6 -->
| glotto           =
| glottoname      =
| glotto2          = <!-- up to glotto5 -->
| glottoname2      = <!-- up to glottoname5 -->
| aiatsis          =
| aiatsisname      =
| aiatsis2        = <!-- up to aiatsis6 -->
| aiatsisname2    = <!-- up to aiatsisname6 -->
| guthrie          =
| ELP              =
| ELPname          =
| ELP2            = <!-- up to ELP6 -->
| ELPname2        = <!-- up to ELPname6 -->
| glottopedia      =
| lingua           =
| lingua_ref      =
| ietf            =
| map             =
| mapsize          =
| mapalt          =
| mapcaption       =  
| map2            =
| mapalt2          =
| mapcaption2      =
| pushpin_map      =
| pushpin_image    =
| pushpin_map_alt  =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_mapsize  =
| pushpin_label          =
| pushpin_label_position  =
| coordinates      = <!-- use {{Coord}} -->
| module          =
| notice          =  
}}
}}


Nhai is the official language of [[Rhava]] and is a part of the [[Huang]] family tree. Nhai is separated into to writing scripts, ancient and standard. In modern day cities only standard is taught, but in rural areas ancient is taught.  
'''Rha''', or '''Khótirâvá''' alternatively referred to as '''Ghātikhaobák''', is an [[Alharu]]n native language of the Indonadisi family spoken by Rhavanese people in a number of dialects. It is one of a couple official languages in [[Rhava]].


==Rhavanese Letters==  
==Usage==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! letter
! sound
|-
| ă
| ah
|-
| aa
| ah (elongated)
|-
| â
| uh
|-
| ä
| ay
|-
| e
| ai(r)
|-
| ê
| ey
|-
| ë
| ooh-weh
|-
| o
| awh (back of throat)
|-
| ô
| oh
|-
| ơ
| owh (front of mouth)
|-
| ö
| er
|-
| u
| ooh
|-
| ư
| uwh (front of mouth)
|-
| ü
| ooh-weeh
|-
| y
| eeh
|-
| b
| buh
|-
| c
| cuh
|-
| d
| yuh
|-
| đ
| duh
|-
| g
| yuh (south), zhuh
|-
| h
| hah (whisper)
|-
| j
| juh
|-
| k
| ka
|-
| l
| luh
|-
| m
| muh
|-
| n
| nuh
|-
| p
| puh
|-
| q
| wuh
|-
| r
| vuh (north), ruh (roll tongue)
|-
| s
| shuh
|-
| t
| tuh (soft)
|-
| v
| yuh (south), vuh
|-
| x
| suh
|-
| y
| yuh
|}
==Rhavanese Phonology==
==Initial consonants==
Initial consonants which exist only in the Northern dialect are in red, while those that exist only in the Southern dialect are in blue.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|- style="font-size: 90%;"
! colspan="2" width=25% |
! width=10% | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! width=10% | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! width=10% | [[Postalveolar consonant|Retroflex]]
! width=10% | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! width=10% | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! width=10% | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɲ}}
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]/<br>[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! <small>[[Tenuis consonant|tenuis]]</small>
| ({{IPA link|p}})
| {{IPA link|t}}
| style="background-color: #ccf" | {{IPA link|ʈ}}/tr/
| {{IPA link|c}}
| {{IPA link|k}}
| ({{IPA link|ʔ}})
|-
! <small>[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>
|
| {{IPA|tʰ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! <small>[[Glottalization|glottalized]]</small>
| {{IPA link|ɓ}}
| {{IPA link|ɗ}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! <small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
| {{IPA link|f}}
| {{IPA link|s}}
| style="background-color: #ccf" | {{IPA link|ʂ}}
|
| {{IPA link|x}}
| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
! <small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| {{IPA link|v}}
| style="background-color: #fcc" | {{IPA link|z}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɣ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
| {{IPA link|l}}
|
|style="background-color: #ccf" | {{IPA link|j}}
| {{IPA link|w}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
| style="background-color: #ccf" | {{IPA|ɹ}}
|
|
|
|
|}
==Consonants==
==Consonants==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Consonants
|-
! rowspan="2" | Grapheme
! colspan="2" | Word-Initial ([[Help:IPA/Vietnamese|IPA]])
! colspan="2" | Word-Final
! rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
! Northern
! Southern
! Northern
! Southern
|-
! B b
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|ɓ}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |
|
|-
! C c
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|k}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|k̚}}
| {{angbr|k}} is used instead when preceding {{angbr|i y e ê}}. K is also used before U in the Vietnamese city [[Pleiku]].<br />{{angbr|qu}} is used instead of {{angbr|co cu}} if a {{IPA|/w/}} on-glide exists.<br />Realized as {{IPAblink|k}} in word-final position following rounded vowels {{angbr|u ô o}}.
|-
! Ch ch
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|tɕ}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|c}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|/ʲk/}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|t̚}}
| Multiple phonemic analyses of final {{angbr|ch}} have been proposed ([[vietnamese phonology#Analysis of final ch.2C nh|main article]]).
|-
! D d
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|z}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|j}}
| colspan="2"  rowspan="9" style="text-align: center;" |
| In [[Middle Vietnamese]], {{angbr|d}} represented {{IPAslink|ð}}.  {{angbr|d}} was used to write native Vietnamese words and {{angbr|gi}} was used to write words of Chinese origin.
|-
! Đ đ
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|ɗ}}
|
|-
! G g
| colspan="2"  rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|ɣ}}
|
|-
! Gh gh
| Spelling used {{angbr|gh}} instead of {{angbr|g}} before {{angbr|i e ê}}, seemingly to follow the [[Italian orthography#C and G|Italian convention]]. {{angbr|g}} is not allowed in these environments.
|-
! Gi gi
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|z}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|j}}
| In Middle Vietnamese, {{angbr|gi}} represented {{IPAslink|ʝ}}. The distinction between {{angbr|d}} and {{angbr|gi}} is now purely etymological (and is the only one) in most modern dialects. Realized as [ʒ] in Northern spelling pronunciation. Spelled {{angbr|g}} before another {{angbr|i}}.{{efn|This causes some ambiguity with the diphthong ''ia''/''iê'', for example ''gia'' could be either ''gi''+''a'' {{IPA|[za ~ ja]}} or ''gi''+''ia'' {{IPA|[ziə̯ ~ jiə̯]}}. If there is a [[#Tone marks|tone mark]] the ambiguity is resolved: ''giá'' is ''gi''+''á'' and ''gía'' is ''gi''+''ía''.}}
|-
! H h
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|h}}
|
|-
! K k
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|k}}
| Spelling used instead of {{angbr|c}} before {{angbr|i y e ê}} to follow the [[Hard and soft C|European tradition]]. {{angbr|c}} is not allowed in these environments.
|-
! Kh kh
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|x}}
| In Middle Vietnamese, {{angbr|kh}} was pronounced {{IPAblink|kʰ}}
|-
! L l
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|l}}
|
|-
! M m
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|m}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|m}}
|
|-
! N n
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|n}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|n}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|ŋ}}
| In Southern Vietnamese, word-final {{angbr|n}} is realized as {{IPAblink|ŋ}} if not following {{angbr|i ê}}.
|-
! Ng ng
| colspan="2"  rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|ŋ}}
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|ŋ}}
| Realized as [ŋ͡m] in word-final position following rounded vowels {{angbr|u ô o}}.
|-
! Ngh ngh
| colspan="2" |
| Spelling used instead of {{angbr|ng}} before {{angbr|i e ê}} in accordance with {{angbr|gh}}.
|-
! Nh nh
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|ɲ}}
| style="text-align: center;" |/{{IPA|ʲŋ}}/
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|n}}
| Multiple phonemic analyses of final {{angbr|nh}} have been proposed ([[vietnamese phonology#Analysis of final ch.2C nh|main article]]).
|-
! P p
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|p}}
| Only occurs initially in loanwords. Some Vietnamese pronounce it as a "b" sound instead (as in [[Arabic]]).
|-
! Ph ph
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|f}}
| colspan="2"  rowspan="4" |
| In Middle Vietnamese, {{angbr|ph}} was pronounced {{IPAblink|pʰ}}
|-
! Qu qu
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|kʷ}}
| Spelling used in place of {{angbr|co cu}} if a {{IPA|/w/}} on-glide exists.
|-
! R r
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|z}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|r}}
| Variably pronounced as a fricative {{IPAblink|ʐ}}, approximant {{IPAblink|ɹ}}, flap {{IPAblink|ɾ}} or trill {{IPAblink|r}} in Southern speech.
|-
! S s
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|s}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|ʂ}}
| Realized as [ʃ] in Northern spelling pronunciation.
|-
! T t
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|t}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|t̚}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|k}}
| In Southern Vietnamese, word-final {{angbr|t}} is realized as {{IPAblink|k}} if not following {{angbr|i ê}}.
|-
! Th th
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|tʰ}}
| colspan="2"  rowspan="4" |
|
|-
! Tr tr
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|tɕ}}
| style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|ʈ}}
| Realized as [tʃ] in Northern spelling pronunciation.
|-
! V v
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|v}}
| In Middle Vietnamese, it was represented by a [[b with flourish]] {{angbr|[[File:B with flourish.svg|10px|alt=ȸ|b with flourish]]}} and was pronounced {{IPAblink|β}}.<br />Can be realized as {{IPAblink|v}} in Southern speech through [[spelling pronunciation]] and in loanwords.
|-
! X x
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|s}}
| In Middle Vietnamese, {{angbr|x}} was pronounced {{IPAblink|ɕ}}.
|}
{{notelist}}


==Rhavanese Phonetics==
Rha and its dialects are the native languages of all provinces excluding the [[Nalinese Autonomous Region]], and the provinces of [[Nokornhai]], [[Amoujawat]], and [[Khiewmawthu]]. The Rhavanese diaspora overseas also uses Rha for signs, and restaurants. Rha study is mandatory in all schools, and the language is the lingua franca in the provinces to the south and east, where it is not the mother tongue.
{| class="wikitable"
 
|-
==Writing System==
! Name
 
! Description
Rha after [[Salvia]]n colonization was written in the latin script, with different marks indicated how to pronounce vowels and some consonants. The Rha script however is still used in decorative, historical, and ceremonial use. The Rha script is an abugida system.
! Diacritic
 
! Example
==Phonology==
|-
 
| '''ngang''' &nbsp; 'level'
==Sample Text==
| mid level
 
| align="center" | <small>(no mark)</small>
{{Eurth}}
| ''ma'' &nbsp;'ghost'
[[Category:Rhava]]
| align="center" |
[[Category:Language (Eurth)]]
|-
| '''huyền''' &nbsp; 'deep'
| low falling (often breathy)
| align="center" | {{IPA|◌̀}} ([[grave accent]])
| ''mà'' &nbsp;'but'
|-
| '''sắc''' &nbsp; 'sharp'
| high rising
| align="center" | {{IPA|◌́}} ([[acute accent]])
| ''má'' &nbsp;'cheek, mother (southern)'
|-
| '''hỏi''' &nbsp; 'questioning'
| mid dipping-rising
| align="center" | {{IPA|◌̉}} ([[hook above]])
| ''mả'' &nbsp;'tomb, grave'
|-
| '''ngã''' &nbsp; 'tumbling'
| creaky high breaking-rising
| align="center" | {{IPA|◌̃}} ([[tilde]])
| ''mã'' &nbsp;'horse
|-
| '''nặng''' &nbsp; 'heavy'
| falling
|align="center" | {{IPA|◌̣}} ([[dot (diacritic)|dot below]])
| ''mạ'' &nbsp;'rice seedling'
|-
|'''Vēn''' &nbsp; 'continuation'
| straight tone (medium length)
| align="center" | {{IPA|◌̣}} ([[straight line above)|straight line above]])
| ''mā'' &nbsp;'used before Tü to symbolize ownership of subject'
|}

Latest revision as of 13:23, 19 September 2022

Khotirava
Rhavanese
Ghātikhaobák
Khotirava3.png
Pronunciation[ɣatikaːwbɑːk] (Ghatikhaobak)
[kɔtirəwɑː] (Khotirava)
Native toRhava
EthnicityRhavanese
Native speakers
21,348,102 (2021)
Total speakers: 26,954,034
Austroasiatic
  • Khotirava
Early forms
Dialects
Rha script
Rha Braille
Official status
Official language in
Template:RHA
Regulated byRhavanese Culture Preservation Agency
Language codes
ISO 639-1rhav
ISO 639-2rhav
ISO 639-3rhav – inclusive code
Individual codes:
kha – Kham
khn – Khnem
bak – Bak
nam – Nam
[[File:]|220px]]
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Rha, or Khótirâvá alternatively referred to as Ghātikhaobák, is an Alharun native language of the Indonadisi family spoken by Rhavanese people in a number of dialects. It is one of a couple official languages in Rhava.

Usage

Rha and its dialects are the native languages of all provinces excluding the Nalinese Autonomous Region, and the provinces of Nokornhai, Amoujawat, and Khiewmawthu. The Rhavanese diaspora overseas also uses Rha for signs, and restaurants. Rha study is mandatory in all schools, and the language is the lingua franca in the provinces to the south and east, where it is not the mother tongue.

Writing System

Rha after Salvian colonization was written in the latin script, with different marks indicated how to pronounce vowels and some consonants. The Rha script however is still used in decorative, historical, and ceremonial use. The Rha script is an abugida system.

Phonology

Sample Text

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