Rhavanese language: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
 
(52 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{WIP}}
{{Region icon Eurth}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
| name             = Nhai
| name = Khotirava
| altname         = Rhavanese, Rhavan Speak
| altname = Rhavanese
| nativename       =
| nativename = Ghātikhaobák
| acceptance      =
| states = [[Rhava]]
| image            =
| ethnicity = [[Demographics of Rhava|Rhavanese]]
| imagesize        =
| pronunciation    = [ɣatikaːwbɑːk] (Ghatikhaobak)<br/>[kɔtirəwɑː] (Khotirava)
| imagealt        =
| speakers = 21,348,102
| imagecaption    =
| date = 2021
| pronunciation    =  
| ref =  
| states           =  
| speakers2 = Total speakers: 26,954,034
[[File:Rhavanese Flag.png|25px|frameless]] [[Rhava]]
| familycolor = Austroasiatic
| region          =
| ancestor = [[Proto-Khiewsiak]]
| creator          =
| ancestor2 = [[Old Rhavan]]
| created          =
| ancestor3 = [[Classical Rhavan]]
| setting          =
| script = [[Rha script]]<br/>[[Rha Braille]]
| ethnicity        = Rhavanese
| nation = {{RHA}}
| extinct          =
| agency = [[Rhavanese Culture Preservation Agency]]
| era              =
| dia1 = [[Kham Rha dialect|Kham]]
| speakers         = 30,000,000
| dia2 = [[Khnem Rha dialect|Khnem]]
| date             =
| dia3 = [[Bak Rha dialect|Bak]]
| dateprefix      =
| dia4 = [[Nam Rha dialect|Nam]]
| ref             =
| iso1 = rhav
| refname          =
| iso2 = rhav
| speakers2       =
| iso3 = rhav
| revived          =
| lc1 = kha
| revived-category =  
| ld1 = [[Kham Rha dialect|Kham]]
| familycolor     = Sino-Tibetan
| lc2 = khn
| fam1            = Huang
| ld2 = [[Khnem Rha dialect|Khnem]]
| fam2            = Eastern
| lc3 = bak
| protoname        =
| ld3 = [[Bak Rha dialect|Bak]]
| ancestor         =
| lc4 = nam
| ancestor2       = <!-- up to ancestor8 -->
| ld4 = [[Nam Rha dialect|Nam]]
| standards        =
| glotto =  
| stand1          = Northern (standard script)
| glottorefname =  
| stand2          = <!-- up to stand6 -->
| lingua =  
| dialects        =
| map = ]
| listclass        =
| mapcaption =  
| dia1             = Northern
| notice = IPA
| dia2             = Central
| image =  
| dia3             = Southern
[[File:Khotirava3.png|150px]]
| dia4             = Traditional
| imagecaption =  
| dia5            = Formal
| script          =
| sign            =
| posteriori      =
| nation          = [[Rhava]]
| minority        =
| agency          =
| development_body =
| iso1             =
| iso1comment      =
| iso2             =
| iso2b            =
| iso2t            =
| iso2comment      =
| iso3             =
| iso3comment      =
| lc1             =
| ld1             =
| lc2             = <!-- up to lc30 -->
| ld2             = <!-- up to ld30 -->
| iso6            =
| isoexception    =
| linglist        =
| lingname        =
| linglist2        = <!-- up to linglist6 -->
| lingname2        = <!-- up to lingname6 -->
| glotto           =
| glottoname      =
| glotto2          = <!-- up to glotto5 -->
| glottoname2      = <!-- up to glottoname5 -->
| aiatsis          =
| aiatsisname      =
| aiatsis2        = <!-- up to aiatsis6 -->
| aiatsisname2    = <!-- up to aiatsisname6 -->
| guthrie          =
| ELP              =
| ELPname          =
| ELP2            = <!-- up to ELP6 -->
| ELPname2        = <!-- up to ELPname6 -->
| glottopedia      =
| lingua           =
| lingua_ref      =
| ietf            =
| map             =
| mapsize          =
| mapalt          =
| mapcaption       =  
| map2            =
| mapalt2          =
| mapcaption2      =
| pushpin_map      =
| pushpin_image    =
| pushpin_map_alt  =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_mapsize  =
| pushpin_label          =
| pushpin_label_position  =
| coordinates      = <!-- use {{Coord}} -->
| module          =
| notice          =  
}}
}}


Nhai is the official language of [[Rhava]] and is a part of the [[wikipedia:Sino-Tibetan languages|Huang]] family tree. Nhai is separated into to writing scripts, ancient and standard. In modern day cities only standard is taught, but in rural areas ancient is taught. It's one of the indigenous languages spoken in [[Alharu]]. It's also the official working language of the nation [[Rhava]], and spoken in the majority of the country.  
'''Rha''', or '''Khótirâvá''' alternatively referred to as '''Ghātikhaobák''', is an [[Alharu]]n native language of the Indonadisi family spoken by Rhavanese people in a number of dialects. It is one of a couple official languages in [[Rhava]].


50,000 years ago Rhavanese seafarers, crossed the ocean as a nomadic peoples going from island to island. They spoke a language which is referred to as {{wp|Vietnamese|Ancestral Nhai}}. When they arrived where modern day Rhava is, they decided to stay permanently. These seafarers intermixed with the peoples already living on the western part of the island, adding the consonants of tl and ts. Rhavanese grew with these new sounds, creating a fully new language, with aspects of both cultures. Another evolution in the language happened later on, and it would be the last. This was when the [[Yellow Empire]] took over the north, and both cultures intermixed even more, bringing [[Huang]] aspects to Rhavanese.
==Usage==
 
Rha and its dialects are the native languages of all provinces excluding the [[Nalinese Autonomous Region]], and the provinces of [[Nokornhai]], [[Amoujawat]], and [[Khiewmawthu]]. The Rhavanese diaspora overseas also uses Rha for signs, and restaurants. Rha study is mandatory in all schools, and the language is the lingua franca in the provinces to the south and east, where it is not the mother tongue.


==Writing System==
==Writing System==
===Writing system===
Nhai (Rhavanese) is written in the Anglo-Rhav Alphabet, which is a modified {{wp|Latin script|Latin alphabet}} used for Rhavanese languages.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!Order
!1 !!2 !!3 !!4 !!5 !!6 !!7 !!8 !!9 !!10
!11 !!12 !!13 !!14 !!15 !!16 !!17 !!18 !!19 !!20
!21 !!22 !!23 !!24 !!25 !!26 !!27 !!28 !!29 !!30
|-
![[wikipedia:Capital letters|Majuscule]]
|Ă ||Â ||E ||Ê ||I ||O ||Ô ||Ơ ||U ||Ư ||B ||C ||D
|Đ ||G ||H ||J ||K ||L ||M ||N ||P ||TS
|Q ||R ||S ||T ||V ||X ||Y||
|-
![[wikipedia:Lower case|Minuscule]]
|ă ||â ||e ||ê ||i ||o ||ô ||ơ ||u ||ư ||b ||c ||d ||đ ||g ||h ||j
|k ||l ||m ||n ||p ||ts ||q ||r ||s ||t ||v ||x ||y ||
|}
==Rhavanese Phonology==
==Consonants==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|- style="font-size: 90%;"
! colspan="2" width=25% |
! width=10% | [[wikipedia:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! width=10% | [[wikipedia:Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br>[[wikipedia:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! width=10% | [[wikipedia:Postalveolar consonant|Retroflex]]
! width=10% | [[wikipedia:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! width=10% | [[wikipedia:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! width=10% | [[wikipedia:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[wikipedia:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| m {{IPA link|m|[m]}}
| m {{IPA link|n|[m]}}
|
| nh {{IPA link|ɲ|[ɲ]}}
| ng {{IPA link|ŋ|[ŋ]}}
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | [[wikipedia:Stop consonant|Stop]]/<br>[[wikipedia:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! <small>[[wikipedia:Tenuis consonant|tenuis]]</small>
| p ({{IPA link|p|[p]}})
| t {{IPA link|t|[t]}}
| style="background-color: #ccf" | tr {{IPA link|ʈ|[ʈ]}}
| diy, dy [{{IPAlink|dʒ}}]<br>ch [{{IPAlink|tʃ}}]
| k {{IPA link|k|[k]}}
| (oi ({{IPA link|ʔ|[ʔ]}})
|-
! <small>[[wikipedia:Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>
|
| th {{IPA|tʰ|[tʰ]}}<br>{{IPAlink|ts}}
|
|
|-
! <small>[[wikipedia:Glottalization|glottalized]]</small>
| b {{IPA link|ɓ|[ɓ]}}
| d {{IPA link|ɗ|[ɗ]}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[wikipedia:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! <small>[[wikipedia:Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
| ph {{IPA link|f|[f]}}
| {{IPA link|s|[s]}}
| style="background-color: #ccf" | sh {{IPA link|ʂ|[ʂ]}}
|
| kh {{IPA link|x|[x]}}
| h {{IPA link|h|[h]}}
|-
! <small>[[wikipedia:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| {{IPA link|v|[v]}}/y/
| style="background-color: #fcc" | z {{IPA link|z|[z]}}
|
|
| gh {{IPA link|ɣ|[ɣ]}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[wikipedia:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
| l {{IPA link|l|[l]}}
|
|style="background-color: #ccf" | y {{IPA link|j|[j]}}
| w {{IPA link|w|[w]}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[wikipedia:Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
| style="background-color: #ccf" | r {{IPA link|ɹ|[ɹ]}}
|
|
|
|
|}
:{{colorbox|#fcc}} - only found in the Northern Dialect
:{{colorbox|#ccf}} - only found in the Southern Dialect
==Vowels==
Rhavanese, or Nhai has many different vowels. Though not labeled in the chart, there are also added long vowels such as; aa, and oo.
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! &nbsp;
! [[wikipedia:Front vowel|Front]]
! [[wikipedia:Central vowel|Central]]
! [[wikipedia:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[wikipedia:Centering diphthong|Centering]]
| ia/iê [iə̯]
| ưa/ươ [ɨə̯]
| ua/uô [uə̯]
|-
! [[wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]]
| i/y {{IPA link|i|[i]}}
| ư {{IPA link|ɨ|[ɨ]}}
| u {{IPA link|u|[u]}}
|-
! [[wikipedia:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]/<br />[[wikipedia:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| ê {{IPA link|e|[e]}}
| ơ {{IPA link|əː|[əː]}}<br />â {{IPA link|ə|[ə]}}
| ô {{IPA link|o|[o]}}
|-
! [[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]/<br />[[wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]]
|e {{IPA link||ɛ[ɛ]}}
| a {{IPA link|aː|[aː]}}<br />ă {{IPA link|a|[a]}}
| o {{IPA link|ɔ|[ɔ]}}
|}
Centering diphthongs are formed with only the three vowels; i, ư, u. They are usually spelled as ia, ưa, ua when they end a word and are spelled iê, ươ, uô, when they are followed by a consonant.
In addition to Nhai's many vowels, there are also diphthongs and triphthongs.  The closing diphthongs and triphthongs consist of a main vowel component followed by a shorter semivowel [[wikipedia:offglide]] {{IPA link|j|/j/}} or {{IPA link|w|/w/}}.
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!&nbsp;
! colspan="2"| {{IPA link|w|/w/}} offglide
! colspan="2"| {{IPA link|j|/j/}} offglide
|-
! [[wikipedia:Centering diphthong|Centering]]
| iêu [iə̯w
| ươu [ɯə̯w
| ươi [ɯə̯j
| uôi [uə̯j
|-
! [[wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]]
| iu [iw]
| ưu [ɯw]
| ưi [ɯj]
| ui [uj]
|-
! [[wikipedia:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| êu [ew]
| rowspan="2"|  –<br />âu [ʌw]
| rowspan="2"| ơi [ɤj]<br />ây [ʌj]
| ôi [oj]
|-
! [[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| eo [ɛw]
| oi [ɔj]
|-
! [[wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]]
| &nbsp;
| ao [aw]<br />au [ɐw]
| ai [aj]<br />ay [ɐj]
| &nbsp;
|}
</ref> There are restrictions on the high offglides: {{IPA link|j|/j/}} cannot occur after a front vowel (i, ê, e) nucleus and {{IPA link|w|/w/}} cannot occur after a back vowel (u, ô, o) nucleus.<ref>The lack of diphthong consisting of a ''ơ'' + back offglide (i.e., {{IPA link|əːw|[əːw]}}) is an apparent gap.</ref>


:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
Rha after [[Salvia]]n colonization was written in the latin script, with different marks indicated how to pronounce vowels and some consonants. The Rha script however is still used in decorative, historical, and ceremonial use. The Rha script is an abugida system.
|-
! rowspan="2"|&nbsp;
! colspan="2"| {{IPA link|w|/w/}} offglide
! colspan="2"| {{IPA link|j|/j/}} offglide
|-
! [[wikipedia:Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2"| [[wikipedia:Central vowel|Central]]
! [[wikipedia:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[wikipedia:Centering diphthong|Centering]]
| iêu [iə̯w]
| ươu [ɨə̯w]
| ươi [ɨə̯j]
| uôi [uə̯j]
|-
! [[wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]]
| iu [iw]
| ưu [ɨw]
| ưi [ɨj]
| ui [uj]
|-
! [[wikipedia:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]/<br />[[wikipedia:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| êu [ew]
|  –<br />âu[əw]
| ơi [əːj]<br />ây [əj]
| ôi [oj]
|-
! [[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]/<br />[[wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]]
| eo [ɛw]
| ao [aːw]<br />au [aw]
| ai [aːj]<br />ay [aj]
| oi [ɔj]
|}


==Diaeresis (diacritic)==
==Phonology==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! letter
! sound
|-
| ü
| oo-weeh
|-
| ë
| ooh-weh
|-
| ö
| er
|-
| ä
| ay
|}


==Rhavanese Phonetics==
==Sample Text==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Description
! Diacritic
! Example
|-
| '''ngang''' &nbsp; 'level'
| mid level
| align="center" | <small>(no mark)</small>
| ''ma'' &nbsp;'ghost'
|-
| '''huyền''' &nbsp; 'deep'
| low falling (often breathy)
| align="center" | '''◌̀''' ([[wikipedia:grave accent]])
| ''mà'' &nbsp;'but'
|-
| '''sắc''' &nbsp; 'sharp'
| high rising
| align="center" | '''◌́''' ([[wikipedia:acute accent]])
| ''má'' &nbsp;'cheek, mother (southern)'
|-
| '''hỏi''' &nbsp; 'questioning'
| mid dipping-rising
| align="center" | '''◌̉''' ([[wikipedia:hook above]])
| ''mả'' &nbsp;'tomb, grave'
|-
| '''ngã''' &nbsp; 'tumbling'
| creaky high breaking-rising
| align="center" | '''◌̃''' ([[wikipedia:tilde]])
| ''mã'' &nbsp;'horse
|-
| '''nặng''' &nbsp; 'heavy'
| falling
|align="center" | '''◌̣''' ([[wikipedia:dot (diacritic)|dot below]])
| ''mạ'' &nbsp;'rice seedling'
|-
|'''Vēn''' &nbsp; 'continuation'
| straight tone (medium length)
| align="center" | '''◌̣''' ([[wikipedia:straight line above)|straight line above]])
| ''mā'' &nbsp;'used before Tü to symbolize ownership of subject'
|}


==Personal Pronouns==
{{Eurth}}
{| class="wikitable"
[[Category:Rhava]]
!Number
[[Category:Language (Eurth)]]
!Word
!Definition
|-
! colspan="3" |'''Singular'''
|-
| 1st
| Tü
| I, me
|-
| 2nd
| Lạm
| you (older male)
|-
| 2nd
| Lạn
| you (older female)
|-
| 2nd
| Sōng
| you (younger male)
|-
| 2nd
| Sāng
| you (younger female)
|-
| 2nd
| Niẩ
| you (close friend)
|-
| 3rd
| Lạm Vên
| he (older male)
|-
| 3rd
| Lạn Vên
| she (older female)
|-
| 3rd
| Sōng Vên
| he (younger male)
|-
| 3rd
| Sāng Vên
| She (younger female)
|-
| 3rd
| Họ
| They
|}
<ref>you can add '''mā''' to any personal pronoun and it will change the meaning to have ownership</ref>
==Language Examples==
===Basic greetings and phrases===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!Rhavanese
!Translation
!Notes
|-
! colspan="3" |'''Greetings'''
|-
|''Naam Châu!''
|Hello!
|A formal way of saying hello
|-
|''Châu!''
|Hey/ whats up
|Less formal way of saying hello
|-
|''Tôtl'rí''
|Good Morning
|
|-
|''Tôtl'yuè''
|Good Night
|
|-
|''Châm''
|Welcome
|
|-
|''Dăn Ý Lại''
|Goodbye/see you again
|
|-
|''Đẹp Đāng''
|Hello and Welcome
|Very formal, directly translates to; beautiful opportunities
|-
|''Tôtl Mầy Tôtl''
|How are you?
|
|-
! colspan="3" |'''Useful Expressions'''
|-
|''Khonaar''
|Thanks
|You can add a pronoun to the back
|-
|''Lâu Tián''
|Please
|
|-
|''Lâu Sơi Lại''
|Please Say it Again
|
|-
|''Lâu Lập Lại''
|Please repeat
|
|-
|''Niẩ Tsưa Lă''
|How old are you
|You can put any pronoun at the beginning
|-
|''Lâu Tlāp''
|Sorry
|
|-
|''Lâu Tlāp, Mā Tü Nhãi Là Mầy Tôtl''
|Sorry, My Rhavanese is not good
|
|-
|''Xāyu Tsưa Lă''
|What time is it
|
|-
|''Tü Là Nagugutom''
|I am hungry
|
|-
|''Násaán Là Hônghẳm''
|Where is the bathroom?
|
|}

Latest revision as of 13:23, 19 September 2022

Khotirava
Rhavanese
Ghātikhaobák
Khotirava3.png
Pronunciation[ɣatikaːwbɑːk] (Ghatikhaobak)
[kɔtirəwɑː] (Khotirava)
Native toRhava
EthnicityRhavanese
Native speakers
21,348,102 (2021)
Total speakers: 26,954,034
Austroasiatic
  • Khotirava
Early forms
Dialects
Rha script
Rha Braille
Official status
Official language in
Template:RHA
Regulated byRhavanese Culture Preservation Agency
Language codes
ISO 639-1rhav
ISO 639-2rhav
ISO 639-3rhav – inclusive code
Individual codes:
kha – Kham
khn – Khnem
bak – Bak
nam – Nam
[[File:]|220px]]
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Rha, or Khótirâvá alternatively referred to as Ghātikhaobák, is an Alharun native language of the Indonadisi family spoken by Rhavanese people in a number of dialects. It is one of a couple official languages in Rhava.

Usage

Rha and its dialects are the native languages of all provinces excluding the Nalinese Autonomous Region, and the provinces of Nokornhai, Amoujawat, and Khiewmawthu. The Rhavanese diaspora overseas also uses Rha for signs, and restaurants. Rha study is mandatory in all schools, and the language is the lingua franca in the provinces to the south and east, where it is not the mother tongue.

Writing System

Rha after Salvian colonization was written in the latin script, with different marks indicated how to pronounce vowels and some consonants. The Rha script however is still used in decorative, historical, and ceremonial use. The Rha script is an abugida system.

Phonology

Sample Text

Retrieved from "https://iiwiki.us/mediawiki/index.php?title=Rhavanese_language&oldid=554574"