Rhavanese language: Difference between revisions

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{{WIP}}
{{Region icon Eurth}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
| name             = Nhai
| name = Khotirava
| altname         = Rhavanese, Rhavan Speak
| altname = Rhavanese
| nativename       =
| nativename = Ghātikhaobák
| acceptance      =
| states = [[Rhava]]
| image            =
| ethnicity = [[Demographics of Rhava|Rhavanese]]
| imagesize        =
| pronunciation    = [ɣatikaːwbɑːk] (Ghatikhaobak)<br/>[kɔtirəwɑː] (Khotirava)
| imagealt        =
| speakers = 21,348,102
| imagecaption    =
| date = 2021
| pronunciation    =  
| ref =  
| states           =  
| speakers2 = Total speakers: 26,954,034
[[File:RhavaFlag4.jpg|25px|frameless]] [[Rhava]]
| familycolor = Austroasiatic
| region          =
| ancestor = [[Proto-Khiewsiak]]
| creator          =
| ancestor2 = [[Old Rhavan]]
| created          =
| ancestor3 = [[Classical Rhavan]]
| setting          =
| script = [[Rha script]]<br/>[[Rha Braille]]
| ethnicity        = Rhavanese
| nation = {{RHA}}
| extinct          =
| agency = [[Rhavanese Culture Preservation Agency]]
| era              =
| dia1 = [[Kham Rha dialect|Kham]]
| speakers         = 10,500,052
| dia2 = [[Khnem Rha dialect|Khnem]]
| date             =
| dia3 = [[Bak Rha dialect|Bak]]
| dateprefix      =
| dia4 = [[Nam Rha dialect|Nam]]
| ref             =
| iso1 = rhav
| refname          =
| iso2 = rhav
| speakers2       =
| iso3 = rhav
| revived          =
| lc1 = kha
| revived-category =  
| ld1 = [[Kham Rha dialect|Kham]]
| familycolor     = Austroasiatic
| lc2 = khn
| fam1            = Huang
| ld2 = [[Khnem Rha dialect|Khnem]]
| fam2            = Eastern
| lc3 = bak
| protoname        =
| ld3 = [[Bak Rha dialect|Bak]]
| ancestor         =
| lc4 = nam
| ancestor2       = <!-- up to ancestor8 -->
| ld4 = [[Nam Rha dialect|Nam]]
| standards        =
| glotto =  
| stand1          = Northern (standard script)
| glottorefname =  
| stand2          = <!-- up to stand6 -->
| lingua =  
| dialects        =
| map = ]
| listclass        =
| mapcaption =  
| dia1             = Northern
| notice = IPA
| dia2             = Central
| image =  
| dia3             = Southern
[[File:Khotirava3.png|150px]]
| dia4             = Traditional
| imagecaption =  
| dia5            = Formal
| script          =
| sign            =
| posteriori      =
| nation          = [[Rhava]]
| minority        =
| agency          =
| development_body =
| iso1             =
| iso1comment      =
| iso2             =
| iso2b            =
| iso2t            =
| iso2comment      =
| iso3             =
| iso3comment      =
| lc1             =
| ld1             =
| lc2             = <!-- up to lc30 -->
| ld2             = <!-- up to ld30 -->
| iso6            =
| isoexception    =
| linglist        =
| lingname        =
| linglist2        = <!-- up to linglist6 -->
| lingname2        = <!-- up to lingname6 -->
| glotto           =
| glottoname      =
| glotto2          = <!-- up to glotto5 -->
| glottoname2      = <!-- up to glottoname5 -->
| aiatsis          =
| aiatsisname      =
| aiatsis2        = <!-- up to aiatsis6 -->
| aiatsisname2    = <!-- up to aiatsisname6 -->
| guthrie          =
| ELP              =
| ELPname          =
| ELP2            = <!-- up to ELP6 -->
| ELPname2        = <!-- up to ELPname6 -->
| glottopedia      =
| lingua           =
| lingua_ref      =
| ietf            =
| map             =
| mapsize          =
| mapalt          =
| mapcaption       =  
| map2            =
| mapalt2          =
| mapcaption2      =
| pushpin_map      =
| pushpin_image    =
| pushpin_map_alt  =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_mapsize  =
| pushpin_label          =
| pushpin_label_position  =
| coordinates      = <!-- use {{Coord}} -->
| module          =
| notice          =  
}}
}}


Nhai is the official language of [[Rhava]] and is a part of the [[Huang]] family tree. It's one of the indigenous languages spoken in [[Alharu]].  
'''Rha''', or '''Khótirâvá''' alternatively referred to as '''Ghātikhaobák''', is an [[Alharu]]n native language of the Indonadisi family spoken by Rhavanese people in a number of dialects. It is one of a couple official languages in [[Rhava]].


50,000 years ago Rhavanese seafarers, crossed the ocean as a nomadic peoples going from island to island. They spoke a language which is referred to as {{wp|Austronesian|Adisian}}. When they arrived where modern day Rhava is, they decided to stay permanently. These seafarers intermixed with the peoples already living on the eastern part of the island, adding the consonants of tl and ts. Rhavanese grew with these new sounds, creating a fully new language, with aspects of both cultures. Another evolution in the language happened later on, and it would be the last. This was when the [[Yellow Empire]] took over the north, and both cultures intermixed even more, bringing [[Huang]] aspects to Rhavanese.
==Usage==


Nhai is a standard dialect of Rhava, and a subset of the {{wp|Vietic|Rhavaic}} language group along with {{wp|Vietnamese|Nalinese}}. Nhai is a mix of Mesothalassan, Huang, and Adisian languages. The modern day Nhai language is reasonably different from the old tongue because of the merge with other language groups like the Kertic group for instance.  
Rha and its dialects are the native languages of all provinces excluding the [[Nalinese Autonomous Region]], and the provinces of [[Nokornhai]], [[Amoujawat]], and [[Khiewmawthu]]. The Rhavanese diaspora overseas also uses Rha for signs, and restaurants. Rha study is mandatory in all schools, and the language is the lingua franca in the provinces to the south and east, where it is not the mother tongue.


==Writing System==
==Writing System==
===Writing system===
Nhai (Rhavanese) is written in the Anglo-Rhav Alphabet, which is a modified {{wp|Latin script|Latin alphabet}} used for Rhavanese languages.


{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed""
Rha after [[Salvia]]n colonization was written in the latin script, with different marks indicated how to pronounce vowels and some consonants. The Rha script however is still used in decorative, historical, and ceremonial use. The Rha script is an abugida system.
!Order
!1 !!2 !!3 !!4 !!5 !!6 !!7 !!8 !!9 !!10
!11 !!12 !!13 !!14 !!15 !!16 !!17 !!18 !!19 !!20
!21 !!22 !!23 !!24 !!25 !!26 !!27 !!28 !!29 !!30 !!31 !!32
!33 !!34 !!35 !!36 !!37 !!38
|-
![[wikipedia:Capital letters|Majuscule]]
|Ă ||Â ||E ||Ê ||I ||O ||Ô ||Ơ ||U ||Ư ||B ||C ||CH ||D
|Đ ||G ||GH ||H ||DIY/DY ||K ||KH  ||L ||M ||N ||NH ||NG ||P ||PH ||TS
|Q ||R ||S ||SH ||T ||TR ||V ||X ||Y||
|-
![[wikipedia:Lower case|Minuscule]]
|ă ||â ||e ||ê ||i ||o ||ô ||ơ ||u ||ư ||b ||c ||ch ||d ||đ ||g ||gh ||h ||diy/dy
|k ||kh ||l ||m ||n ||nh ||ng ||p ||ph ||ts ||q ||r ||s ||sh ||t ||tr ||v ||x ||y ||
|}


==Rhavanese Phonology==
==Phonology==
==Consonants==


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
==Sample Text==
|- style="font-size: 90%;"
! colspan="2" width=25% |
! width=10% | [[wikipedia:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! width=10% | [[wikipedia:Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br>[[wikipedia:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! width=10% | [[wikipedia:Postalveolar consonant|Retroflex]]
! width=10% | [[wikipedia:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! width=10% | [[wikipedia:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! width=10% | [[wikipedia:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[wikipedia:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| m {{IPA link|m|[m]}}
| m {{IPA link|n|[m]}}
|
| nh {{IPA link|ɲ|[ɲ]}}
| ng {{IPA link|ŋ|[ŋ]}}
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | [[wikipedia:Stop consonant|Stop]]/<br>[[wikipedia:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! <small>[[wikipedia:Tenuis consonant|tenuis]]</small>
| p ({{IPA link|p|[p]}})
| t {{IPA link|t|[t]}}
| style="background-color: #ccf" | tr {{IPA link|ʈ|[ʈ]}}
| diy, dy [{{IPAlink|dʒ}}]<br>ch [{{IPAlink|tʃ}}]
| k {{IPA link|k|[k]}}
| (oi ({{IPA link|ʔ|[ʔ]}})
|-
! <small>[[wikipedia:Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>
|
| th {{IPA|tʰ|[tʰ]}}<br>{{IPAlink|ts}}<br>tl [{{IPAlink|tɬ}}]
|
|
|-
! <small>[[wikipedia:Glottalization|glottalized]]</small>
| b {{IPA link|ɓ|[ɓ]}}
| d {{IPA link|ɗ|[ɗ]}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[wikipedia:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! <small>[[wikipedia:Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
| ph {{IPA link|f|[f]}}
| {{IPA link|s|[s]}}
| style="background-color: #ccf" | sh {{IPA link|ʂ|[ʂ]}}
|
| kh {{IPA link|x|[x]}}
| h {{IPA link|h|[h]}}
|-
! <small>[[wikipedia:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| {{IPA link|v|[v]}}/y/
| style="background-color: #fcc" | z {{IPA link|z|[z]}}
|
|
| gh {{IPA link|ɣ|[ɣ]}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[wikipedia:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
| l {{IPA link|l|[l]}}
|
|style="background-color: #ccf" | y {{IPA link|j|[j]}}
| qu {{IPA link|w|[w]}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[wikipedia:Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
| style="background-color: #ccf" | r {{IPA link|ɹ|[ɹ]}}
|
|
|
|
|}
:{{colorbox|#fcc}} - only found in the Northern Dialect
:{{colorbox|#ccf}} - only found in the Southern Dialect


==Vowels==
{{Eurth}}
Rhavanese, or Nhai has many different vowels. Though not labeled in the chart, there are also added long vowels such as; aa, and oo.
[[Category:Rhava]]
 
[[Category:Language (Eurth)]]
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! &nbsp;
! [[wikipedia:Front vowel|Front]]
! [[wikipedia:Central vowel|Central]]
! [[wikipedia:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[wikipedia:Centering diphthong|Centering]]
| ia/iê [iə̯]
| ưa/ươ [ɨə̯]
| ua/uô [uə̯]
|-
! [[wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]]
| i/y {{IPA link|i|[i]}}
| ư {{IPA link|ɨ|[ɨ]}}
| u {{IPA link|u|[u]}}
|-
! [[wikipedia:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]/<br />[[wikipedia:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| ê {{IPA link|e|[e]}}
| ơ {{IPA link|əː|[əː]}}<br />â {{IPA link|ə|[ə]}}
| ô {{IPA link|o|[o]}}
|-
! [[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]/<br />[[wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]]
|e {{IPA link||ɛ[ɛ]}}
| a {{IPA link|aː|[aː]}}<br />ă {{IPA link|a|[a]}}
| o {{IPA link|ɔ|[ɔ]}}
|}
 
 
Centering diphthongs are formed with only the three vowels; i, ư, u. They are usually spelled as ia, ưa, ua when they end a word and are spelled iê, ươ, uô, when they are followed by a consonant.
 
In addition to Nhai's many vowels, there are also diphthongs and triphthongs.  The closing diphthongs and triphthongs consist of a main vowel component followed by a shorter semivowel [[wikipedia:offglide]] {{IPA link|j|/j/}} or {{IPA link|w|/w/}}.
 
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!&nbsp;
! colspan="2"| {{IPA link|w|/w/}} offglide
! colspan="2"| {{IPA link|j|/j/}} offglide
|-
! [[wikipedia:Centering diphthong|Centering]]
| iêu [iə̯w
| ươu [ɯə̯w
| ươi [ɯə̯j
| uôi [uə̯j
|-
! [[wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]]
| iu [iw]
| ưu [ɯw]
| ưi [ɯj]
| ui [uj]
|-
! [[wikipedia:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| êu [ew]
| rowspan="2"|  –<br />âu [ʌw]
| rowspan="2"| ơi [ɤj]<br />ây [ʌj]
| ôi [oj]
|-
! [[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| eo [ɛw]
| oi [ɔj]
|-
! [[wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]]
| &nbsp;
| ao [aw]<br />au [ɐw]
| ai [aj]<br />ay [ɐj]
| &nbsp;
|}
</ref> There are restrictions on the high offglides: {{IPA link|j|/j/}} cannot occur after a front vowel (i, ê, e) nucleus and {{IPA link|w|/w/}} cannot occur after a back vowel (u, ô, o) nucleus.<ref>The lack of diphthong consisting of a ''ơ'' + back offglide (i.e., {{IPA link|əːw|[əːw]}}) is an apparent gap.</ref>
 
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan="2"|&nbsp;
! colspan="2"| {{IPA link|w|/w/}} offglide
! colspan="2"| {{IPA link|j|/j/}} offglide
|-
! [[wikipedia:Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2"| [[wikipedia:Central vowel|Central]]
! [[wikipedia:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[wikipedia:Centering diphthong|Centering]]
| iêu [iə̯w]
| ươu [ɨə̯w]
| ươi [ɨə̯j]
| uôi [uə̯j]
|-
! [[wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]]
| iu [iw]
| ưu [ɨw]
| ưi [ɨj]
| ui [uj]
|-
! [[wikipedia:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]/<br />[[wikipedia:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| êu [ew]
|  –<br />âu[əw]
| ơi [əːj]<br />ây [əj]
| ôi [oj]
|-
! [[wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]/<br />[[wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]]
| eo [ɛw]
| ao [aːw]<br />au [aw]
| ai [aːj]<br />ay [aj]
| oi [ɔj]
|}
 
==Diaeresis (diacritic)==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! letter
! sound
|-
| ü
| oo-weeh
|-
| ë
| ooh-weh
|-
| ö
| er
|-
| ä
| ay
|}
 
==Rhavanese Phonetics==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Description
! Diacritic
! Example
|-
| '''ngang''' &nbsp; 'level'
| mid level
| align="center" | <small>(no mark)</small>
| ''ma'' &nbsp;'ghost'
|-
| '''huyền''' &nbsp; 'deep'
| low falling (often breathy)
| align="center" | '''◌̀''' ([[wikipedia:grave accent]])
| ''mà'' &nbsp;'but'
|-
| '''sắc''' &nbsp; 'sharp'
| high rising
| align="center" | '''◌́''' ([[wikipedia:acute accent]])
| ''má'' &nbsp;'cheek, mother (southern)'
|-
| '''hỏi''' &nbsp; 'questioning'
| mid dipping-rising
| align="center" | '''◌̉''' ([[wikipedia:hook above]])
| ''mả'' &nbsp;'tomb, grave'
|-
| '''ngã''' &nbsp; 'tumbling'
| creaky high breaking-rising
| align="center" | '''◌̃''' ([[wikipedia:tilde]])
| ''mã'' &nbsp;'horse
|-
| '''nặng''' &nbsp; 'heavy'
| falling
|align="center" | '''◌̣''' ([[wikipedia:dot (diacritic)|dot below]])
| ''mạ'' &nbsp;'rice seedling'
|-
|'''Vēn''' &nbsp; 'continuation'
| straight tone (medium length)
| align="center" | '''◌̣''' ([[wikipedia:straight line above)|straight line above]])
| ''mā'' &nbsp;'used before Tü to symbolize ownership of subject'
|}
 
 
==Personal Pronouns==
{| class="wikitable"
!Number
!Word
!Definition
|-
! colspan="3" |'''Singular'''
|-
| 1st
| Tü
| I, me
|-
| 2nd
| Lạm
| you (older male)
|-
| 2nd
| Lạn
| you (older female)
|-
| 2nd
| Sōng
| you (younger male)
|-
| 2nd
| Sāng
| you (younger female)
|-
| 2nd
| Niẩ
| you (close friend)
|-
| 3rd
| Lạm Vên
| he (older male)
|-
| 3rd
| Lạn Vên
| she (older female)
|-
| 3rd
| Sōng Vên
| he (younger male)
|-
| 3rd
| Sāng Vên
| She (younger female)
|-
| 3rd
| Họ
| They
|}
<ref>you can add '''mā''' to any personal pronoun and it will change the meaning to have ownership</ref>
 
==Rhavanese Numerals==
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" style="text-align: center" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! colspan="2" | Cardinal numbers' table
|-
! rowspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
|-
! Literary
|-
! Rhavanese
|-
| 1
| Một
|-
| 2
| Gấu
|-
| 3
| Săn
|-
| 4
| Sể
|-
| 5
| Qui
|-
| 6
| Cỏ
|-
| 7
| Cëm
|-
| 8
| Tún
|-
| 9
| Dyẽm
|-
| 10
| Dyiă
|-
| 11
| Dyiă Một
|-
| 12
| Dyiă Gấu
|-
| 13
| Dyiă Săn
|-
| 14
| Dyiă Sể
|-
| 15
| Dyiă Qui
|-
| 16
| Dyiă Cỏ
|-
| 17
| Dyiă Cëm
|-
| 18
| Dyiă Tún
|-
| 19
| Dyiă Dyẽm
|-
| 20
| Gấu Dyiă
|-
| 21
| Gấu Dyiă Một
|-
| 30
| Săn Dyiă
|-
| 40
| Sể Dyiă
|-
| 50
| Qui Dyiă
|-
| 60
| Cỏ Dyiă
|-
| 70
| Cëm Dyiă
|-
| 80
| Tún Dyiă
|-
| 90
| Dyẽm Dyiă
|-
| 100
| Tian
|}
 
==Language Examples==
===Basic greetings and phrases===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!Rhavanese
!Translation
!Notes
|-
! colspan="3" |'''Greetings'''
|-
|''Namchao!''
|Hello!
|A formal way of saying hello
|-
|''Chao!''
|Hey/ whats up
|Less formal way of saying hello
|-
|''Chao Chasao''
|Good Morning
|
|-
|''Chao Amaelnh''
|Good Night
|
|-
|''Cham''
|Welcome
|
|-
|''Khivsam Sabit''
|Goodbye/see you again
|
|-
|''Dep Chonleuok''
|Hello and Welcome
|Very formal, directly translates to; beautiful opportunities
|-
|''Namchao Khoediv''
|How are you?
|
|-
! colspan="3" |'''Useful Expressions'''
|-
|''Khobonh''
|Thanks
|You can add a pronoun to the back, you can also say Shukran, or Khonaar
|-
|''Kalinh''
|Please
|
|-
|''Kalinh Saoilai''
|Please Say it Again
|
|-
|''Kalinh Laplai''
|Please repeat
|
|-
|''Ntxua Nawh Lah''
|How old are you
|You can put any pronoun at the beginning
|-
|''Kalinhkao''
|Sorry
|Alternative is Kaling-tlao
|-
|''Kalinhkao, Nhai Mā Tuy Laemn Boun Khandiv''
|Sorry, My Rhavanese is not good
|
|-
|''Banay Souaphomnh Khatroi''
|What time is it
|
|-
|''Tuy Nahivtom''
|I am hungry
|
|-
|''Honh-am Naiuhdao''
|Where is the bathroom?
|
|-
|''Kalinh Hawivdee''
|Please stop
|
|}
 
===Universal Decleration of Human Rights: article 1:===
{| class="wikitable"
| ''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
|-
| ''Thanhmop Nguy Sinra Dopniv Ya Kintheoathiam Naiuh Phamkyiv Ya Quyen. Hawh Chawbhai Livphon Ya Lungsoanuk Ya Kuanhpativ Zhaikap Ntxoeng-au Naiuh Tinhchai Lamntxanh.
''
|}

Latest revision as of 13:23, 19 September 2022

Khotirava
Rhavanese
Ghātikhaobák
Khotirava3.png
Pronunciation[ɣatikaːwbɑːk] (Ghatikhaobak)
[kɔtirəwɑː] (Khotirava)
Native toRhava
EthnicityRhavanese
Native speakers
21,348,102 (2021)
Total speakers: 26,954,034
Austroasiatic
  • Khotirava
Early forms
Dialects
Rha script
Rha Braille
Official status
Official language in
Template:RHA
Regulated byRhavanese Culture Preservation Agency
Language codes
ISO 639-1rhav
ISO 639-2rhav
ISO 639-3rhav – inclusive code
Individual codes:
kha – Kham
khn – Khnem
bak – Bak
nam – Nam
[[File:]|220px]]
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Rha, or Khótirâvá alternatively referred to as Ghātikhaobák, is an Alharun native language of the Indonadisi family spoken by Rhavanese people in a number of dialects. It is one of a couple official languages in Rhava.

Usage

Rha and its dialects are the native languages of all provinces excluding the Nalinese Autonomous Region, and the provinces of Nokornhai, Amoujawat, and Khiewmawthu. The Rhavanese diaspora overseas also uses Rha for signs, and restaurants. Rha study is mandatory in all schools, and the language is the lingua franca in the provinces to the south and east, where it is not the mother tongue.

Writing System

Rha after Salvian colonization was written in the latin script, with different marks indicated how to pronounce vowels and some consonants. The Rha script however is still used in decorative, historical, and ceremonial use. The Rha script is an abugida system.

Phonology

Sample Text

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