Mokha language: Difference between revisions
Native Qazh (talk | contribs) |
Native Qazh (talk | contribs) |
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Rhetorical questions can be formed by adding ''-ma'' to a question word | Rhetorical questions can be formed by adding ''-ma'' to a question word | ||
: ''ano'''ma''''' - i wonder who | : ''ano'''ma''''' - i wonder who | ||
===Numerals=== | ===Numerals=== | ||
Mokha is a base 10 language | Mokha is a base 10 language |
Revision as of 21:12, 9 July 2021
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Mokha | |
---|---|
Mokhavian, Nuket, Nanay | |
Nuk̠ettäjtäk, Jässäjänäjtäk, Jässäjk̠ytäjtäk | |
Pronunciation | /nucɛtːæjtæk/ /jæsːæjænæjtæk/ /jæsːæjcɘtæjtæk/ |
Native to | Mokhavia |
Ethnicity | Mokha people |
Native speakers | L1: 3,040,000 L2: 2,130,000 |
Unduk
| |
Standard forms | Coastal
|
Dialects |
|
Latin alphabet, Cyrillic alphabet | |
Official status | |
Official language in | Mokhavia |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 | MH |
ISO 639-2 | MKH |
ISO 639-3 | MKH |
Distribution of the language
Absolute majority >30% are native speakers | |
The Mokha language (Mokha: Nuk̠ettäjtäk, Jässäjänäjtäk, Jässäjk̠ytäjtäk) is the language of the Mokha people (aka: Mokhavic/Mokhavian/Nanay people), spoken on the coasts and inland of the Unduk lakes in Mokhavia, mainly the Nanay and Monay lakes. It's one of the indeginous languages spoken on the continent of Argis. It's the official working langauge of the nation of Mokhavia, spoken in the majority of the country.
Classification
Mokha is a member of the Unduk language family, the Unduk languages are a sub Paleo-Canamo language group. Most other Unduk languages are endangered. The closest living language to Mokha is the Seykel language, some linguist say Seykel is just a dialect of Mokha, in which case the closest living language is the endangered Aarnuaq language. Unlike the Southern branch of the Unduk languages, the Northern branch is quite concervative.
- Proto-Unduk
- Northern
- Nanaic
- Mokha language
- Seykel language
- Monaic
- Aarnuaq language‡
- Nanaic
- Southern
- Yakrow language‡
- Wakro language‡
- Duwat language†
- Northern
- ‡ - endangered
- † - extinct language
Geographic Distribution
The Mokha language is spoken mainly in the majority north of the nation of Mokhavia, around the Unduk lakes. Historically it was spoken in a larger area around the unduk's, but with the surounding germanic and slavic tribes it has shrunked to the modern confines.
Most speakers are located on the eastern Nanay and northern Monay coasts, and around the Dene and Mäjsä rivers.
History
TBA
Phonology & Orthography
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Post- Alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plain | Long | Plain | Long | Plain | Long | Plain | Long | Plain | Long | Plain | Long | |
Nasal | m [m] | mm [mː] | n [n] | nn [nː] | ||||||||
Plosive | p [p] | pp [pː] | t [t] | tt [tː] | k̠ [c] | k̠k̠ [cː] | k [k] | kk [kː] | q [q] | qq [qː] | ||
Affricate | ts [t͡s] | tts [t͡sː] | ts̠ [t͡s̙] | tts̠ [t͡s̙ː] | ||||||||
Sibilant Fricative | v [v] | vv [vː] | s [s] | ss [sː] | s̠ [s̙] | s̠s̠ [s̙ː] | x [x] | xx [xː] | x̠ [χ] | x̠x̠ [χː] | ||
Lateral Fricative | ł [ɬ] | łł [ɬː] | ||||||||||
Aproximant | w [w] | l [l] | ll [lː] | j [j] | ||||||||
Tap/Flap | r [ɾ~r] |
Vowels & Vowel Harmony
Front | Central | Back | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
unrounded | unrounded | unrounded | rounded | ||||
short | long | short | short | long | short | long | |
Close | i [i] | ii [iː] | u [u] | uu [uː] | |||
Close-mid | y [ɘ] | ||||||
Open-mid | e [ɛ] | ee [ɛː] | o [ɔ] | oo [ɔː] | |||
Open | ä [æ] | ää [æː] | a [ɑ] | a [ɑː] | ([ɒ])[a] | ||
Harmony | ä | a |
- ↑ Common allophone of /ɑ/, appears mainly in vowel harmony after the vowels /ɔ/ and /u/.
vowel harmony occurance in affixes is marked with (v)
Stress
Stress in modern Mokha is free-flowing, and dosen't convey meaning
Writing system
Mokha is written in the Unduk Alphabet, which is a modified Latin alphabet used for the Unduk languages.
Mokha Variant:
A a | Ä ä | E e | I i | J j | K k | K̠ k̠ | L l | Ł ł |
M m | N n | O o | P p | Q q | R r | S s | S̠ s̠ | T t |
Ts ts | Ts̠ ts̠ | U u | V v | W w | X x | X̠ x̠ | Y y |
Unnoficial ways to write the special characters, seen mainly online.
Due to the fact the letter ⟨h⟩ dosen't appear in the language officially, it's usually used in combination with others:
- Ä ä → ah
- K̠ k̠ → kj
- Ł ł → lh
- S̠ s̠ → sh / Ts̠ ts̠ → tsh
- X̠ x̠ → xh
Order | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Majuscule | A | Ä | E | I | J | K | K̠ | L | Ł | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | S̠ | T | Ts | Ts̠ | U | V | W | X | X̠ | Y |
Minuscule | a | ä | e | i | j | k | k̠ | l | ł | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | s̠ | t | ts | ts̠ | u | v | w | x | x̠ | y |
IPA Sound | ɑ | æ | ɛ | i | j | k | c | l | ɬ | m | n | ɔ | p | q | ɾ | s | s̙ | t | t͡s | t͡s̙ | u | v | w | x | χ | ɪ̈ |
Grammar
Mokha is a synthetic language that employs extensive agglutination of affixes to verbs, nouns, adjectives and numerals.
Syntax
- SVO (SOV)
- possessor - possessee
- noun like adjectives
- adjective - noun
- postpositions
- Verb - Auxiliary
Nouns
Animacy
Mokha, like other Unduk languages, distinguishes animate and inanimate objects. Due to their faith, animates also include plants, fluids, and groups of animates. A food that has been processed is concidered to be inanimate, as it no longer possesses life, seen from a religeous view.
Number
Only animate nouns are inflected with plurality suffixes:
- for words ending in consonants other than ⟨r, j, w⟩ the suffix -(c)(v), with the last consonant lenghtening: k̠et (man) → k̠että (men)
- for words ending in the ⟨r, j, w⟩ consonants the suffix -(v)t: ammaj (bush) → ammajat (bushes)
- for words ending in the vowel short ⟨e⟩ -/yt: niive (fish (sin)) → niivyt (fish (plr))
- for words ending in vowels, long or short, the suffix -jt: mytä (woman) → mytäjt (women)
Inanimate nouns aren't inflected, but are treated as singular or plural in other ways, such as copula.
Articles
Articles only appear after the noun
Type | Word | Аffix (consonant) |
Example | Аffix (vowel) |
Example |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
none | niivyt (fish) (plural) | attä (lichen) (singular) | |||
definite | -(v)k | niivytäk (the fish) | -jk[a] | attäjk (the lichen) | |
Proximal-demonstrative | kao | ka- | kaniivyt (these fish) | k̠- | k̠attä (this lichen) |
Distal-demonstrative | łe | łu- | łuniivyt (those fish) | ł- | łattä (that lichen) |
Partitive | nys̠ol | ny- | nyniivyt (some fish) | nyj- | nyjattä (some lichen) |
Partitive-Collective | itäjtä | itä- | itäniivyt (most fish) | it- | itattä (most lichen) |
Non-Partitive | ejnytä | ejne- | ejneniivyt (no fish) | ejn- | ejnattä (no lichen) |
- ↑ When the word ends in the vowel short ⟨e⟩, the suffix is -/yk: niive (fish) → niivyk (the fish)
Cases
Mokha has a complex case system, consisting of 19 cases, wich differ from animate and inanimate nouns:
Animate | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Case | end-vowel | end-consonant | ||
Affix | Example | Affix | Example | |
Nominative | -Ø | mytä ( -NOM) | -Ø | k̠et ( -NOM) |
Dative | -j | mytäj (to a woman) | -(v)j | k̠etäj (to a man) |
Genative | -s̠ | mytäs̠ (of a woman) | -(v)s̠ | k̠etäs̠ (of a man) |
Accusitive | -t | mytät (woman -ACC) | -(v)t | k̠etät (man -ACC) |
Instrumental | -p | mytäp (using a woman) | -(v)p | k̠etäp (using a man) |
Comitative | -ts̠ | mytäts̠ (with a woman) | -(v)ts̠ | k̠etäts̠ (with a man) |
Comparative | -l | mytäl (than/as a woman) | -(v)l | k̠etäl (than/as a man) |
Inessive | -v | mytäv (in/side a woman) | -(v)v | k̠etäv (in/side a man) |
Adessive | -r | mytär (neer a woman) | -(v)r | k̠etär (neer a man) |
Postessive | -ks | mytäks (behind a woman) | -(v)ks | k̠etäks (behind a man) |
Superessive | -v(v)r | mytävär (on top of/above a woman) | -(v)v(v)r | k̠etävär (on top of/above a man) |
Subessive | -k̠i | mytäk̠i (under a woman) | -(v)ki | k̠etäk̠i (under a man) |
Allative | -m | mytäm (to/towards a woman) | -(v)m | k̠etäm (to/towards a man) |
Ablative | -jo | mytäjo (from a woman) | -(v)jo | k̠etäjo (from a man) |
Lative | -vi | mytävi (going in/side a woman) | -(v)vi | k̠etävi (going in/side a man) |
Elative | -x | mytäx (out of a woman) | -(v)x | k̠etäx (out of a man) |
Benefactial | -w(v) | mytäwä (for a woman) | -w(v) | k̠etwä (for a man) |
Prolative | -n(v) | mytänä (via a woman) | -(v)n(v) | k̠etänä (via a man) |
Inanimate | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Case | end-vowel | end-consonant | ||
Affix | Example | Affix | Example | |
Nominative | -Ø | saaqa (snow -NOM) | -Ø | qaat (rock -NOM) |
Dative | -q | saaqaq (to snow) | -(v)q | qaataq (to a rock) |
Genative | -s | saaqas (of snow) | -(v)s | qaatas (of a rock) |
Accusitive | -ły | saaqały (snow -ACC) | -(v)ły | qaatały (rock -ACC) |
Instrumental | -p | saaqap (using snow) | -(v)p | qaatap (using a rock) |
Comitative | -ty | saaqaty (with snow) | -(v)ty | qaataty (with a rock) |
Comparative | -ts | saaqal (than/as snow) | -(v)ts | qaatal (than/as a rock) |
Inessive | -vy | saaqavy (in/side snow) | -(v)vy | qaatavy (in/side a rock) |
Adessive | -ly | saaqaly (neer snow) | -(ä)ly | qaataly (neer a rock) |
Postessive | -x̠ | saaqax̠ (behind snow) | -(v)x̠ | qaatax̠ (behind a rock) |
Superessive | -v(v)r | saaqavar (on top of/above snow) | -(v)v(v)r | qaatavar (on top of/above a rock) |
Subessive | -t(v)r | saaqatar (under snow) | -(a)t(v)r | qaatatar (under a rock) |
Allative | -my | saaqamy (to/towards snow) | -(v)my | qaatamy (to/towards a rock) |
Ablative | -jo | saaqajo (from snow) | -(v)jo | qaatajo (from a rock) |
Lative | -wn(v) | saaqawna (going in/side snow) | -(v)wn(v) | qaatawna (going in/side a rock) |
Elative | -xy | saaqaxy (out of snow) | -(v)xy | qaataxy (out of a rock) |
Benefactial | -wa | saaqawa (for snow) | -wa | qaatwa (for a rock) |
Prolative | -n | saaqan (via snow) | -(v)n | qaatan (via a rock) |
Adjectives
Adjectives in Mokha by default come before the noun, but they can go after if needed, nouns and verbs can be turned into adjectives via a suffix:
- suffix after a consonant -(v)n: k̠et (man) → k̠etän (manly)
- suffix after a vowel -n: xanäjme (tribe/clan) → xanäjmen (tribal)
- example with verb-to-adjective: ässä (to freeze) → ässän (freezing)
Adjectives agree with the number of the noun its effecting:
- watawan mytä (pretty woman) → watawanna mytäjt (pretty women)
- arun vajnax (bloody battle axe) → arunna vajnaxxa (bloody battle axes)
Personal Pronouns
Person & Number | NOM | DAT | GEN | ACC | INS | COM | COMP | INE | ADE | POSTE | SUPE | SUBE | ALL | ABL | LAT | ELA | BENE | PROL | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | 1st | Kol | Kowtäj | Kowtäs̠ | Kowtät | Kowap | Kowats̠ | Kowal | Kowav | Kowar | Kowaks | Kowavar | Kowak̠i | Kowam | Kowant | Kowavi | Kowax | Kowawa | Kowana | |
2nd | Ets̠i | Ets̠ij | Ets̠is̠ | Ets̠it | Ets̠ip | Ets̠its̠ | Ets̠il | Ets̠iv | Ets̠ir | Ets̠iks | Ets̠ivär | Ets̠ik̠i | Ets̠im | Ets̠int | Ets̠ivi | Ets̠ix | Ets̠iwä | Ets̠inä | ||
3d | Animate | Äj | Äjäj | Äjs̠ | Äjt | Äjäp | Äjäts̠ | Äjäl | Äjäv | Äjär | Äjäks | Äjävär | Äjäk̠i | Äjäm | Äjänt | Äjävi | Äjäx | Äjäwä | Äjänä | |
Inanimate | Ym | Ymäj | Ymäs̠ | Tmät | Ymäp | Ymäts̠ | Ymäl | Ymäv | Ymär | Ymäks | Ymävär | Ymäk̠i | Ymäm | Ymänt | Ymävi | Ymäx | Ymäwä | Ymänä | ||
Self | Tajtuj | Tajtujaj | Tajtujs̠ | Tajtujt | Tajtujap | Tajtujats̠ | Tajtujal | Tajtujav | Tajtujar | Tajtujaks | Tajtujavar | Tajtujak̠i | Tajtujam | Tajtujant | Tajtujavi | Tajtujax | Tajtujawa | Tajtujana | ||
Plural | 1st | Kootä | Kootäj | Kootäs̠ | Kootät | Kootäp | Kootäts̠ | Kootäl | Kootäv | Kootär | Kootäks | Kootävär | Kootäk̠i | Kootäm | Kootänt | Kootävi | Kootäx | Kootäwä | Kootänä | |
2nd | Ets̠iitä | Ets̠iitäj | Ets̠iitäs̠ | Ets̠iität | Ets̠iitäp | Ets̠iitäts̠ | Ets̠iitäl | Ets̠iitäv | Ets̠iitär | Ets̠iitäks | Ets̠iitävär | Ets̠iitäk̠i | Ets̠iitäm | Ets̠iitänt | Ets̠iitävi | Ets̠iitäx | Ets̠iitäwä | Ets̠iitänä | ||
3d | Animate | Äjiitä | Äjiitäj | Äjiitäs̠ | Äjiität | Äjiitäp | Äjiitäts̠ | Äjiitäl | Äjiitäv | Äjiitär | Äjiitäks | Äjiitävär | Äjiitäk̠i | Äjiitäm | Äjiitänt | Äjiitävi | Äjiitäx | Äjiitäwä | Äjiitänä | |
Inanimate | Yntä | Yntäj | Yntäs̠ | Yntät | Yntäp | Yntäts̠ | Yntäl | Yntäv | Yntär | Yntäks | Yntävär | Yntäk̠i | Yntäm | Yntänt | Yntävi | Yntäx | Yntäwä | Yntänä | ||
Self | Tajtwiitä | Tajtwiitäj | Tajtwiitäs̠ | Tajtwiität | Tajtwiitäp | Tajtwiitäts̠ | Tajtwiitäl | Tajtwiitäv | Tajtwiitär | Tajtwiitäks | Tajtwiitävär | Tajtwiitäk̠i | Tajtwiitäm | Tajtwiitänt | Tajtwiitävi | Tajtwiitäx | Tajtwiitäwä | Tajtwiitänä |
Possession
Mokha has possessive proclitic and enclitic affixes, the Genetive case pronouns can be used to add emphasis:
Person & Number | Proclitic form | Enclitic form | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
start/end consonant |
start/end vowel |
start/end consonant |
start/end vowel | |||
Affix | Affix | Affix | Affix | |||
Singular | 1st | x̠u- | x̠uj- | -(v)x̠u | -x̠u | |
2nd | s̠u- | s̠uj- | -s̠u | |||
3d | Animate | itu- | ituj- | -itu | -jtu | |
Inanimate | ymu- | ymuj- | -ymu | -jmu | ||
Self[a] | -(v2)[b]ts̠u | -ts̠u | ||||
Plural | 1st | nu- | nuj- | -(v)nu | -nu | |
2nd | s̠tu- | s̠tuj- | -(v)s̠tu | -s̠tu | ||
3d | Animate | ittu- | ittuj- | -ittu | -jttu | |
Inanimate | ymmu- | ymmuj- | -ymmy | -jmmu |
Note: for the -j(c) suffixes, if the word ends in short ⟨e⟩ the suffixes become -/y(c):
- lavitte (home) → lavittytu (his/her home)
- qaane (country) → qaabyttu (their country)
Examples:
- Proclitic: x̠ukuna (my knife)
Enclitic: kojäjpats̠u kuna (i use my knife) - Proclitic: s̠ujoqoj (your dog)
Enclitic: kok̠itans̠u oqoj (i like your dog) - Proclitic: itubiły (his/her car)
Enclitic: kosas̠anitu biły (i will drive his/her car)
Verbs
Tenses/Aspect/Moods
- <type-1> - verbs ending in consonants
- <type-2> - verbs ending in vowels
Mood | Past | Present | Future | Future in the past | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Simple | Perfect | Simple | Simple | Perfect | Simple | Perfect | |
Indicative | <type-1>(v)s <type-2>s |
<type-1>(v)s(v)p <type-2>s(v)p |
<type-1> <type-2> |
<type-1>(v)n <type-2>n |
<type-1>(v)n(v)p <type-2>n(v)p |
<type-1>(v)m(v) <type-2>m(v) |
<type-1>(v)m(v)p <type-2>m(v)p |
Imperative | <type-1>(v)s <type-2>s |
<type-1>(v)n(v) <type-2>n(v) |
|||||
Capabilty | <type-1>es <type-2>s̠es |
<type-1>es(v)p <type-2>s̠es(v)p |
<type-1>e <type-2>s̠e |
<type-1>en <type-2>s̠en |
<type-1>en(v)p <type-2>s̠en(v)p |
<type-1>em(v) <type-2>s̠em(v) |
<type-1>em(v)p <type-2>s̠em(v)p |
Desiderative | <type-1>(v)kl(v)s <type-2>kl(v)s |
<type-1>(v)kl(v)s(v)p <type-2>kl(v)s(v)p |
<type-1>(v)k(v)l <type-2>k(v)l |
<type-1>(v)kl(v)n <type-2>kl(v)n |
<type-1>(v)kl(v)n(v)p <type-2>kl(v)n(v)p |
<type-1>(v)kl(v)m <type-2>kl(v)m |
<type-1>(v)kl(v)m(v)p <type-2>kl(v)m(v)p |
Assertive | <type-1>(v)ł(v) <type-2>ł(v) |
Words ending in consonants ⟨k, t, s, l⟩ ongo mutation before ⟨e⟩:
- ostjak (to look) → ostjak̠e (be able to look)
- x̠eet (to sit) → x̠eets̠e (be able to sit)
- oros (to eat) → oros̠e (be able to eat)
- qox̠al (to break) → qox̠ałe (be able to break)
Person & Direction
The language has affixes that signal who is doing and receaving the action of the verb:
Person & Number | start/end-consonant | start/end-vowel | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Affix | Affix | |||||
Subjective | Objective | Subjective | Objective | |||
Singular | 1st | ko- | -k(v)[a] | kw- | -k(v) | |
2nd | e- | -wa | et- | -wa | ||
3d | Animate | Ø- | -j(v)[b] | Ø- | -j(v) | |
Inanimate | y- | -y | ym- | -my | ||
Self | Ø- | -tuj[c] | Ø- | -tuj | ||
Plural | 1st | kotä- | -kot[d] | kot- | -kot | |
2nd | ets̠i- | -wat | et-[e] | -wat | ||
3d | Animate | tä- | -jät | t- | -jät | |
Inanimate | ytä- | -yt | yt- | -myt | ||
Self | Ø- | -twiit[f] | Ø- | -twiit |
Examples:
- kojorosan kaajt - i will eat berries
1SG.SUBJ-eat-FUT berry-PL - koqax̠alkyqäwa - i *will* kick your a*s
1SG.SUBJ-AUG.beat-ASRT-2SG.OBJ
Copula
Mokha has incorporated copula, but it can be separated to add emphasis, due to the language being pro-dorp, when a pronoun-copula is dropped, the copula moves behind the noun.
Person & Number | Word | end-consonant | end-vowel | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Affix | Affix | ||||
Singular | 1st | vär | -(v)r | -r | |
2nd | ts̠eve | -(v)j(v) | -j(v) | ||
3d | Animate | äs̠s̠er | -(v)s | -s | |
Inanimate | ytav | -yv | -jyv | ||
Plural | 1st | värtä | -(v)r(v)j | -r(v)j | |
2nd | ts̠evytä | -(v)jt(v) | -jt(v) | ||
3d | Animate | äs̠s̠ertä | -(v)rs(v) | -rs(v) | |
Inanimate | ytavtä | -yvv(v) | -jvv(v) |
Pronoun are commonly inflected:
- kol vär → kolar (i am → i'm)
- ets̠i ts̠eve → ets̠ijä (you are → you're)
- äj äs̠s̠er → äjäs (he/she/it is → he/she/it's)
- ym ytav → ymyv (it → it's)
Negation
Negation is achieved by attaching the word äj (no) infront of the word, in case of verbs, the affix (n)äj is put before the verb stem and/or affix:
- mox̠as̠s̠ex̠yk (the living) → äjmox̠as̠s̠ex̠yk (the nonliving)
- kok̠itanwa (i like you) → konäjk̠itanwa (i don't like you)
- łejyv x̠ubiły (that's my car) → łenäjyv x̠ubiły (that isn't my car)
Adverbs
Adverbs are derived via the affix -(v)ts
- kots̠ysäp istajlats (i went willingly)
- erapanwa ax̠tixäts (she/he glared angrily at her/him)
- ets̠imox̠as̠s̠e lottats (they lived happily)
Questions
Questions in the Mokha language are indicated via a question particle, which comes in the form of an affix.
The particle after words ending in both consonants and vowels is -m(v)
Depending on what part of the sentance it follows, it conveys difererent meaning and/or add emphasis.
- (kol) kox̠enmä - will i run/i will run?
- kolma kox̠en - will i run?
- kojax̠x̠etmäwa - do i see you?
- kojax̠x̠etwama - do i see you?
One can add more emphasis on "you" by using the pronoun itself instead of the direction affix:
- kojax̠x̠et ets̠imä - do i see you?
Rhetorical questions can be formed by adding -ma to a question word
- anoma - i wonder who
Numerals
Mokha is a base 10 language
- Cardinal numbers' table:
(comparison between northern unduk languages)
Mokha | Seykel | Aarnuaq | |
---|---|---|---|
1 | tyts̠i | tis̠i | |
2 | mits̠i | mis̠i | |
3 | rets̠i | les̠i | |
4 | juts̠i | jus̠i | |
5 | kats̠i | kas̠i | |
6 | jywants̠i | jiwans̠i | |
7 | nurts̠i | nuls̠i | |
8 | mits̠ipyrts̠a | mis̠ipirs̠a | |
9 | tyts̠ipyrts̠a | tis̠ipirs̠a | |
10 | ts̠a | s̠a |
Lexicon
Mokha has a smaller core vocabulary than, for example, English, and uses derivational suffixes to a greater extent.
- Examples of Mokha derivational suffixes:
Suffix | Used to create... | Example(s) |
---|---|---|
-(j)ap / -(j)äp | agents from verbs | runar "to heal" → runarap "healer" |
-(j)atta / -(j)ättä | collective nouns | puk "a book" → pukatta "a library" kittsä "a ship" → kittsäjättä "navy, fleet" |
-(a/ä)we | instruments or tools | as̠s̠am "to mix" → as̠s̠amawe "a whisk, mixer" |
-(p)a / -(p)ä | agents from nouns | tääm "rain" → täämä "to rain" ajno "light" → ajnopa "to glow" |
-(j)pri | verb or instruments | kajva "to dig" → kajvajpri "an excavator" kittsä "a ship" → kittsäjpri "shipper, shipmaster" |
-(a/ä)x̠e | nouns from verbs | kal "to fight" → kalax̠e "a fight" vittä "to see" → vittäx̠e "vision" |
-(a/ä)tyn | adjectives indicating the lack of something | lavitte "home" → lavittetyn "homeless" |
-(a/ä)n | adjectives from nouns/verbs | tajtuj "self" → tajtujan "selfish" naa "cook" → naan "cooked" |
-(a/ä)ts | adverbs from nouns/verbs | lotta "happiness" → lottats "happily" |
-s̠ol | diminutives of nouns | tats̠an "reindeer" → tats̠ans̠ol "reindeer calf" niive "fish" → niives̠ol "little fish" |
qa(j)- | augmentatives of nouns | xaama "chieftain" → qaxaama "great chieftain"[a] qaat "stone/rock" → qaqaat "boulder" |
-maa / -mää | locations (places related to the stem) | oqoj "a dog" → oqojmaa "a doghouse" Ateen "Ateenian person" → Ateenmää "Ateenia" |
-k̠e | inhabitants (of places), among others | jässäj "north" → jässäjk̠e "north(ern) person or thing" |
-(a)jtak / -(ä)jtäk[b] | language of noun | Ateen "Ateenian person" → Ateenäjtäk "Ateenian language" jässäjk̠yt "north(ern) people" → Jässäjk̠ytäjtäk[c] "north(ern) people's language" |
-j/i- | noun compounds | ejpee & verejäwä "speed & ruler/measure" → ejpeejverejäwä "speedometer" kaavve & vyt "coffee & cup/bowl" → kaavvejvyt "(coffee) mug" |
Comparison affixes are used to alter the meaning of adjectives and adverbs:
- Possitive - basic form of the word: lottan (happy)
- Negative - negation of the word[a]: äjlottan (unhappy)
- Comparitive - Form for comparison relative to something[b]: lalottan (happier)
- Superlative - Form showing absolute relative to a group: julottan (happiest)
Dialects
TBA
Language Examples
TBA
- ↑ Seykel is disputed to weather it's a separate language or a developed dialect.