Mokha language: Difference between revisions
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===Writing system=== | ===Writing system=== | ||
Mokha is written in the Unduk Alphabet, which is a modified {{wp|Latin script|Latin alphabet}} used for the Unduk languages. | Mokha is written in the Unduk Alphabet, which is a modified {{wp|Latin script|Latin alphabet}} used for the Unduk languages. | ||
[[File:Mokha alphabet.png|thumb|right|Mokha alphabet table used in schools]] | |||
Mokha Variant: | Mokha Variant: | ||
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Revision as of 14:51, 26 November 2021
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Mokha | |
---|---|
Mokhavian, Nuket, Nanay, Yesay | |
Nuk̠ettäjtäk, Jässäjänäjtäk, Jässäjk̠ytäjtäk | |
Pronunciation | /nuc͡çɛtːæjtæk/ /jæsːæjænæjtæk/ /jæsːæjc͡çɘtæjtæk/ |
Native to | Mokhavia |
Ethnicity | Mokha people |
Native speakers | L1: 3,040,000 L2: 2,130,000 |
Unduk
| |
Standard forms | Coastal
|
Dialects |
|
Latin alphabet, Cyrillic alphabet | |
Official status | |
Official language in | Mokhavia |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 | MK |
ISO 639-2 | MKH |
ISO 639-3 | MKH |
Distribution of the language
Absolute majority >50% are native speakers | |
The Mokha language (Mokha: Nuk̠ettäjtäk, Jässäjänäjtäk, Jässäjk̠ytäjtäk) is the language of the Mokha people (aka: Mokhavic/Mokhavian/Nuket/Nanay people), spoken on the coasts and inland of the Unduk lakes in Mokhavia, mainly the Nanay and Monay lakes. It's one of the indeginous languages spoken on the continent of Argis. It's the official working langauge of the nation of Mokhavia, spoken in the majority of the country.
Classification
Mokha is a member of the Unduk language family, the Unduk languages are a sub Paleo-Canamo language group. Most other Unduk languages are endangered. The closest living language to Mokha is the Seykel language, some linguist say Seykel is just a dialect of Mokha, in which case the closest living language is the endangered Aarnuaq language. Unlike the Southern branch of the Unduk languages, the Northern branch is quite concervative.
- Undo-Kamak ?
- Unduk
- Northern
- Denayak*
- Nanaic
- Mokha language
- Seykel language
- Monaic
- Aarnuaq language*
- Southern
- Yakrow language*
- Wakro language†
- Duwat language†
- Northern
- Unduk
- * - endangered
- † - extinct language
Geographic Distribution
The Mokha language is spoken mainly in the majority north of the nation of Mokhavia, around the Unduk lakes. Historically it was spoken in a larger area around the unduk's, but with the surounding germanic and slavic tribes it has shrunked to the modern confines.
Most speakers are located on the eastern Nanay and northern Monay coasts, and around the Dene and Mäjsä rivers.
History
TBA
Phonology & Orthography
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Post- Alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plain | Long | Plain | Long | Plain | Long | Plain | Long | Plain | Long | Plain | Long | |
Nasal | m [m] | mm [mː] | n [n] | nn [nː] | ||||||||
Plosive | p [p] | pp [pː] | t [t] | tt [tː] | k [k] | kk [kː] | q [q] | qq [qː] | ||||
Affricate | ts [t͡s] | tts [t͡sː] | ts̠ [t͡s̻] | tts̠ [t͡s̻ː] | k̠ [ç] | k̠k̠ [çː] | ||||||
Sibilant Fricative | v [v] | vv [vː] | s [s] | ss [sː] | s̠ [s̻] | s̠s̠ [s̻ː] | x [x] | xx [xː] | ||||
Lateral Fricative | ł [ɬ] | łł [ɬː] | ||||||||||
Aproximant | w [w] | l [l] | ll [lː] | j [j] | ||||||||
Tap/Flap | r [ɾ~r] |
Vowels & Vowel Harmony
Front | Central | Back | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
unrounded | unrounded | unrounded | rounded | ||||
short | long | short | short | long | short | long | |
Close | i [i] | ii [iː] | u [u] | uu [uː] | |||
Close-mid | y [ɘ] | ||||||
Open-mid | e [ɛ] | ee [ɛː] | o [ɔ] | oo [ɔː] | |||
Open | ä [æ] | ää [æː] | a [ɑ] | aa [ɑː] | ([ɒ])[a] | ||
Harmony | ä | a |
- ↑ Common allophone of /ɑ/, appears mainly in vowel harmony after the vowels /ɔ/ and /u/.
vowel harmony occurance in affixes is marked with (v)
Stress
Stress in modern Mokha is free-flowing, and dosen't convey meaning
Writing system
Mokha is written in the Unduk Alphabet, which is a modified Latin alphabet used for the Unduk languages.
Mokha Variant:
A a | Ä ä | E e | I i | J j | K k | K̠ k̠ | L l | Ł ł |
M m | N n | O o | P p | Q q | R r | S s | S̠ s̠ | T t |
Ts ts | Ts̠ ts̠ | U u | V v | W w | X x | Y y |
Unnoficial ways to write the special characters, seen mainly online.
Due to the fact the letter ⟨h⟩ dosen't appear in the language officially, it's usually used in combination with others:
- Ä ä → ah / ää → aah
- K̠ k̠ → kj / k̠k̠ → kkj
- Ł ł → lh / łł → llh
- S̠ s̠ → sh / s̠s̠ → ssh
- Ts̠ ts̠ → tsh / tts̠ → ttsh
Order | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Majuscule | A | Ä | E | I | J | K | K̠ | L | Ł | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | S̠ | T | Ts | Ts̠ | U | V | W | X | Y |
Minuscule | a | ä | e | i | j | k | k̠ | l | ł | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | s̠ | t | ts | ts̠ | u | v | w | x | y |
IPA Sound | ɑ | æ | ɛ | i | j | k | ç | l | ɬ | m | n | ɔ | p | q | ɾ | s | s̻ | t | t͡s | t͡s̻ | u | v | w | x | ɘ |
A Cyrillic script variant for Mokha was established by the Mokha Abrod Association (MAA) for Mokha people living in nations in which the script is used as primary, for ease on Electronic devices, like Computers and such.
Cyrillic Variant:
А а | Аь аь | В в | Е е | И и | Й й | К к | Кь кь | Къ къ |
Л л | Лъ лъ | М м | Н н | О о | П п | Р р | С с | Т т |
У у | Ў ў | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Ъ ъ | Ы ы | Ь ь |
Ю ю | Я я | Яь яь |
Generaly long consonants and vowels are written bydublicating the letter, but there are some exceptions:
- ää → ааь
- jää → яаь
- k̠k̠ → ккь
- qq → ккъ
- łł → ллъ
- tts → тц
- tts̠ → тч
In nations where the letter ⟨ў⟩, ⟨у⟩ is also used, but ⟨ў⟩ is preffered to minimalize confusion.
Order | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Majuscule | А | Аь | В | Е | И | Й | К | Кь | Къ | Л | Лъ | М | Н | О | П | Р | С | Т | У | Ў | Х | Ц | Ч | Ш | Ъ | Ы | Ь | Ю | Я | Яь |
Minuscule | а | аь | в | е | и | й | к | кь | къ | л | лъ | м | н | о | п | р | с | т | у | ў | х | ц | ч | ш | ъ | ы | ь | ю | я | яь |
IPA Sound | ɑ | æ | v | ɛ | i | j | k | ç | q | l | ɬ | m | n | ɔ | p | ɾ | s | t | u | w | x | t͡s | t͡s̻ | s̻ | - | ɘ | ◌j | ju | jɑ | jæ |
Grammar
Mokha is a synthetic language that employs extensive agglutination of affixes to verbs, nouns, adjectives and numerals.
Syntax & Syllable structure
- SVO (SOV)
- possessor - possessee
- noun like adjectives
- adjective - noun
- postpositions
- Verb - Auxiliary
- Mokha syllable structure is (C)(C)V(C)(C)
Nouns
Animacy
Mokha, like other Unduk languages, distinguishes animate and inanimate objects. Due to their faith, animates also include plants, fluids, and groups of animates. A food that has been processed is concidered to be inanimate, as it no longer possesses life, seen from a religeous view.
Number
Theres a distinction between animate and innanimate nouns in Number.
For Animate nouns:
- for words ending in consonants other than ⟨r, j, w⟩ the suffix -(C*)(v), with the last consonant lenghtening: k̠et (man) → k̠että (men)
- for words ending in the ⟨r, j, w⟩ consonants the suffix -(v)t: ammaj (bush) → ammajat (bushes)
- for words ending in the vowel short ⟨e⟩, the suffix -/yt: niive (fish (sin)) → niivyt (fish (plr))
- for words ending in vowels, long or short, the suffix -jt: mytä (woman) → mytäjt (women)
For Inanimate nouns:
- for words ending in consonants, the suffix -it(v): äjään (canoe) → äjäänitä(canoes)
- for words ending in the vowel short ⟨e⟩, the suffix -/ytä: kaavve (coffee (sin)) → kaavvytä (coffee (plr))
- for words ending in vowels, long or short, the suffix -jtä: meeti (comb) → meetijtä (combs)
Articles
Articles only appear after the noun
Type | Word | Аffix (consonant) |
Example | Аffix (vowel) |
Example |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
none | niivyt (fish) (plural) | attä (lichen) (singular) | |||
definite | -(v)k | niivytäk (the fish) | -jk[a] | attäjk (the lichen) | |
Proximal-demonstrative | kao | ka- | kaniivyt (these fish) | k̠- | k̠attä (this lichen) |
Distal-demonstrative | łe | łu- | łuniivyt (those fish) | ł- | łattä (that lichen) |
Partitive | nys̠ol | ny- | nyniivyt (some fish) | nyj- | nyjattä (some lichen) |
Partitive-Collective | itäjtä | itä- | itäniivyt (most fish) | it- | itattä (most lichen) |
Non-Partitive | ejnytä | ejne- | ejneniivyt (no fish) | ejn- | ejnattä (no lichen) |
- ↑ When the word ends in the vowel short ⟨e⟩, the suffix is -/yk: niive (fish) → niivyk (the fish)
Cases
Mokha has a complex case system, consisting of 19 cases, wich differ from animate and inanimate nouns:
Animate | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Case | end-vowel | end-consonant | ||
Affix | Example | Affix | Example | |
Nominative | -Ø | mytä (woman -NOM) | -Ø | k̠et (man -NOM) |
Dative | -j | mytäj (to a woman) | -(v)j | k̠etäj (to a man) |
Genative | -s̠ | mytäs̠ (of a woman) | -(v)s̠ | k̠etäs̠ (of a man) |
Accusitive | -t | mytät (woman -ACC) | -(v)t | k̠etät (man -ACC) |
Instrumental | -p | mytäp (using a woman) | -(v)p | k̠etäp (using a man) |
Comitative | -ts̠ | mytäts̠ (with a woman) | -(v)ts̠ | k̠etäts̠ (with a man) |
Comparative | -l | mytäl (than/as a woman) | -(v)l | k̠etäl (than/as a man) |
Inessive | -v | mytäv (in/side a woman) | -(v)v | k̠etäv (in/side a man) |
Adessive | -r | mytär (neer a woman) | -(v)r | k̠etär (neer a man) |
Postessive | -ks | mytäks (behind a woman) | -(v)ks | k̠etäks (behind a man) |
Superessive | -v(v)r | mytävär (on top of/above a woman) | -(v)v(v)r | k̠etävär (on top of/above a man) |
Subessive | -k̠i | mytäk̠i (under a woman) | -(v)ki | k̠etäk̠i (under a man) |
Allative | -m | mytäm (to/towards a woman) | -(v)m | k̠etäm (to/towards a man) |
Ablative | -jo | mytäjo (from a woman) | -(v)jo | k̠etäjo (from a man) |
Lative | -vi | mytävi (going in/side a woman) | -(v)vi | k̠etävi (going in/side a man) |
Elative | -x | mytäx (out of a woman) | -(v)x | k̠etäx (out of a man) |
Benefactial | -w(v) | mytäwä (for a woman) | -w(v) | k̠etwä (for a man) |
Prolative | -n(v) | mytänä (via a woman) | -(v)n(v) | k̠etänä (via a man) |
Inanimate | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Case | end-vowel | end-consonant | ||
Affix | Example | Affix | Example | |
Nominative | -Ø | saaqa (snow -NOM) | -Ø | qaat (rock -NOM) |
Dative | -q | saaqaq (to snow) | -(v)q | qaataq (to a rock) |
Genative | -s | saaqas (of snow) | -(v)s | qaatas (of a rock) |
Accusitive | -ły | saaqały (snow -ACC) | -(v)ły | qaatały (rock -ACC) |
Instrumental | -p | saaqap (using snow) | -(v)p | qaatap (using a rock) |
Comitative | -ty | saaqaty (with snow) | -(v)ty | qaataty (with a rock) |
Comparative | -l | saaqal (than/as snow) | -(v)l | qaatal (than/as a rock) |
Inessive | -vy | saaqavy (in/side snow) | -(v)vy | qaatavy (in/side a rock) |
Adessive | -ly | saaqaly (neer snow) | -(ä)ly | qaataly (neer a rock) |
Postessive | -xs | saaqaxs (behind snow) | -(v)xs | qaataxs (behind a rock) |
Superessive | -v(v)r | saaqavar (on top of/above snow) | -(v)v(v)r | qaatavar (on top of/above a rock) |
Subessive | -t(v)r | saaqatar (under snow) | -(a)t(v)r | qaatatar (under a rock) |
Allative | -my | saaqamy (to/towards snow) | -(v)my | qaatamy (to/towards a rock) |
Ablative | -jo | saaqajo (from snow) | -(v)jo | qaatajo (from a rock) |
Lative | -wn(v) | saaqawna (going in/side snow) | -(v)wn(v) | qaatawna (going in/side a rock) |
Elative | -xy | saaqaxy (out of snow) | -(v)xy | qaataxy (out of a rock) |
Benefactial | -wa | saaqawa (for snow) | -wa | qaatwa (for a rock) |
Prolative | -n | saaqan (via snow) | -(v)n | qaatan (via a rock) |
Note: When the Comparative case is used with the comparative Comparison affix, the meaning is "than", in other use the case means "as":
- sappen äs̠s̠eläl - cold as ice
- sappenlaj äs̠s̠eläl - colder than ice
Adjectives
Adjectives in Mokha by default come before the noun, but they can go after if needed, nouns and verbs can be turned into adjectives via a suffix:
- suffix after a consonant -(v)n: k̠et (man) → k̠etän (manly)
- suffix after a vowel -n: xanäjme (tribe/clan) → xanäjmen (tribal)
- example with verb-to-adjective: ässä (to freeze) → ässän (freezing)
Adjectives agree with the number and article of the noun its effecting:
- ataw mytä (pretty woman) → atawat mytäjt (pretty women) → atawatak mytäjtak (the pretty women)
- arun vajnax (bloody battle axe) → arunna vajnaxita (bloody battle axes) → arunnak vajnaxitak (the bloody battle axes)
Personal Pronouns
Person & Number | Singular | Plural | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 2nd | 3d | Self | 1st | 2nd | 3d | Self | |||
Animate | Inanimate | Animate | Inanimate | |||||||
NOM | Kol | Ets̠i | Äj | Ym | Tajtuj | Kootä | Ets̠iitä | Äjiitä | Yntä | Tajtwiitä |
DAT | Kolaj | Ets̠ij | Äjäj | Ymäj | Tajtujaj | Kootäj | Ets̠iitäj | Äjiitäj | Yntäj | Tajtwiitäj |
GEN | Kolas̠ | Ets̠is̠ | Äjäs̠ | Ymäs̠ | Tajtujas̠ | Kootäs̠ | Ets̠iitäs̠ | Äjiitäs̠ | Yntäs̠ | Tajtwiitäs̠ |
ACC | Kolat | Ets̠it | Äjät | Ymät | Tajtujat | Kootät | Ets̠iität | Äjiität | Yntät | Tajtwiität |
INS | Kolap | Ets̠ip | Äjäp | Ymäp | Tajtujap | Kootäp | Ets̠iitäp | Äjiitäp | Yntäp | Tajtwiitäp |
COM | Kolats̠ | Ets̠its̠ | Äjäts̠ | Ymäts̠ | Tajtujats̠ | Kootäts̠ | Ets̠iitäts̠ | Äjiitäts̠ | Yntäts̠ | Tajtwiitäts̠ |
COMP | Kolal | Ets̠il | Äjäl | Ymäl | Tajtujal | Kootäl | Ets̠iitäl | Äjiitäl | Yntäl | Tajtwiitäl |
INE | Kolav | Ets̠iv | Äjäv | Ymäv | Tajtujav | Kootäv | Ets̠iitäv | Äjiitäv | Yntäv | Tajtwiitäv |
ADE | Kolar | Ets̠ir | Äjär | Ymär | Tajtujar | Kootär | Ets̠iitär | Äjiitär | Yntär | Tajtwiitär |
POSTE | Kolaks | Ets̠iks | Äjäks | Ymäks | Tajtujaks | Kootäks | Ets̠iitäks | Äjiitäks | Yntäks | Tajtwiitäks |
SUPE | Kolavar | Ets̠ivär | Äjävär | Ymävär | Tajtujavar | Kootävär | Ets̠iitävär | Äjiitävär | Yntävär | Tajtwiitävär |
SUBE | Kolak̠i | Ets̠ik̠i | Äjäk̠i | Ymäk̠i | Tajtujak̠i | Kootäk̠i | Ets̠iitäk̠i | Äjiitäk̠i | Yntäk̠i | Tajtwiitäk̠i |
ALL | Koläm | Ets̠im | Äjäm | Ymäm | Tajtujam | Kootäm | Ets̠iitäm | Äjiitäm | Yntäm | Tajtwiitäm |
ABL | Kolajo | Ets̠ijo | Äjäjo | Ymäjo | Tajtujajo | Kootäjo | Ets̠iitäjo | Äjiitäjo | Yntäjo | Tajtwiitäjo |
LAT | Kolavi | Ets̠ivi | Äjävi | Ymävi | Tajtujavi | Kootävi | Ets̠iitävi | Äjiitävi | Yntävi | Tajtwiitävi |
ELA | Kolax | Ets̠ix | Äjäx | Ymäx | Tajtujax | Kootäx | Ets̠iitäx | Äjiitäx | Yntäx | Tajtwiitäx |
BENE | Kowa | Ets̠iwä | Äjwä | Ymwä | Tajtujwa | Kootäwä | Ets̠iitäwä | Äjiitäwä | Yntäwä | Tajtwiitäwä |
PROL | Kolana | Ets̠inä | Äjänä | Ymänä | Tajtujana | Kootänä | Ets̠iitänä | Äjiitänä | Yntänä | Tajtwiitänä |
Possession
Mokha has possessive proclitic and enclitic affixes, the Genetive case pronouns can be used to add emphasis:
Person & Number | Proclitic form | Enclitic form | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
start/end consonant |
start/end vowel |
start/end consonant |
start/end vowel | |||
Affix | Affix | Affix | Affix | |||
Singular | 1st | ju- | juj- | -(v)ju | -ju | |
2nd | s̠u- | s̠uj- | -s̠u | |||
3d | Animate | itu- | ituj- | -itu | -jtu | |
Inanimate | ymu- | ymuj- | -ymu | -jmu | ||
Self[a] | -(v2)[b]ts̠u | -ts̠u | ||||
Plural | 1st | nu- | nuj- | -(v)nu | -nu | |
2nd | s̠tu- | s̠tuj- | -(v)s̠tu | -s̠tu | ||
3d | Animate | ittu- | ittuj- | -ittu | -jttu | |
Inanimate | ymmu- | ymmuj- | -ymmy | -jmmu |
Note: for the -j(c) suffixes, if the word ends in short ⟨e⟩ the suffixes become -/y(c):
- lavitte (home) → lavittytu (his/her home)
- qaane (country) → qaabyttu (their country)
Examples:
- Proclitic: jukuna (my knife)
Enclitic: kojäjpats̠u kuna (i use my knife) - Proclitic: s̠ujoqoj (your dog)
Enclitic: kok̠itans̠u oqoj (i like your dog) - Proclitic: itubiły (his/her car)
Enclitic: kosas̠anitu biły (i will drive his/her car)
Verbs
Tenses/Aspect/Moods
- <type-1> - verbs ending in consonants
- <type-2> - verbs ending in vowels
Mood | Unwitnessed Past | Witnessed Past | Present | Future | Future in the past | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Simple | Perfect | Simple | Perfect | Simple | Simple | Perfect | Simple | Perfect | |
Indicative | <type-1>(v)t <type-2>t |
<type-1>(v)t(v)p <type-2>t(v)p |
<type-1>(v)t(v)r <type-2>t(v)r |
<type-1>(v)t(v)r(v)p <type-2>t(v)r(v)p |
<type-1> <type-2> |
<type-1>(v)n <type-2>n |
<type-1>(v)n(v)p <type-2>n(v)p |
<type-1>(v)mm(v) <type-2>mm(v) |
<type-1>(v)mm(v)p <type-2>mm(v)p |
Imperative | <type-1>(v)x <type-2>x |
<type-1>(v)xn(v) <type-2>(v)xn(v) |
|||||||
Capabilty | <type-1>(v)ts <type-2>ts |
<type-1>(v)ts(v)p <type-2>ts(v)p |
<type-1>(v)ts(v)r <type-2>ts(v)r |
<type-1>(v)ts(v)r(v)p <type-2>ts(v)r(v)p |
<type-1>(v)s <type-2>s |
<type-1>(v)ns <type-2>ns |
<type-1>(v)ns(v)p <type-2>ns(v)p |
<type-1>(v)mm(v)s(v) <type-2>mm(v)s(v) |
<type-1>(v)mm(v)s(v)p <type-2>mm(v)s(v)p |
Desiderative | <type-1>(v)k̠(v)t <type-2>k̠(v)t |
<type-1>(v)k̠(v)t(v)p <type-2>k̠(v)t(v)p |
<type-1>(v)k̠(v)t(v)r <type-2>k̠(v)t(v)r |
<type-1>(v)k̠(v)t(v)r(v)p <type-2>k̠(v)t(v)r(v)p |
<type-1>(v)k(v)j <type-2>k(v)j |
<type-1>(v)k̠(v)n <type-2>k̠(v)n |
<type-1>(v)k̠(v)n(v)p <type-2>k̠(v)n(v)p |
<type-1>(v)k̠(v)mm(v) <type-2>k̠(v)mm(v) |
<type-1>(v)k̠(v)mm(v)p <type-2>k̠(v)mm(v)p |
Assertive | <type-1>(v)v(v)l <type-2>v(v)l |
||||||||
Hortative | <type-1>(v)v(v)t <type-2>v(v)t |
<type-1>(v)v(v)t(v)p <type-2>v(v)t(v)p |
<type-1>(v)v(v)t(v)r <type-2>v(v)t(v)r |
<type-1>(v)v(v)t(v)r(v)p <type-2>v(v)t(v)r(v)p |
<type-1>(v)v <type-2>v |
<type-1>(v)v(v)n <type-2>v(v)n |
<type-1>(v)v(v)n(v)p <type-2>v(v)n(v)p |
<type-1>(v)v(v)mm(v) <type-2>v(v)mm(v) |
<type-1>(v)v(v)mm(v)p <type-2>v(v)mm(v)p |
Dehortative | <type-1>yvät <type-2>nyvät |
<type-1>yvätäp <type-2>nyvätäp |
<type-1>yvätär <type-2>nyvätär |
<type-1>yvätäräp <type-2>nyvätäräp |
<type-1>yv <type-2>nyv |
<type-1>yvän <type-2>nyvän |
<type-1>yvänäp <type-2>nyvänäp |
<type-1>yvämä) <type-2>nyvämmä |
<type-1>yvämmäp <type-2>nyvämmäp |
The consonants ⟨k, t, s, l⟩ change before -e:
- k → k̠e
- t → ts̠e
- s → s̠e
- l → łe
"To"
the prefix sy(j)- is added infront of the word, before the person affix, with the aproximant meaning of "to":
- sykojorosanma? - should i eat? (lit: to i-eat ?)
- ekolka sykojejymä? - you want me to take it?
Person & Direction
The language has affixes that signal who is doing and receaving the action of the verb: note: when no subject prefix is added, the verb is in 3d person singular
Person & Number | start/end-consonant | start/end-vowel | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Affix | Affix | |||||
Subjective | Objective | Subjective | Objective | |||
Singular | 1st | ko- | -k(v)[a] | koj- | -k(v) | |
2nd | e- | -wa | et- | -wa | ||
3d | Animate | Ø- | -j(v)[b] | Ø- | -j(v) | |
Inanimate | y- | -y | ym- | -my | ||
Self | Ø- | -tuj[c] | Ø- | -tuj | ||
Plural | 1st | kotä- | -kot[d] | kot- | -kot | |
2nd | ets̠i- | -wat | et-[e] | -wat | ||
3d | Animate | tä- | -jät | t- | -jät | |
Inanimate | ytä- | -yt | yt- | -myt | ||
Self | Ø- | -twiit[f] | Ø- | -twiit |
The consonants ⟨k, t, s, l⟩ change before -e:
- k → k̠e
- t → ts̠e
- s → s̠e
- l → łe
Examples:
- kojorosan kaajt - i will eat berries
1SG.SUBJ-eat-FUT berry-PL - koqajalkyqäwa - i *will* kick your a*s
1SG.SUBJ-AUG.beat-ASRT-2SG.OBJ
Person affixes can be dropped when one uses the pronoun to add emphasis:
- Konaanap niive - i will cook a fish
1SG.SUBJ.cook-FUT.IMP fish - Kol naanap niive - i will cook a fish
1SG.NOM cook-FUT.IMP fish
Copula
Mokha has incorporated copula, but it can be separated to add emphasis, due to the language being pro-dorp, when a pronoun-copula is dropped, the copula moves behind the noun.
Person & Number | Word | end-consonant | end-vowel | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Affix | Affix | ||||
Singular | 1st | vär | -(v)r | -r | |
2nd | ts̠eve | -(v)j(v) | -j(v) | ||
3d | Animate | äs̠s̠er | -(v)s | -s | |
Inanimate | ytav | -yv | -jyv | ||
Plural | 1st | värtä | -(v)r(v)j | -r(v)j | |
2nd | ts̠evytä | -(v)jt(v) | -jt(v) | ||
3d | Animate | äs̠s̠ertä | -(v)rs(v) | -rs(v) | |
Inanimate | ytavtä | -yvv(v) | -jvv(v) |
Pronoun are commonly inflected:
- kol vär → kolar (i am → i'm)
- ets̠i ts̠eve → ets̠ijä (you are → you're)
- äj äs̠s̠er → äjäs (he/she/it is → he/she/it's)
- ym ytav → ymyv (it → it's)
Negation
Negation is achieved by attaching the word ej (no) infront of the word, in case of verbs, the affix nej (ny when between consonants) is put before the verb stem and/or affix:
- mojas̠s̠ejyk (the living) → ejmojas̠s̠ejyk (the nonliving)
- kok̠itanwa (i like you) → konyk̠itanwa (i don't like you)
- łejyväju biły (that's my car) → łenejyväju biły (that isn't my car)
The consonants ⟨k, t, s, l⟩ change before -e:
- k → k̠e
- t → ts̠e
- s → s̠e
- l → łe
Adverbs
Adverbs are derived via the affix -(v)ts
- kots̠ysäp istajlats (i went willingly)
- esuruwa ajtixäts (she/he glared angrily at her/him)
- ets̠imojas̠s̠e lottats (they lived happily)
Questions
Questions in the Mokha language are indicated via a question particle, which comes in the form of an affix.
The particle after words ending in both consonants and vowels is -m(v)
Depending on what part of the sentance it follows, it conveys difererent meaning and/or add emphasis.
- (kol) kojenmä - will i run/i will run?
- kolma kojen - will i run?
- kovittämäwa - do i see you?
- kovittäwama - do i see you?
One can add more emphasis on "you" by using the pronoun itself instead of the direction affix:
- kovittä ets̠imä - do i see you?
Rhetorical questions can be formed by adding -ma to a question word
- ano - who
- anoma - i wonder who
Numerals
Mokha is a base 10 language.
Cardinal numbers' table | |||
---|---|---|---|
Mokha | Seykel | ||
Literary | Colloqual | Literary | |
1 | tyts̠i | tyts̠ | tis̠i |
2 | mits̠i | mits̠ | mis̠i |
3 | rets̠i | rets̠ | les̠i |
4 | juts̠i | juts̠ | jus̠i |
5 | kats̠i | kats̠ | kas̠i |
6 | jywants̠i | jywants̠ | jiwans̠i |
7 | nurts̠i | nurts̠ | nuls̠i |
8 | mits̠ipyrts̠a | mits̠pyrts̠a | mis̠ipirs̠a |
9 | tyts̠ipyrts̠a | tyts̠pyrts̠a | tis̠ipirs̠a |
10 | ts̠a | ts̠a | s̠a |
11 | tytts̠aly | tytts̠al' | tis̠is̠awar |
12 | mitts̠aly | mitts̠al' | mis̠is̠awar |
13 | retts̠aly | retts̠al' | les̠is̠awar |
14 | jutts̠aly | jutts̠al' | jus̠is̠awar |
15 | katts̠aly | katts̠al' | kas̠is̠awar |
16 | jywantts̠aly | jywantts̠al' | jiwans̠is̠awar |
17 | nurtts̠aly | nurtts̠al' | nuls̠is̠awar |
18 | mits̠ipyrmitts̠a | mits̠pyrmitts̠a | mis̠ipirmiz̠a |
19 | tyts̠ipyrts̠a | tyts̠pyrts̠a | tis̠ipirmiz̠a |
20 | mitts̠a | mitts̠a | miz̠a |
21 | mitts̠ajtyts̠i | mitts̠ajtyts̠ | miz̠atis̠i |
30 | retts̠a | retts̠a | lez̠a |
40 | jutts̠a | jutts̠a | juz̠a |
50 | katts̠a | katts̠a | kaz̠a |
60 | jywantts̠a | jywantts̠a | jiwans̠a |
70 | nurtts̠a | nurtts̠a | nurs̠a |
80 | mitts̠apyrajly | mitts̠aprajy | miz̠apiraali |
90 | ts̠apyrajly | ts̠aprajy | s̠apiraali |
100 | ajly | ajy | aali |
101 | ajlyjtyts̠i | ajyjtyts̠ | aaliitis̠i |
110 | ajlyjts̠a | ajyjts̠a | aaliis̠a |
111 | ajlyjtytts̠avar | ajyjtytts̠a'ar | aaliis̠aatis̠i |
200 | mits̠ajly | mits̠ajy | miz̠aali |
500 | kats̠ajly | kats̠ajy | kaz̠aali |
800 | mits̠ajlypyrakkäjpa | mits̠ajyprakkäjpa | miz̠aalipiragaapa |
900 | ajlypyrakkäjpa | ajyprakkäjpa | aalipiragaapa |
1 000 | akkäjpa | akkäjpa | agaapa |
1 999 | akkäjpaj- ajlypyrakkäjpaj- ts̠apyrajlyj- tyts̠ipyrts̠a |
akkäjpaj- ajyprakkäjpaj- ts̠aprajyj- tyts̠iprts̠a |
agaapaa- aalipiragaabaa- s̠apiraalii- tis̠ipirs̠a |
2 000 | mits̠akkäjpa | mits̠akkäjpa | miz̠agaapa |
1 000 000 | ts̠otats̠i | ts̠otats̠ | s̠otas̠i |
Lexicon
Mokha has a smaller core vocabulary than, for example, English, and uses derivational suffixes to a greater extent.
- Examples of Mokha derivational suffixes:
Suffix | Used to create... | Example(s) |
---|---|---|
-(j)ap / -(j)äp | agents from verbs | runar "to heal" → runarap "healer" |
-(j)atta / -(j)ättä | collective nouns | puk "a book" → pukatta "a library" kittsä "a ship" → kittsäjättä "navy, fleet" |
-(a/ä)we | instruments or tools | as̠s̠am "to mix" → as̠s̠amawe "a whisk, mixer" |
-(p)a / -(p)ä | verbs from nouns or adjectives | tääm "rain" → täämä "to rain" ajno "light" → ajnopa "to glow" |
-(j)pri | verb or instruments | kajva "to dig" → kajvajpri "an excavator" kittsä "a ship" → kittsäjpri "shipper, shipmaster" |
-nil | passive form of the verb | vittä "to see" → vittänil "seeing" |
-(a/ä)je | nouns from verbs or adjectives | kal "to fight" → kalaje "a fight" vittä "to see" → vittäje "vision" neetaa "new" → neetaaje "new(s)/newspaper" |
-(a/ä)tyn | adjectives indicating the lack of something | lavitte "home" → lavittetyn "homeless" |
-(a/ä)n | adjectives from nouns/verbs | tajtuj "self" → tajtujan "selfish" naa "cook" → naan "cooked" |
-(a/ä)ts | adverbs from nouns/verbs | lotta "happiness" → lottats "happily" |
-s̠ol | diminutives of nouns | tats̠an "reindeer" → tats̠ans̠ol "reindeer calf" niive "fish" → niives̠ol "little fish" |
qa(j)- | augmentatives of nouns | xaama "chieftain" → qaxaama "great chieftain"[a] qaat "stone/rock" → qaqaat "boulder" |
-maa / -mää | locations (places related to the stem) | oqoj "a dog" → oqojmaa "a doghouse" Ateen "Ateenian person" → Ateenmää "Ateenia" |
-k̠e -ys̠wa[b] |
inhabitants (of places), among others | jässäj "north" → jässäjk̠e "north(ern) person or thing" nanuuk "holy" → nanuukys̠wa "shaman, holy person or thing" |
-(a)jtak / -(ä)jtäk[c] | language of noun | Ateen "Ateenian person" → Ateenäjtäk "Ateenian language" jässäjk̠yt "north(ern) people" → Jässäjk̠ytäjtäk[d] "north(ern) people's language" |
Comparison affixes are used to alter the meaning of adjectives and adverbs:
- Possitive - basic form of the word: lottan (happy)
- Negative - negation of the word[a]: ejlottan (unhappy)
- Comparitive - Form for comparison relative to something[b]: lottanlaj (happier)
- Superlative - Form showing absolute relative to a group: julottan (happiest)
Dialects
WIP
Language Examples
Basic greetings and phrases
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Article I: English: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Mokha (Latin): Vette k̠etänna kumajtarsa etottyn jerennä jä wintajt ets̠e mäjraj jä antejyt. Yslajanaja ets̠e ovä jä avre enaatuj tajtwiitäm ets̠e ukkamajattas̠ kamuj. Mokha (Cyrillic): Ветте кьетаьнна кумайтарса етотты йереннаь яь ўинтайт ече маьйрай яь антейыт. Ыслаяная ече оваь яь авре енаатуй тайтўиитаьм ече уккамаятташ камуй.