Mokha language: Difference between revisions

Mokha
Mokha
Mokhavic, Mokhavian, Nanay
	Mokha people neer the city of Dene; circa 1915
Pronunciation	/-/
Native to	Mokhavia
Ethnicity	Mokhavics
Native speakers	L1: 3,650,000; L2: 1,520,000
Language family	Unduk Northern Nanaic Mokha; ; ;
Standard forms	Coastal
Dialects	Coastal; Inland Forest; Inland plains; Southern; Seykel;
Writing system	Latin alphabet,; Cyrillic alphabet
Official status
Official language in	Mokhavia
Language codes
ISO 639-1	MK
ISO 639-2	MKH
ISO 639-3	MKH
	Distribution of the language; Absolute majority >30% of native speakers
	This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Revision as of 18:41, 7 July 2021

The Mokha language (Mokha: -) is the language of the Mokha people (aka: Mokhavic/Mokhavian/Nanay people), spoken on the coasts and inland of the Unduk lakes in Mokhavia, mainly the Nanay and Monay lakes. It's one of the indeginous languages spoken on the continent of Argis. It's the official working langauge of the nation of Mokhavia, spoken in the majority of the country.

Classification

Mokha is one of the members of the Unduk language family, the Unduk languages are a sub Paleo-Canamo language group. Most other Unduk languages went extinct by assimilation from people like the Ateenians, Haydag and even other Unduk tribes. The closest living language to Mokha, and also the only other Unduk language is the Seykel language, some linguist group them thoghether into one language due to their great similarity. The language map shown in the infobox includes areas of Seykel.

Proto-Unduk
- Northern
  - Nanaic
    - Mokha language
    - Seykel language
  - Monaic
    - Aarnuaq language‡
- Southern
  - Yakrow language‡
  - Duwat language†

‡ - endangered

† - extinct language

Geographic Distribution

The Mokha language is spoken mainly in the majority north of the nation of Mokhavia, around the Unduk lakes. Historically it was spoken in a larger area around the unduk's, but with the surounding germanic and slavic tribes it has shrunked to the modern confines.
Most speakers are located on the eastern Nanay and northern Monay coasts, and around the Dene and Mäjsä rivers.

History

TBA

Phonology & Orthography

Consonants


	Labial		Alveolar		Post- Alveolar		Palatal		Velar		Uvular
	Plain	Long	Plain	Long	Plain	Long	Plain	Long	Plain	Long	Plain	Long
Nasal	m [m]	mm [mː]	n [n]	nn [nː]
Plosive	p [p]	pp [pː]	t [t]	tt [tː]			k̠ [c]	k̠k̠ [cː]	k [k]	kk [kː]	q [q]	qq [qː]
Affricate			ts [t͡s]	tts [t͡sː]	ts̠ [t͡s̙]	tts̠ [t͡s̙ː]
Sibilant Fricative	v [v]	vv [vː]	s [s]	ss [sː]	s̠ [s̙]	s̠s̠ [s̙ː]			x [x]	xx [xː]	x̠ [χ]	x̠x̠ [χː]
Lateral Fricative			ł [ɬ]	łł [ɬː]
Aproximant	w [w]		l [l]	ll [lː]			j [j]
Tap/Flap			r [ɾ]

Vowels & Vowel Harmony

	Front		Central	Back
	unrounded		unrounded	unrounded		rounded
	short	long	short	short	long	short	long
Close	i [i]	ii [iː]	y [ɪ̈]			u [u]	uu [uː]
Open-mid	e [ɛ]	ee [ɛː]				o [ɔ]	oo [ɔː]
Open	ä [æ]	ää [æː]		a [ɑ]	a [ɑː]	([ɒ])^[a]

Harmony	ä			a

↑ A common allophone of /ɑ/, appears mainly in vowel harmony after the vowels /ɔ/ and /u/.

vowel harmony occurance in affixes is marked with (v)

Stress

Stress in modern Mokha is free-flowing, and dosen't convey meaning

Writing system

Mokha is written in the Unduk Alphabet, which is a modified Latin alphabet used for the Unduk languages.

Mokha Variant:

A a	Ä ä	E e	I i	J j	K k	K̠ k̠	L l	Ł ł
M m	N n	O o	P p	Q q	R r	S s	S̠ s̠	T t
Ts ts	Ts̠ ts̠	U u	V v	W w	X x	X̠ x̠	Y y

Unnoficial ways to write the special characters, seen mainly online.
Due to the fact the letter ⟨h⟩ dosen't appear in the language officially, it's usually used in combination with others:

Ä ä → ah
K̠ k̠ → kj
Ł ł → lh
S̠ s̠ → sh / Ts̠ ts̠ → tsh
X̠ x̠ → xh

Order	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26
Majuscule	A	Ä	E	I	J	K	K̠	L	Ł	M	N	O	P	Q	R	S	S̠	T	Ts	Ts̠	U	V	W	X	X̠	Y
Minuscule	a	ä	e	i	j	k	k̠	l	ł	m	n	o	p	q	r	s	s̠	t	ts	ts̠	u	v	w	x	x̠	y
IPA Sound	ɑ	æ	ɛ	i	j	k	c	l	ɬ	m	n	ɔ	p	q	ɾ	s	s̙	t	t͡s	t͡s̙	u	v	w	x	χ	ɪ̈

Grammar

TBA

Syntax

SVO (SOV)
possessor - possessee
noun like adjectives
adjective - noun
postpositions
Verb - Auxiliary

Nouns

TBA

Animacy

Mokha, like other Unduk languages, distinguishes animate and inanimate objects. Due to their faith, animates also include plants, fluids, and groups of animates. A food that has been processed is concidered to be inanimate, as it no longer possesses life, seen from a religeous view.

Number

Only animate nouns are inflected with plurality suffixes:

for words ending in consonants other than ⟨r, j, w⟩ the suffix -(c)(v), with the last consonant lenghtening: k̠et (man) → k̠että (men)
for words ending in the ⟨r, j, w⟩ consonants the suffix -(v)t: ammaj (bush) → ammajat (bushes)
for words ending in vowels, long or short, the suffix -jt: mejtä (woman) → mejtäjt (women)

Inanimate nouns aren't inflected, but are treated as singular or plural in other ways, such as copula.

Articles

Type	Word	Аffix (consonant)	Example	Аffix (vowel)	Example
none			niivejt (fish) (plural)		attä (lichen) (singular)
definite		-(v)k	niivejtäk (the fish)	-jk	attäjk (the lichen)
Proximal-demonstrative	kao	ka-	kaniivejt (these fish)	k̠-	k̠attä (this lichen)
Distal-demonstrative	łe	ły-	łyniivejt (those fish)	ł-	łattä (that lichen)
Partitive	nys̠ol	ny-	nyniivejt (some fish)	nyj-	nyjattä (some lichen)
Partitive-Collective	itäjtä	itä-	itäniivejt (most fish)	it-	itattä (most lichen)
Non-Partitive	ejnejtä	ej-	ejniivejt (no fish)	ej-	ejattä (no lichen)

Cases

Mokha has a complex case system, consisting of 19 cases, wich differ from animate and inanimate nouns:

Animate
Case	end-vowel		end-consonant
Case	Affix	Example	Affix	Example
Nominative	-Ø	mejtä ( -NOM)	-Ø	k̠et ( -NOM)
Dative	-j	mejtäj (to a )	-(v)j	k̠etäj (to a )
Genative	-s̠	mejtäs̠ (of a )	-(v)s̠	k̠etäs̠ (of a )
Accusitive	-t	mejtät ( -ACC)	-(v)t	k̠etät ( -ACC)
Instrumental	-p	mejtäp (using a )	-(v)p	k̠etäp (using a )
Comitative	-ts̠	mejtäts̠ (with a )	-(v)ts̠	k̠etäts̠ (with a )
Comparative	-l	mejtäl (as a )	-(v)l	k̠etäl (as a )
Inessive	-v	mejtäv (in/side a )	-(v)v	k̠etäv (in/side a )
Adessive	-r	mejtär (neer a )	-(ä)r	k̠etär (neer a )
Postessive	-ks	mejtäks (behind a )	-(v)ks	k̠etäks (behind a )
Superessive	-v(v)r	mejtävär (on top of/above a )	-(v)v(v)r	k̠etävär (on top of/above a )
Subessive	-k̠i	mejtäk̠i (under a )	-(a)ki	k̠etäk̠i (under a )
Allative	-m	mejtäm (towards a )	-(v)m	k̠etäm (towards a )
Ablative	-nt	mejtänt (from a )	-(v)nt	k̠etänt (from a )
Lative	-vi	mejtävi (going in/side a )	-(v)vi	k̠etävi (going in/side a )
Elative	-x	mejtäx (out of a )	-(v)x	k̠etäx (out of a )
Benefactial	-wa	mejtäwa (for a )	-wa	k̠etwa (for a )
Prolative	-n(v)	mejtänä (via a )	-(v)n(v)	k̠etänä (via a )

Inanimate
Case	end-vowel		end-consonant
Case	Affix	Example	Affix	Example
Nominative	-Ø	saaqa (snow -NOM)	-Ø	qaat (rock -NOM)
Dative	-q	saaqaq (to snow)	-(v)q	qaataq (to a rock)
Genative	-s	saaqas (of snow)	-(v)s	qaatas (of a rock)
Accusitive	-ły	saaqały (snow -ACC)	-(v)ły	qaatały (rock -ACC)
Instrumental	-p	saaqap (using snow)	-(v)p	qaatap (using a rock)
Comitative	-ty	saaqaty (with snow)	-(v)ty	qaataty (with a rock)
Comparative	-ts	saaqats (as snow)	-(v)ts	qaatats (as a rock)
Inessive	-vy	saaqavy (in/side snow)	-(v)vy	qaatavy (in/side a rock)
Adessive	-ly	saaqaly (neer snow)	-(ä)ly	qaataly (neer a rock)
Postessive	-x̠	saaqax̠ (behind snow)	-(v)x̠	qaatax̠ (behind a rock)
Superessive	-v(v)r	saaqavar (on top of/above snow)	-(v)v(v)r	qaatavar (on top of/above a rock)
Subessive	-t(v)r	saaqatar (under snow)	-(a)t(v)r	qaatatar (under a rock)
Allative	-my	saaqamy (towards snow)	-(v)my	qaatamy (towards a rock)
Ablative	-jo	saaqajo (from snow)	-(v)jo	qaatajo (from a rock)
Lative	-wn(v)	saaqawna (going in/side snow)	-(v)wn(v)	qaatawna (going in/side a rock)
Elative	-xy	saaqaxy (out of snow)	-(v)xy	qaataxy (out of a rock)
Benefactial	-wa	saaqawa (for snow)	-wa	qaatwa (for a rock)
Prolative	-n	saaqan (via snow)	-(v)n	qaatan (via a rock)

Adjectives

Adjectives in Mokha by default come before the noun, but they can go after if needed, nouns and verbs can be turned into adjectives via a suffix:

suffix after a consonant -(v)n: k̠et (man) → k̠etän (manly)
suffix after a vowel -n: xanäjme (tribe/clan) → xanäjmen (tribal)

example with verb-to-adjective: ässä (to freeze) → ässän (freezing)

Pronouns

TBA

Possession

Verbs

<type-1> - verbs ending in consonants
<type-2> - verbs ending in vowels

Mood	Past		Present	Future		Future in the past
Mood	Simple	Perfect	Simple	Simple	Perfect	Simple	Perfect
Indicative	<type-1>(v)s <type-2>s	<type-1>(v)s(v)p <type-2>s(v)p	<type-1> <type-2>	<type-1>(v)n <type-2>n	<type-1>(v)n(v)p <type-2>n(v)p	<type-1>(v)m(v) <type-2>m(v)	<type-1>(v)m(v)p <type-2>m(v)p
Imperative			<type-1>(v)s <type-2>s	<type-1>(v)n(v) <type-2>n(v)
Capabilty	<type-1>es <type-2>s̠es	<type-1>es(v)p <type-2>s̠es(v)p	<type-1>e <type-2>s̠e	<type-1>en <type-2>s̠en	<type-1>en(v)p <type-2>s̠en(v)p	<type-1>em(v) <type-2>s̠em(v)	<type-1>em(v)p <type-2>s̠em(v)p
Assurtive				<type-1>(v)q(v) <type-2>q(v)

Words ending in consonants ⟨k, t, s, l⟩ ongo mutation before ⟨e⟩:

ostjak (to look) → ostjak̠e (be able to look)
x̠eet (to sit) → x̠eets̠e (be able to sit)
oros (to eat) → oros̠e (be able to eat)
qox̠al (to break) → qox̠ałe (be able to break)

Tenses/Aspect/Moods

TBA

Person & Direction

The language has affixes that signal who is doing and receaving the action of the verb:

Person & Number			start/end-consonant		start/end-vowel
			Affix		Affix
			Subjective	Objective	Subjective	Objective
Singular	1st		ko-	-k(v)^[a]	kw-	-k(v)
	2nd		e-	-wa	et-	-wa
	3d	Animate	Ø-	-j(v)^[b]	Ø-	-j(v)
	3d	Inanimate	y-	-y	ym-	-my
	Self		Ø-	-tuj^[c]	Ø-	-tuj
Plural	1st		kotä-	-kot^[d]	kot-	-kot
	2nd		ets̠i-	-wat	et-^[e]	-wat
	3d	Animate	tä-	-jät	t-	-jät
	3d	Inanimate	ytä-	-yt	yt-	-myt
	Self		Ø-	-tujt^[f]	Ø-	-tujt

↑ when clustered as ⟨pk⟩ → long k
↑ when in clusters ⟨kj, tj, sj, lj⟩ they ongo mutation → ⟨k̠, ts̠, s̠, ł⟩
↑ when clustered as ⟨pt⟩ → long t
↑ when clustered as ⟨pk⟩ → long k
↑ when followed bt ⟨i⟩ it ongos mutation → ⟨ts̠⟩
↑ when clustered as ⟨pt⟩ → long t

Examples:

kojorosan kaajt - i will eat berries
1SG.SUBJ-eat-FUT berry-PL
koqax̠alkyqäwa - i *will* kick your a*s
1SG.SUBJ-AUG.beat-ASRT-2SG.OBJ

Verb "be"

Since Mokha is a pro-drop language, the pronoun(-copula) can be dropped, and the copula affix put behind the noun, the word itself can be used to add emphasis:

Person & Number			Word	end-consonant	end-vowel
Person & Number			Word	Affix	Affix
Singular	1st		vär	-(v)r	-r
	2nd		ts̠eve	-(v)j(v)	-j(v)
	3d	Animate	äs̠s̠er	-(v)s	-s
	3d	Inanimate	ytav	-yv	-jyv
Plural	1st		värtä	-(v)rt	-rt
	2nd		ts̠evejtä	-(v)jt(v)	-jt(v)
	3d	Animate	äs̠s̠ertä	-(v)rs(v)	-rs(v)
	3d	Inanimate	ytavtä	-yvv(v)	-jvv(v)

Pronoun-be contractions are common: Examples:

kol vär → kolar (i am → i'm)

ets̠i ts̠eve → ets̠ijä (you are → you're)

äj äs̠s̠er → äjäs (he/she/it is → he/she/it's)

Copula

Adverbs

TBA

Questions

TBA

Numerals

TBA

Dialects

TBA

Lexicon

TBA

Language Examples

TBA

↑ Seykel is disputed to weather it's a separate language or a developed dialect.

[2] A common allophone of /ɑ/, appears mainly in vowel harmony after the vowels /ɔ/ and /u/.

[3] when clustered as ⟨pk⟩ → long k

[4] when in clusters ⟨kj, tj, sj, lj⟩ they ongo mutation → ⟨k̠, ts̠, s̠, ł⟩

[5] when clustered as ⟨pt⟩ → long t

[6] when clustered as ⟨pk⟩ → long k

[7] when followed bt ⟨i⟩ it ongos mutation → ⟨ts̠⟩

[8] when clustered as ⟨pt⟩ → long t

[1] Seykel is disputed to weather it's a separate language or a developed dialect.

[1]

[a]

[a]

[b]

[c]

[d]

[e]

[f]

@@ Line 895: / Line 895: @@
 ! colspan="2" | 1st
 | vär
-| -(v)rv
+| -(v)r
-| -rv
+| -r
 |-
 ! colspan="2" | 2nd
@@ Line 940: / Line 940: @@
 Pronoun-be contractions are common:
 Examples:
-:''kol vär'' → ''kolarv'' (i am → i'm)
+:''kol vär'' → ''kolar'' (i am → i'm)
 :''ets̠i ts̠eve'' → ''ets̠ijä'' (you are → you're)
 :''äj äs̠s̠er'' → ''äjäs'' (he/she/it is → he/she/it's)

Mokha language: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 18:41, 7 July 2021

Contents

Classification

Geographic Distribution

History