Mokha language

Mokha
Mokhavian, Nanay, Nuket
Nuk̠ettäjtäk, Jässäjänäjtäk, Jässäjk̠ejtäjtäk
Mokha people neer the city of Dene circa 1915
Pronunciation	/nucɛtːæjtæk/ /jæsːæjænæjtæk/ /jæsːæjcɛjtæjtæk/
Native to	Mokhavia
Ethnicity	Mokhavics
Native speakers	L1: 3,650,000 L2: 1,520,000
Language family	Unduk Northern Nanaic Mokha
Standard forms	Coastal
Dialects	Coastal Inland Forest Inland plains Southern Seykel
Writing system	Latin alphabet, Cyrillic alphabet
Official status
Official language in	Mokhavia
Language codes
ISO 639-1	MK
ISO 639-2	MKH
ISO 639-3	MKH
Distribution of the language   Absolute majority   >30% of native speakers

The Mokha language (Mokha: Nuk̠ettäjtäk, Jässäjänäjtäk, Jässäjk̠ejtäjtäk) is the language of the Mokha people (aka: Mokhavic/Mokhavian/Nanay people), spoken on the coasts and inland of the Unduk lakes in Mokhavia, mainly the Nanay and Monay lakes. It's one of the indeginous languages spoken on the continent of Argis. It's the official working langauge of the nation of Mokhavia, spoken in the majority of the country.

Classification

Mokha is one of the members of the Unduk language family, the Unduk languages are a sub Paleo-Canamo language group. Most other Unduk languages went extinct by assimilation from people like the Ateenians, Haydag and even other Unduk tribes. The closest living language to Mokha, and also the only other Unduk language is the Seykel language, some linguist group them thoghether into one language due to their great similarity. The language map shown in the infobox includes areas of Seykel.

• Proto-Unduk
  • Northern
    • Nanaic
      • Mokha language
      • Seykel language
    • Monaic
      • Aarnuaq language‡
  • Southern
    • Yakrow language‡
    • Duwat language†

‡ - endangered

† - extinct language

Geographic Distribution

The Mokha language is spoken mainly in the majority north of the nation of Mokhavia, around the Unduk lakes. Historically it was spoken in a larger area around the unduk's, but with the surounding germanic and slavic tribes it has shrunked to the modern confines.
Most speakers are located on the eastern Nanay and northern Monay coasts, and around the Dene and Mäjsä rivers.

History

TBA

Phonology & Orthography

Consonants

	Labial		Alveolar		Post- Alveolar		Palatal		Velar		Uvular
	Plain	Long	Plain	Long	Plain	Long	Plain	Long	Plain	Long	Plain	Long
Nasal	m [m]	mm [mː]	n [n]	nn [nː]
Plosive	p [p]	pp [pː]	t [t]	tt [tː]			k̠ [c]	k̠k̠ [cː]	k [k]	kk [kː]	q [q]	qq [qː]
Affricate			ts [t͡s]	tts [t͡sː]	ts̠ [t͡s̙]	tts̠ [t͡s̙ː]
Sibilant Fricative	v [v]	vv [vː]	s [s]	ss [sː]	s̠ [s̙]	s̠s̠ [s̙ː]			x [x]	xx [xː]	x̠ [χ]	x̠x̠ [χː]
Lateral Fricative			ł [ɬ]	łł [ɬː]
Aproximant	w [w]		l [l]	ll [lː]			j [j]
Tap/Flap			r [ɾ]

Vowels & Vowel Harmony

	Front		Central	Back
	unrounded		unrounded	unrounded		rounded
	short	long	short	short	long	short	long
Close	i [i]	ii [iː]				u [u]	uu [uː]
Close-mid			y [ɘ]
Open-mid	e [ɛ]	ee [ɛː]				o [ɔ]	oo [ɔː]
Open	ä [æ]	ää [æː]		a [ɑ]	a [ɑː]	([ɒ])
Harmony	ä			a

vowel harmony occurance in affixes is marked with (v)

Stress

Stress in modern Mokha is free-flowing, and dosen't convey meaning

Writing system

Mokha is written in the Unduk Alphabet, which is a modified Latin alphabet used for the Unduk languages.

Mokha Variant:

A a	Ä ä	E e	I i	J j	K k	K̠ k̠	L l	Ł ł
M m	N n	O o	P p	Q q	R r	S s	S̠ s̠	T t
Ts ts	Ts̠ ts̠	U u	V v	W w	X x	X̠ x̠	Y y

Unnoficial ways to write the special characters, seen mainly online.
Due to the fact the letter ⟨h⟩ dosen't appear in the language officially, it's usually used in combination with others:

• Ä ä → ah
• K̠ k̠ → kj
• Ł ł → lh
• S̠ s̠ → sh / Ts̠ ts̠ → tsh
• X̠ x̠ → xh

Order	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26
Majuscule	A	Ä	E	I	J	K	K̠	L	Ł	M	N	O	P	Q	R	S	S̠	T	Ts	Ts̠	U	V	W	X	X̠	Y
Minuscule	a	ä	e	i	j	k	k̠	l	ł	m	n	o	p	q	r	s	s̠	t	ts	ts̠	u	v	w	x	x̠	y
IPA Sound	ɑ	æ	ɛ	i	j	k	c	l	ɬ	m	n	ɔ	p	q	ɾ	s	s̙	t	t͡s	t͡s̙	u	v	w	x	χ	ɪ̈

Grammar

Mokha is a synthetic language that employs extensive agglutination of affixes to verbs, nouns, adjectives and numerals.

Syntax

• SVO (SOV)
• possessor - possessee
• noun like adjectives
• adjective - noun
• postpositions
• Verb - Auxiliary

Nouns

Animacy

Mokha, like other Unduk languages, distinguishes animate and inanimate objects. Due to their faith, animates also include plants, fluids, and groups of animates. A food that has been processed is concidered to be inanimate, as it no longer possesses life, seen from a religeous view.

Number

Only animate nouns are inflected with plurality suffixes:

• for words ending in consonants other than ⟨r, j, w⟩ the suffix -(c)(v), with the last consonant lenghtening: k̠et (man) → k̠että (men)
• for words ending in the ⟨r, j, w⟩ consonants the suffix -(v)t: ammaj (bush) → ammajat (bushes)
• for words ending in vowels, long or short, the suffix -jt: mejtä (woman) → mejtäjt (women)

Inanimate nouns aren't inflected, but are treated as singular or plural in other ways, such as copula.

Articles

Type	Word	Аffix (consonant)	Example	Аffix (vowel)	Example
none			niivejt (fish) (plural)		attä (lichen) (singular)
definite		-(v)k	niivejtäk (the fish)	-jk	attäjk (the lichen)
Proximal-demonstrative	kao	ka-	kaniivejt (these fish)	k̠-	k̠attä (this lichen)
Distal-demonstrative	łe	łu-	łuniivejt (those fish)	ł-	łattä (that lichen)
Partitive	nys̠ol	ny-	nyniivejt (some fish)	nyj-	nyjattä (some lichen)
Partitive-Collective	itäjtä	itä-	itäniivejt (most fish)	it-	itattä (most lichen)
Non-Partitive	ejnejtä	ejne-	ejneniivejt (no fish)	ejn-	ejnattä (no lichen)

Cases

Mokha has a complex case system, consisting of 19 cases, wich differ from animate and inanimate nouns:

Animate
Case	end-vowel		end-consonant
	Affix	Example	Affix	Example
Nominative	-Ø	mejtä ( -NOM)	-Ø	k̠et ( -NOM)
Dative	-j	mejtäj (to a )	-(v)j	k̠etäj (to a )
Genative	-s̠	mejtäs̠ (of a )	-(v)s̠	k̠etäs̠ (of a )
Accusitive	-t	mejtät ( -ACC)	-(v)t	k̠etät ( -ACC)
Instrumental	-p	mejtäp (using a )	-(v)p	k̠etäp (using a )
Comitative	-ts̠	mejtäts̠ (with a )	-(v)ts̠	k̠etäts̠ (with a )
Comparative	-l	mejtäl (as a )	-(v)l	k̠etäl (as a )
Inessive	-v	mejtäv (in/side a )	-(v)v	k̠etäv (in/side a )
Adessive	-r	mejtär (neer a )	-(v)r	k̠etär (neer a )
Postessive	-ks	mejtäks (behind a )	-(v)ks	k̠etäks (behind a )
Superessive	-v(v)r	mejtävär (on top of/above a )	-(v)v(v)r	k̠etävär (on top of/above a )
Subessive	-k̠i	mejtäk̠i (under a )	-(v)ki	k̠etäk̠i (under a )
Allative	-m	mejtäm (towards a )	-(v)m	k̠etäm (towards a )
Ablative	-nt	mejtänt (from a )	-(v)nt	k̠etänt (from a )
Lative	-vi	mejtävi (going in/side a )	-(v)vi	k̠etävi (going in/side a )
Elative	-x	mejtäx (out of a )	-(v)x	k̠etäx (out of a )
Benefactial	-w(v)	mejtäwä (for a )	-w(v)	k̠etwä (for a )
Prolative	-n(v)	mejtänä (via a )	-(v)n(v)	k̠etänä (via a )

Inanimate
Case	end-vowel		end-consonant
	Affix	Example	Affix	Example
Nominative	-Ø	saaqa (snow -NOM)	-Ø	qaat (rock -NOM)
Dative	-q	saaqaq (to snow)	-(v)q	qaataq (to a rock)
Genative	-s	saaqas (of snow)	-(v)s	qaatas (of a rock)
Accusitive	-ły	saaqały (snow -ACC)	-(v)ły	qaatały (rock -ACC)
Instrumental	-p	saaqap (using snow)	-(v)p	qaatap (using a rock)
Comitative	-ty	saaqaty (with snow)	-(v)ty	qaataty (with a rock)
Comparative	-ts	saaqats (as snow)	-(v)ts	qaatats (as a rock)
Inessive	-vy	saaqavy (in/side snow)	-(v)vy	qaatavy (in/side a rock)
Adessive	-ly	saaqaly (neer snow)	-(ä)ly	qaataly (neer a rock)
Postessive	-x̠	saaqax̠ (behind snow)	-(v)x̠	qaatax̠ (behind a rock)
Superessive	-v(v)r	saaqavar (on top of/above snow)	-(v)v(v)r	qaatavar (on top of/above a rock)
Subessive	-t(v)r	saaqatar (under snow)	-(a)t(v)r	qaatatar (under a rock)
Allative	-my	saaqamy (towards snow)	-(v)my	qaatamy (towards a rock)
Ablative	-jo	saaqajo (from snow)	-(v)jo	qaatajo (from a rock)
Lative	-wn(v)	saaqawna (going in/side snow)	-(v)wn(v)	qaatawna (going in/side a rock)
Elative	-xy	saaqaxy (out of snow)	-(v)xy	qaataxy (out of a rock)
Benefactial	-wa	saaqawa (for snow)	-wa	qaatwa (for a rock)
Prolative	-n	saaqan (via snow)	-(v)n	qaatan (via a rock)

Adjectives

Adjectives in Mokha by default come before the noun, but they can go after if needed, nouns and verbs can be turned into adjectives via a suffix:

• suffix after a consonant -(v)n: k̠et (man) → k̠etän (manly)
• suffix after a vowel -n: xanäjme (tribe/clan) → xanäjmen (tribal)

• example with verb-to-adjective: ässä (to freeze) → ässän (freezing)

Personal Pronouns

Person & Number			NOM	DAT	GEN	ACC	INS	COM	COMP	INE	ADE	POSTE	SUPE	SUBE	ALL	ABL	LAT	ELA	BENE	PROL
Singular	1st		Kol	Kowtäj	Kowtäs̠	Kowtät	Kowap	Kowats̠	Kowal	Kowav	Kowar	Kowaks	Kowavar	Kowak̠i	Kowam	Kowant	Kowavi	Kowax	Kowawa	Kowana
	2nd		Ets̠i	Ets̠ij	Ets̠is̠	Ets̠it	Ets̠ip	Ets̠its̠	Ets̠il	Ets̠iv	Ets̠ir	Ets̠iks	Ets̠ivär	Ets̠ik̠i	Ets̠im	Ets̠int	Ets̠ivi	Ets̠ix	Ets̠iwä	Ets̠inä
	3d	Animate	Äj	Äjäj	Äjs̠	Äjt	Äjäp	Äjäts̠	Äjäl	Äjäv	Äjär	Äjäks	Äjävär	Äjäk̠i	Äjäm	Äjänt	Äjävi	Äjäx	Äjäwä	Äjänä
		Inanimate	Ym	Ymäj	Ymäs̠	Tmät	Ymäp	Ymäts̠	Ymäl	Ymäv	Ymär	Ymäks	Ymävär	Ymäk̠i	Ymäm	Ymänt	Ymävi	Ymäx	Ymäwä	Ymänä
	Self		Tajtuj	Tajtujaj	Tajtujs̠	Tajtujt	Tajtujap	Tajtujats̠	Tajtujal	Tajtujav	Tajtujar	Tajtujaks	Tajtujavar	Tajtujak̠i	Tajtujam	Tajtujant	Tajtujavi	Tajtujax	Tajtujawa	Tajtujana
Plural	1st		Kootä	Kootäj	Kootäs̠	Kootät	Kootäp	Kootäts̠	Kootäl	Kootäv	Kootär	Kootäks	Kootävär	Kootäk̠i	Kootäm	Kootänt	Kootävi	Kootäx	Kootäwä	Kootänä
	2nd		Ets̠iitä	Ets̠iitäj	Ets̠iitäs̠	Ets̠iität	Ets̠iitäp	Ets̠iitäts̠	Ets̠iitäl	Ets̠iitäv	Ets̠iitär	Ets̠iitäks	Ets̠iitävär	Ets̠iitäk̠i	Ets̠iitäm	Ets̠iitänt	Ets̠iitävi	Ets̠iitäx	Ets̠iitäwä	Ets̠iitänä
	3d	Animate	Äjiitä	Äjiitäj	Äjiitäs̠	Äjiität	Äjiitäp	Äjiitäts̠	Äjiitäl	Äjiitäv	Äjiitär	Äjiitäks	Äjiitävär	Äjiitäk̠i	Äjiitäm	Äjiitänt	Äjiitävi	Äjiitäx	Äjiitäwä	Äjiitänä
		Inanimate	Yntä	Yntäj	Yntäs̠	Yntät	Yntäp	Yntäts̠	Yntäl	Yntäv	Yntär	Yntäks	Yntävär	Yntäk̠i	Yntäm	Yntänt	Yntävi	Yntäx	Yntäwä	Yntänä
	Self		Tajtwiitä	Tajtwiitäj	Tajtwiitäs̠	Tajtwiität	Tajtwiitäp	Tajtwiitäts̠	Tajtwiitäl	Tajtwiitäv	Tajtwiitär	Tajtwiitäks	Tajtwiitävär	Tajtwiitäk̠i	Tajtwiitäm	Tajtwiitänt	Tajtwiitävi	Tajtwiitäx	Tajtwiitäwä	Tajtwiitänä

Possession

Mokha has possessive proclitic and enclitic affixes, the Genetive case pronouns can be used to add emphasis:

Person & Number			Proclitic form		Enclitic form
			start/end consonant	start/end vowel	start/end consonant	start/end vowel
			Affix	Affix	Affix	Affix
Singular	1st		x̠u-	x̠uj-	-(v)x̠u	-x̠u
	2nd		s̠u-	s̠uj-	-s̠u
	3d	Animate	itu-	ituj-	-itu	-jtu
		Inanimate	ymu-	ymuj-	-ymu	-jmu
	Self				-(v2)ts̠u	-ts̠u
Plural	1st		nu-	nuj-	-(v)nu	-nu
	2nd		s̠tu-	s̠tuj-	-(v)s̠tu	-s̠tu
	3d	Animate	ittu-	ittuj-	-ittu	-jttu
		Inanimate	ymmu-	ymmuj-	-ymmy	-jmmu

Examples:

Proclitic: x̠ukuna (my knife)
Enclitic: kojäjpats̠u kuna (i use my knife)

Proclitic: s̠ujoqoj (your dog)
Enclitic: kok̠itans̠u oqoj (i like your dog)

Proclitic: itubiły (his/her car)
Enclitic: kosas̠anitu biły (i will drive his/her car)

Verbs

Tenses/Aspect/Moods

<type-1> - verbs ending in consonants

<type-2> - verbs ending in vowels

Mood	Past		Present	Future		Future in the past
	Simple	Perfect	Simple	Simple	Perfect	Simple	Perfect
Indicative	<type-1>(v)s <type-2>s	<type-1>(v)s(v)p <type-2>s(v)p	<type-1> <type-2>	<type-1>(v)n <type-2>n	<type-1>(v)n(v)p <type-2>n(v)p	<type-1>(v)m(v) <type-2>m(v)	<type-1>(v)m(v)p <type-2>m(v)p
Imperative			<type-1>(v)s <type-2>s	<type-1>(v)n(v) <type-2>n(v)
Capabilty	<type-1>es <type-2>s̠es	<type-1>es(v)p <type-2>s̠es(v)p	<type-1>e <type-2>s̠e	<type-1>en <type-2>s̠en	<type-1>en(v)p <type-2>s̠en(v)p	<type-1>em(v) <type-2>s̠em(v)	<type-1>em(v)p <type-2>s̠em(v)p
Desiderative	<type-1>(v)kl(v)s <type-2>kl(v)s	<type-1>(v)kl(v)s(v)p <type-2>kl(v)s(v)p	<type-1>(v)k(v)l <type-2>k(v)l	<type-1>(v)kl(v)n <type-2>kl(v)n	<type-1>(v)kl(v)n(v)p <type-2>kl(v)n(v)p	<type-1>(v)kl(v)m <type-2>kl(v)m	<type-1>(v)kl(v)m(v)p <type-2>kl(v)m(v)p
Assertive				<type-1>(v)ł(v) <type-2>ł(v)

Words ending in consonants ⟨k, t, s, l⟩ ongo mutation before ⟨e⟩:

• ostjak (to look) → ostjak̠e (be able to look)
• x̠eet (to sit) → x̠eets̠e (be able to sit)
• oros (to eat) → oros̠e (be able to eat)
• qox̠al (to break) → qox̠ałe (be able to break)

Person & Direction

The language has affixes that signal who is doing and receaving the action of the verb:

Person & Number			start/end-consonant		start/end-vowel
			Affix		Affix
			Subjective	Objective	Subjective	Objective
Singular	1st		ko-	-k(v)	kw-	-k(v)
	2nd		e-	-wa	et-	-wa
	3d	Animate	Ø-	-j(v)	Ø-	-j(v)
		Inanimate	y-	-y	ym-	-my
	Self		Ø-	-tuj	Ø-	-tuj
Plural	1st		kotä-	-kot	kot-	-kot
	2nd		ets̠i-	-wat	et-	-wat
	3d	Animate	tä-	-jät	t-	-jät
		Inanimate	ytä-	-yt	yt-	-myt
	Self		Ø-	-twiit	Ø-	-twiit

Examples:

kojorosan kaajt - i will eat berries
1SG.SUBJ-eat-FUT berry-PL

koqax̠alkyqäwa - i *will* kick your a*s
1SG.SUBJ-AUG.beat-ASRT-2SG.OBJ

Copula

Mokha has incorporated copula, but it can be separated to add emphasis, due to the language being pro-dorp, when a pronoun-copula is dropped, the copula moves behind the noun.

Person & Number			Word	end-consonant	end-vowel
				Affix	Affix
Singular	1st		vär	-(v)r	-r
	2nd		ts̠eve	-(v)j(v)	-j(v)
	3d	Animate	äs̠s̠er	-(v)s	-s
		Inanimate	ytav	-yv	-jyv
Plural	1st		värtä	-(v)rt	-rt
	2nd		ts̠evejtä	-(v)jt(v)	-jt(v)
	3d	Animate	äs̠s̠ertä	-(v)rs(v)	-rs(v)
		Inanimate	ytavtä	-yvv(v)	-jvv(v)

Pronoun are commonly inflected:

kol vär → kolar (i am → i'm)

ets̠i ts̠eve → ets̠ijä (you are → you're)

äj äs̠s̠er → äjäs (he/she/it is → he/she/it's)

ym ytav → ymyv (it → it's)

Negation

Negation is achieved by attaching the word ej (no) infront of the word, in case of verbs, the affix (n)ej is put before the verb stem and/or affix:

mox̠as̠s̠ex̠ejk (the living) → ejmox̠as̠s̠ex̠ejk (the nonliving)

kok̠itanwa (i like you) → konejk̠itanwa (i don't like you)

łejyv x̠ubiły (that's my car) → łenejyv x̠ubiły (that isn't my car)

Adverbs

Adverbs are derived via the affix -(v)ts

kots̠ysäp istajlats (i went willingly)

erapanwa ax̠tixäts (she/he glared angrily at her/him)

ets̠imox̠as̠s̠e lottats (they lived happily)

Questions

Questions in the Mokha language are indicated via a question particle, which comes in the form of an affix.

The particle after words ending in both consonants and vowels is -m(v)
Depending on what part of the sentance it follows, it conveys difererent meaning and/or add emphasis.

(kol) kox̠enmä - will i run/i will run?

kolma kox̠en - will i run?

kojax̠x̠etmäwa - do i see you?

kojax̠x̠etwama - do i see you?

One can add more emphasis on "you" by using the pronoun itself instead of the direction affix:

kojax̠x̠et ets̠imä - do i see you?

Rhetorical questions can be formed by adding -ma to a question word

anoma - i wonder who

Numerals

TBA

Dialects

TBA

Lexicon

TBA

Language Examples

TBA