Mokha language: Difference between revisions
Native Qazh (talk | contribs) |
mNo edit summary |
||
(242 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Region icon Eurth}} | {{Region icon Eurth}} | ||
{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
| name = Mokha | | name = Mokha | ||
| altname = | | altname = | ||
| nativename = | | nativename = Khaskalhk'aa | ||
| acceptance = | | acceptance = | ||
| image = | | image = | ||
| imagesize = | | imagesize = | ||
| imagealt = | | imagealt = | ||
| imagecaption = | | imagecaption = | ||
| pronunciation = | | pronunciation = {{wp|International Phonetic Alphabet|[xaskaɮk’aː]}} | ||
| states = {{flag|Mokhavia}} | | states = {{flag|Mokhavia}}, Safjal | ||
| region = | | region = | ||
| creator = | | creator = | ||
| created = | | created = | ||
| setting = | | setting = | ||
| ethnicity = | | ethnicity = 6,140,000 Mokha | ||
| extinct = | | extinct = | ||
| era = | | era = | ||
| speakers = | | speakers = 6,041,000~ (98%) | ||
| date = | | date = | ||
| dateprefix = | | dateprefix = | ||
| ref = <!-- up to e21 (or current edition) if ref is ''Ethnologue'' --> | | ref = <!-- up to e21 (or current edition) if ref is ''Ethnologue'' --> | ||
| refname = | | refname = | ||
| speakers2 = | | speakers2 = | ||
| revived = | | revived = | ||
| revived-category = <!-- or revived-cat --> | | revived-category = <!-- or revived-cat --> | ||
| familycolor = | | familycolor = american (areal) | ||
| | | family = [[wikipedia:Language isolate|Language isolate]] | ||
| | | protoname = | ||
| ancestor = | |||
| protoname = | |||
| ancestor = | |||
| ancestor2 = <!-- up to ancestor8 --> | | ancestor2 = <!-- up to ancestor8 --> | ||
| standards = | | standards = | ||
| stand1 = Coastal | | stand1 = Coastal (Mokhavia) | ||
| stand2 = | | stand2 = Inland (Safjal) | ||
| dialects = | | dialects = | ||
| listclass = | | listclass = | ||
| dia1 = Coastal | | dia1 = Coastal | ||
| dia2 = Inland | | dia2 = Inland | ||
| dia3 = | | dia3 = Highlands | ||
| script = | |||
| sign = | |||
| script = | | posteriori = | ||
| sign = | |||
| posteriori = | |||
| nation = {{flag|Mokhavia}} | | nation = {{flag|Mokhavia}} | ||
| minority = | | minority = | ||
| agency = | | agency = | ||
| development_body = | | development_body = | ||
| iso1 = | | iso1 = mk | ||
| iso1comment = | | iso1comment = | ||
| iso2 = | | iso2 = mkh | ||
| iso2b = | | iso2b = | ||
| iso2t = | | iso2t = | ||
| iso2comment = | | iso2comment = | ||
| iso3 = | | iso3 = mkh | ||
| iso3comment = | | iso3comment = | ||
| lc1 = | | lc1 = | ||
| ld1 = | | ld1 = | ||
| lc2 = <!-- up to lc30 --> | | lc2 = <!-- up to lc30 --> | ||
| ld2 = <!-- up to ld30 --> | | ld2 = <!-- up to ld30 --> | ||
| iso6 = | | iso6 = | ||
| isoexception = | | isoexception = | ||
| linglist = | | linglist = | ||
| lingname = | | lingname = | ||
| linglist2 = <!-- up to linglist6 --> | | linglist2 = <!-- up to linglist6 --> | ||
| lingname2 = <!-- up to lingname6 --> | | lingname2 = <!-- up to lingname6 --> | ||
| glotto = | | glotto = | ||
| glottoname = | | glottoname = | ||
| glotto2 = <!-- up to glotto5 --> | | glotto2 = <!-- up to glotto5 --> | ||
| glottoname2 = <!-- up to glottoname5 --> | | glottoname2 = <!-- up to glottoname5 --> | ||
| aiatsis = | | aiatsis = | ||
| aiatsisname = | | aiatsisname = | ||
| aiatsis2 = <!-- up to aiatsis6 --> | | aiatsis2 = <!-- up to aiatsis6 --> | ||
| aiatsisname2 = <!-- up to aiatsisname6 --> | | aiatsisname2 = <!-- up to aiatsisname6 --> | ||
| guthrie = | | guthrie = | ||
| ELP = | | ELP = | ||
| ELPname = | | ELPname = | ||
| ELP2 = <!-- up to ELP6 --> | | ELP2 = <!-- up to ELP6 --> | ||
| ELPname2 = <!-- up to ELPname6 --> | | ELPname2 = <!-- up to ELPname6 --> | ||
| glottopedia = | | glottopedia = | ||
| lingua = | | lingua = | ||
| lingua_ref = | | lingua_ref = | ||
| ietf = | | ietf = | ||
| map = | | map = | ||
| mapsize = | | mapsize = | ||
| mapalt = | | mapalt = | ||
| mapcaption = Distribution of the language<br>{{legend|#007FFE|Absolute majority}}{{legend|#87C3FE|> | | mapcaption = Distribution of the language<br>{{legend|#007FFE|Absolute majority}}{{legend|#87C3FE|>50% are native speakers}} | ||
| map2 = | | map2 = | ||
| mapalt2 = | | mapalt2 = | ||
| mapcaption2 = | | mapcaption2 = | ||
| pushpin_map = | | pushpin_map = | ||
| pushpin_image = | | pushpin_image = | ||
| pushpin_map_alt = | | pushpin_map_alt = | ||
| pushpin_map_caption = | | pushpin_map_caption = | ||
| pushpin_mapsize = | | pushpin_mapsize = | ||
| pushpin_label | | pushpin_label = | ||
| pushpin_label_position = | | pushpin_label_position = | ||
| coordinates = <!-- use {{Coord}} --> | | coordinates = <!-- use {{Coord}} --> | ||
| module = | | module = | ||
| notice = IPA | | notice = IPA | ||
}} | }} | ||
Mokha ({{wp|International Phonetic Alphabet|[ˈmoʊhə, -kə]}}, Mokha: Khaskalhk'aa {{wp|International Phonetic Alphabet|[xaskaɮk’aː]}}) is a language spoken in northern central [[Argis]]. It is the official language in [[Mokhavia]], and one of the working languages in Safjal. It is spoken by approximately 6 million native speakers in [[Mokhavia]], Safjal and among the Mokha diaspora. It has tree dialects groups: Coastal, Inland and Highlands. The language is not related to any other language in the region, and is classified as a language isolate. | |||
Mokha is | |||
==Writing system== | |||
Mokha is written in the {{wp|Latin script}}, where it employs many polygraphs for the sounds that arent represented by the base script. | |||
{{ | |||
{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse" | |||
{| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | A{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}a | |||
| | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | B{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}b | ||
| | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | C{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}c | ||
| | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | C'{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}c' | ||
| style=" | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ch{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}ch | ||
| style=" | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ch'{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}ch' | ||
| | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | D{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}d | ||
| | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Dz{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}dz | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Dlh{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}dlh | |||
| | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | E{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}e | ||
| | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | F{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}f | ||
| style=" | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | G{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}g | ||
| style=" | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{color|#808080|H{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}h}} | ||
| style=" | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | I{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}i | ||
| | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | J{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}j | ||
| | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | K{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}k | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | K'{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}k' | |||
| | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Kh{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}kh | ||
| | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | L{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}l | ||
| style=" | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Lh{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}lh | ||
| | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | M{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}m | ||
| | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | N{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}n | ||
| style=" | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | O{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}o | ||
| style=" | | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | P{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}p | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | P'{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}p' | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{color|#808080|Q{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}q}} | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | R{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}r | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | S{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}s | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Sh{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}sh | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | T{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}t | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | T'{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}t' | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Tlh{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}tlh | |||
|- | |- | ||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Tlh'{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}tlh' | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | U{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}u | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{color|#808080|V{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}v}} | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | W{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}w | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{color|#808080|X{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}x}} | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Y{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}y | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{color|#808080|Z{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}z}} | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ' | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | | |||
| | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | | |||
| | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | | |||
| | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | | |||
| | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
Detailed table of the Mokha alphabet with each letter's phoneme: | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |||
!Order | !Order | ||
!1 !!2 !!3 !!4 !!5 !!6 !!7 !!8 !!9 !!10 | !1 !!2 !!3 !!4 !!5 !!6 !!7 !!8 !!9 !!10 | ||
!11 !!12 !!13 !!14 !!15 !!16 !!17 !!18 !!19 !!20 | !11 !!12 !!13 !!14 !!15 !!16 !!17 !!18 !!19 !!20 | ||
!21 !!22 !!23 !!24 !!25 !!26 | !21 !!22 !!23 !!24 !!25 !!26 !!27 !!28 !!29 !!30 | ||
!31 !!32 !!33 !!34 !!35 !!36 !!37 !!38 !!39 !!40 | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !{{wp|Latin script|Latin}} upper case | ||
|A || | |A ||B ||C ||C' ||Ch ||Ch' ||D ||Dz ||Dlh ||E | ||
|N ||O ||P ||Q ||R ||S || | |F ||G ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |H ||I ||J ||K ||K' ||Kh ||L ||Lh | ||
|U ||V ||W ||X || | |M ||N ||O ||P ||P' ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |Q ||R ||S ||Sh ||T | ||
|T' ||Tlh ||Tlh' ||U ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |V ||W ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |X ||Y ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |Z ||' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !{{wp|Latin script|Latin}} lower case | ||
|a || | |a ||b ||c ||c' ||ch ||ch' ||d ||dz ||dlh ||e | ||
|n ||o ||p ||q ||r ||s || | |f ||g ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |h ||i ||j ||k ||k' ||kh ||l ||lh | ||
|u ||v ||w ||x || | |m ||n ||o ||p ||p' ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |q ||r ||s ||sh ||t | ||
|t' ||tlh ||tlh' ||u ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |v ||w ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |x ||y ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |z ||' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !{{wp|International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA}} sound | ||
|{{ | ! {{IPAlink|a}} !!{{IPAlink|b}} !!{{IPAlink|t͡s}} !!{{IPAlink|t͡s’}} !!{{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}} !!{{IPAlink|t͡ʃ’}} !!{{IPAlink|d}} !!{{IPAlink|d͡z}} !!{{IPAlink|d͡ɮ}} !!{{IPAlink|e}} | ||
! {{IPAlink|f}} !!{{IPAlink|ɡ}} !!- !!{{IPAlink|i}} !!{{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}} !!{{IPAlink|k}} !!{{IPAlink|k’}} !!{{IPAlink|x}} !!{{IPAlink|l}} !!{{IPAlink|ɬ}}~{{IPAlink|ɮ}} | |||
! {{IPAlink|m}} !!{{IPAlink|n}} !!{{IPAlink|o}} !!{{IPAlink|p}} !!{{IPAlink|p’}} !!{{IPAlink|k}} !!{{IPAlink|ɾ}} !!{{IPAlink|s}} !!{{IPAlink|ʃ}} !!{{IPAlink|t}} | |||
! {{IPAlink|t’}} !!{{IPAlink|t͡ɬ}} !!{{IPAlink|t͡ɬ’}} !!{{IPAlink|u}} !!{{IPAlink|w}} !!{{IPAlink|w}} !!ks !!{{IPAlink|j}} !!{{IPAlink|t͡s}} !!{{IPAlink|ʔ}}, ᵊ◌ | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | |||
Mokha has 29 consonant phonemes. In old Mokha there used to be a distinction between plain and aspirated plosive sounds, but with it's transition into modern Mokha, the plain plosives became voiced, the voiceless consonants are still sometimes pronounced aspirated, depending on the region. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | |||
=== | |||
Mokha | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan="2" | | ||
! | ! {{wp|labial consonant|Labial}} | ||
! | ! colspan="3" | {{wp|alveolar consonant|Alveolar}} | ||
! | ! {{wp|palatal consonant|Palatal}} | ||
! | ! {{wp|velar consonant|Velar}} | ||
! | ! {{wp|glottal consonant|Glottal}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! rowspan="3" | {{wp|Plosive}}/<br>{{wp|Affricate}} | ||
! {{small|voiced}} | |||
| | | {{IPAlink|b}} | ||
| | | {{IPAlink|d}} | ||
| | | {{IPAlink|d͡z}} | ||
| | | {{IPAlink|d͡ɮ}} | ||
| {{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}} | |||
| {{IPAlink|ɡ}} | |||
| rowspan="3"| {{IPAlink|ʔ}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! {{small|voiceless}} | ||
| | | {{IPAlink|p}} | ||
| | | {{IPAlink|t}} | ||
| | | {{IPAlink|t͡s}} | ||
| | | {{IPAlink|t͡ɬ}} | ||
| | | {{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}} | ||
| {{IPAlink|k}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! {{small|ejective}} | ||
| | | {{IPAlink|p’}} | ||
| | | {{IPAlink|t’}} | ||
| | | {{IPAlink|t͡s’}} | ||
| | | {{IPAlink|t͡ɬ’}} | ||
| | | {{IPAlink|t͡ʃ’}} | ||
| {{IPAlink|k’}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan="2" | {{wp|Fricative}} | ||
| | | | ||
| | | colspan="2" | {{IPAlink|s}} | ||
| | | {{IPAlink|ɬ}}~{{IPAlink|ɮ}} | ||
| | | {{IPAlink|ʃ}} | ||
| | | {{IPAlink|x}} | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan="2" | {{wp|Nasal}} | ||
| | | {{IPAlink|m}} | ||
| | | colspan="3" | {{IPAlink|n}} | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan="2" | {{wp|Approximant}} | ||
| | | | ||
| | | colspan="3" | {{IPAlink|l}} | ||
| | | {{IPAlink|j}} | ||
| | | {{IPAlink|w}} | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan="2" | {{wp|Liquid consonant|Rhotic}} | ||
| | | | ||
| | | colspan="3" | {{IPAlink|ɾ}} | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
==== | ===Vowels=== | ||
Mokha | Mokha has five vowels which have a short and long form: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! | |||
! align="center" | {{wp|Front vowel|Front}} | |||
! align="center" | {{wp|Back vowel|back}} | |||
|- align="center" | |||
! {{wp|Close vowel|Close}} | |||
| {{IPA link|i}}, {{IPA link|iː}} | |||
| {{IPA link|u}}, {{IPA link|uː}} | |||
|- align="center" | |||
! {{wp|Mid vowel|Mid}} | |||
| {{IPA link|e}}, {{IPA link|eː}} | |||
| {{IPA link|o}}, {{IPA link|oː}} | |||
|- align="center" | |||
! {{wp|Open vowel|Open}} | |||
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|a}}, {{IPA link|aː}} | |||
|} | |||
The language follows a vowel harmony system, where it groups up the vowels into three groups, front (i, e), central (a), and back (o, u). The front vowels follow i-harmony, the central follow a-harmony, and the back follow u-harmony. | |||
==Grammar== | |||
Mokha builds morphologically complex words by adding suffixes. For example, ''ch'elh'' is 'brother', ''ch'elh'sk'' is 'brothers', ''gich'elh'sk'' is 'my brothers', ''tagich'elh'sk'' is 'from my brothers'. The language employs an SOV word order. | |||
===Nouns=== | |||
The language has an 11 case system: | |||
{| class="wikitable | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Case | |||
! Affix | ! Affix | ||
! | ! Examlple Type 1: | ||
! | ! Examlple Type 2: | ||
! | ! Examlple Type 3: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| -Ø | | -Ø | ||
| | | ewak (canoe) | ||
| | | maske (dog) | ||
| salh (bow) | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Genitive | ||
| -(A)lh | |||
| ewak'''alh''' (of a canoe) | |||
| maske'''lh''' (of a dog) | |||
| salh''''lh''' (of a bow) | |||
| -( | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| - | | -u/w | ||
| | | ewak'''u''' (to a canoe) | ||
| | | maske'''w''' (to a dog) | ||
| | | salh'''u''' (to a bow) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Accusative | ||
| - | | -i/y | ||
| | | ewak'''i''' (canoe) | ||
| | | maske'''y''' (dog) | ||
| salh'''i''' (bow) | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Instrumental | ! Instrumental | ||
| - | | -(A)sA | ||
| | | ewak'''asa''' (with a canoe) | ||
| | | maske'''si''' (with a dog) | ||
| | | salh''''sa''' (with a bow) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Comparative{{efn|The comparative case can be combo-ed with {{wp|Comparison (grammar)|comparative}} affix, so the meaning shifts to "than", ex: yaa'''dlha''' (as ice), ch'alaw'''alh''' yaa'''dlha''' (cold as ice)}} | ||
| - | | -(A)dlhA | ||
| | | ewak'''adlha''' (as a canoe) | ||
| | | maske'''dlhi''' (as a dog) | ||
| | | salh'''dlha''' (as a bow) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Locative | ||
| -(A)mAA | |||
| ewak'''amaa''' (at/in a canoe) | |||
| -( | | maske'''mii''' (at/in a dog) | ||
| | | salh'''maa''' (at/in a bow) | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Allative | ! Allative | ||
| - | | ka(')- | ||
| | | '''ka''''ewak (to/towards a canoe) | ||
| | | '''ka'''maske (to/towards a dog) | ||
| | | '''ka'''salh (to/towards a bow) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Ablative | ! Ablative | ||
| | | ta(')- | ||
| ''' ta''''ewak (from a canoe) | |||
| '''ta'''maske (from a dog) | |||
| | | '''ta'''salh (from a bow) | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Benefactial | ! Benefactial | ||
| - | | -(A)rA | ||
| | | ewak'''ara''' ({{H:title|for the benefit of|for}} a canoe) | ||
| | | maske'''ri''' ({{H:title|for the benefit of|for}} a rain) | ||
| | | salh''''ra''' ({{H:title|for the benefit of|for}} a bow) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Vocative | ||
| - | | -ee<br>-/oo | ||
| | | ewak'''ee''' (''canoe!'') | ||
| | | mask'''oo''' (''dog!'') | ||
| | | salh'''ee''' (''bow!'') | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{notelist}} | |||
Mokha uses {{wp|Comparison (grammar)|Comparison}} affixes: | |||
*'''Positive''' - Bassic form of the word: big - saw | |||
* | *'''Negative''' - Negation of the word: (yo-) "unbig" - '''yo'''saw | ||
*'''Comparitive''' - Form for comparison relative to something, used with the Comparative case: (-('A)lh) bigger - saw'''alh''' | |||
*'''Superlative''' - Form showing absolute relative to a group: (-('A)lhk(A)) bigest - saw'''alhka''' | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Verbs in Mokha take a number of affixes to mark person, direction, tense, aspect, mood, and other, auxiliary verbs are also used to modify the verb. | |||
== | ==Language Examples== | ||
Universal Decleration of Human Rights: article 1: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
| ''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.'' | |||
{| class="wikitable | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''Wesc'a khask kha'atyap'ask imatask way pa'ask tlhegekyimi way tookh'skumu. Desk seyi walhalaw ne k'uu way satlh'a, way t'weyi ya shkeyi kad'skilhaywask ne ch'elhiw t'alh.'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
{{Mokhavia Navbox}} | {{Mokhavia Navbox}} | ||
{{Eurth}} | {{Eurth}} | ||
[[Category: Mokhavia]] | [[Category: Mokhavia]] | ||
[[Category: Eurth]] | [[Category:Language (Eurth)]] |
Latest revision as of 13:24, 19 September 2022
Mokha | |
---|---|
Khaskalhk'aa | |
Pronunciation | [xaskaɮk’aː] |
Native to | ![]() |
Ethnicity | 6,140,000 Mokha |
Native speakers | 6,041,000~ (98%) |
Standard forms | Coastal (Mokhavia)
Inland (Safjal)
|
Dialects |
|
Official status | |
Official language in | ![]() |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 | mk |
ISO 639-2 | mkh |
ISO 639-3 | mkh |
Mokha ([ˈmoʊhə, -kə], Mokha: Khaskalhk'aa [xaskaɮk’aː]) is a language spoken in northern central Argis. It is the official language in Mokhavia, and one of the working languages in Safjal. It is spoken by approximately 6 million native speakers in Mokhavia, Safjal and among the Mokha diaspora. It has tree dialects groups: Coastal, Inland and Highlands. The language is not related to any other language in the region, and is classified as a language isolate.
Writing system
Mokha is written in the Latin script, where it employs many polygraphs for the sounds that arent represented by the base script.
A.a | B.b | C.c | C'.c' | Ch.ch | Ch'.ch' | D.d | Dz.dz |
Dlh.dlh | E.e | F.f | G.g | H.h | I.i | J.j | K.k |
K'.k' | Kh.kh | L.l | Lh.lh | M.m | N.n | O.o | P.p |
P'.p' | Q.q | R.r | S.s | Sh.sh | T.t | T'.t' | Tlh.tlh |
Tlh'.tlh' | U.u | V.v | W.w | X.x | Y.y | Z.z | ' |
Detailed table of the Mokha alphabet with each letter's phoneme:
Order | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Latin upper case | A | B | C | C' | Ch | Ch' | D | Dz | Dlh | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | K' | Kh | L | Lh | M | N | O | P | P' | Q | R | S | Sh | T | T' | Tlh | Tlh' | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | ' |
Latin lower case | a | b | c | c' | ch | ch' | d | dz | dlh | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | k' | kh | l | lh | m | n | o | p | p' | q | r | s | sh | t | t' | tlh | tlh' | u | v | w | x | y | z | ' |
IPA sound | a | b | t͡s | t͡s’ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃ’ | d | d͡z | d͡ɮ | e | f | ɡ | - | i | d͡ʒ | k | k’ | x | l | ɬ~ɮ | m | n | o | p | p’ | k | ɾ | s | ʃ | t | t’ | t͡ɬ | t͡ɬ’ | u | w | w | ks | j | t͡s | ʔ, ᵊ◌ |
Phonology
Consonants
Mokha has 29 consonant phonemes. In old Mokha there used to be a distinction between plain and aspirated plosive sounds, but with it's transition into modern Mokha, the plain plosives became voiced, the voiceless consonants are still sometimes pronounced aspirated, depending on the region.
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive/ Affricate |
voiced | b | d | d͡z | d͡ɮ | d͡ʒ | ɡ | ʔ |
voiceless | p | t | t͡s | t͡ɬ | t͡ʃ | k | ||
ejective | p’ | t’ | t͡s’ | t͡ɬ’ | t͡ʃ’ | k’ | ||
Fricative | s | ɬ~ɮ | ʃ | x | ||||
Nasal | m | n | ||||||
Approximant | l | j | w | |||||
Rhotic | ɾ |
Vowels
Mokha has five vowels which have a short and long form:
Front | back | |
---|---|---|
Close | i, iː | u, uː |
Mid | e, eː | o, oː |
Open | a, aː |
The language follows a vowel harmony system, where it groups up the vowels into three groups, front (i, e), central (a), and back (o, u). The front vowels follow i-harmony, the central follow a-harmony, and the back follow u-harmony.
Grammar
Mokha builds morphologically complex words by adding suffixes. For example, ch'elh is 'brother', ch'elh'sk is 'brothers', gich'elh'sk is 'my brothers', tagich'elh'sk is 'from my brothers'. The language employs an SOV word order.
Nouns
The language has an 11 case system:
Case | Affix | Examlple Type 1: | Examlple Type 2: | Examlple Type 3: |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | -Ø | ewak (canoe) | maske (dog) | salh (bow) |
Genitive | -(A)lh | ewakalh (of a canoe) | maskelh (of a dog) | salh'lh (of a bow) |
Dative | -u/w | ewaku (to a canoe) | maskew (to a dog) | salhu (to a bow) |
Accusative | -i/y | ewaki (canoe) | maskey (dog) | salhi (bow) |
Instrumental | -(A)sA | ewakasa (with a canoe) | maskesi (with a dog) | salh'sa (with a bow) |
Comparative[a] | -(A)dlhA | ewakadlha (as a canoe) | maskedlhi (as a dog) | salhdlha (as a bow) |
Locative | -(A)mAA | ewakamaa (at/in a canoe) | maskemii (at/in a dog) | salhmaa (at/in a bow) |
Allative | ka(')- | ka'ewak (to/towards a canoe) | kamaske (to/towards a dog) | kasalh (to/towards a bow) |
Ablative | ta(')- | ta'ewak (from a canoe) | tamaske (from a dog) | tasalh (from a bow) |
Benefactial | -(A)rA | ewakara (for a canoe) | maskeri (for a rain) | salh'ra (for a bow) |
Vocative | -ee -/oo |
ewakee (canoe!) | maskoo (dog!) | salhee (bow!) |
- ↑ The comparative case can be combo-ed with comparative affix, so the meaning shifts to "than", ex: yaadlha (as ice), ch'alawalh yaadlha (cold as ice)
Mokha uses Comparison affixes:
- Positive - Bassic form of the word: big - saw
- Negative - Negation of the word: (yo-) "unbig" - yosaw
- Comparitive - Form for comparison relative to something, used with the Comparative case: (-('A)lh) bigger - sawalh
- Superlative - Form showing absolute relative to a group: (-('A)lhk(A)) bigest - sawalhka
Verbs
Verbs in Mokha take a number of affixes to mark person, direction, tense, aspect, mood, and other, auxiliary verbs are also used to modify the verb.
Language Examples
Universal Decleration of Human Rights: article 1:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. |
Wesc'a khask kha'atyap'ask imatask way pa'ask tlhegekyimi way tookh'skumu. Desk seyi walhalaw ne k'uu way satlh'a, way t'weyi ya shkeyi kad'skilhaywask ne ch'elhiw t'alh. |