Heraan language: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
No edit summary
m (+cat)
 
(16 intermediate revisions by 4 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{WIP}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name        = Heraʻan
| name        = Heraʻan
|nativename  = ''Āmanava Heraʻā''
| nativename  = ''Āmanava Heraʻā''
|states      = [[Selayar]]
| states      = [[Selayar]]
|speakers    = {{sigfig|18.54|2}} million
| speakers    = {{sigfig|18.54|2}} million
|date        = 2015 census
| date        = 2015 census
|speakers2  = [[Wikipedia:Second language|L2 speakers]]: {{sigfig|16.334|3}} million (2015 census)
| speakers2  = [[Wikipedia:Second language|L2 speakers]]: {{sigfig|16.334|3}} million (2015 census)
|familycolor = Boreaurelian
| familycolor = Boreaurelian
|fam2 = [[Mananaman languages|Manamanan]]
| fam2       = [[Mananaman languages|Manamanan]]
|fam3 = [[South Manamanan languages|South Manamanan]]
| fam3       = [[South Manamanan languages|South Manamanan]]
|fam4 = [[Selayaric languages|Selayaric]]
| fam4       = [[Selayaric languages|Selayaric]]
|fam5 = [[Heraʻan languages|Heraʻaic]]
| dia1       = Wanaperaʻan
|dia1 = Wanaperaʻan
| dia2       = Ruawan
|dia2 = Ruawan
| dia3       = Tinataʻan
|dia3 = Tinataʻan
| dia4       = Vahilan
|dia4 = Vahilan
| script      = [[Wikipedia:Latin script|Latin]] ([[Selayari alphabet]])<br />[[Selayari Braille]]
|script      = [[Wikipedia:Latin script|Latin]] ([[Selayari alphabet]])<br />[[Selayari Braille]]
| nation      = {{flag|Selayar}}
|nation      = {{flag|Selayar}}
| agency      = [[Ramuwaʻa na ʻAmanava Heraʻa]]
|agency      = [[Ramuwaʻa na ʻAmanava Heraʻa]]
| iso1       = sr
|iso1   = sr
| iso2       = slr
|iso2   = slr
| iso3       = slr
|iso3   = slr
}}
}}


'''Heraʻan language''' (''Āmanava Heraʻā'' ['aːmanava hɛ'raʔaː]) is a Boreaurelian language spoken in Selayar where it is the sole official language and the language of the Heraʻan people, one the country's dominant ethnic groups. In 2015, it was spoken as a first language by 18 million, primarily the Heraʻan people, and as a second language by 16 million, particularly ethnic minorities in Selayar.
'''Heraʻan language''' (''Āmanava Heraʻā'' ['aːmanava hɛ'raʔaː]) is a Boreaurelian language spoken in Selayar where it is the sole official language and the language of the Heraʻan people, one the country's dominant ethnic groups. In 2015, it was spoken as a first language by 18 million, primarily the Heraʻan people, and as a second language by 16 million, particularly ethnic minorities in Selayar.


It is closely related to other languages in Selayar, such as Reyan languages, Vayaran language, Rahese language, and more distantly to other Boreaurelian languages around the Manamana Bay.
It is closely related to other languages in Selayar, such as Reyan languages, Vayaran languages, Tanganan languages, and more distantly to other Boreaurelian languages around the [[Manamana Bay]].


Heraʻan is an agglutinative and polysynthetic language, largely trisyllabic, with verb-object-subject word order, and a typologically unusual kind of morphosyntactic alignment that is dubbed the [[Wikipedia:Austronesian allignment|Boreaurelian allignment]] by linguists.
Heraʻan is an agglutinative and synthetic language, largely trisyllabic, with verb-object-subject word order, and a typologically unusual kind of morphosyntactic alignment dubbed the [[Wikipedia:Austronesian alignment|Boreaurelian allignment]] by linguists.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Heraʻan has 15 phonemes, 11 of them are consonants and 4 are vowels. Syllable structure is (C)(V)(C)VCV, the parenthesis indicates it is optional.  
Heraʻan has 16 phonemes, 12 of them are consonants and 4 are vowels, not including long variants. The syllable structure is (C)V.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Vowel length is phonemic in Heraʻan; but three of the four long vowels occur in only a handful of word roots, the exception being /aː/.
Heraʻan has four surface vowels, and a distinction of [[Wikipedia:Vowel length|length]].
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ [[Wikipedia:Vowel|Vowel]]s
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | [[Wikipedia:Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" | [[Wikipedia:Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" | [[Wikipedia:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! {{small|short}}
! {{small|long}}
! {{small|short}}
! {{small|long}}
! {{small|short}}
! {{small|long}}
|-
! [[Wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA|i}}
| {{IPA|iː}}
| ||
| {{IPA|u}}
| {{IPA|uː}}
|-
! [[Wikipedia:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA|e}}
| {{IPA|ɛː}}
| ||
| ({{IPA|o}})
| ({{IPA|ɔː}})
|-
! [[Wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]]
| ||
|  {{IPA|a}}
| {{IPA|aː}}
| ||
|}
 
* /a/ an open front unrounded vowel similar to English "f'''a'''ther"
* /e/ an close-mid front unrounded vowel similar to English "b'''e'''d"
* /i/ a close front unrounded vowel similar to English "mach'''i'''ne"
* /u/ a close back unrounded vowel similar to English "fl'''u'''te"
 
The vowel [o] is an allophone of [u] at the end of a word, and it is rarely indicated in writing. Each vowel has a long vowel, and it is orthographically indicated by a macron above the vowel, e.g. ā. The quality of long vowels usually overlaps with the quality of short vowels, except [e], which has [ɛː] (open-mid front unrounded vowel) instead.
 
Heraʻan has several diphthongs, namely ai, au, iu, ia, ua, ui. This is sometimes represented as aw, yu, ya, wa, wi respectively.
 
===Consonants===


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Consonants
!
!
! align="center"|[[Wikipedia:Front vowel|Front]]
![[Wikipedia:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! align="center"|[[Wikipedia:Central vowel|Central]]
![[Wikipedia:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! align="center"|[[Wikipedia:Back vowel|Back]]
![[Wikipedia:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
|-
![[Wikipedia:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! align="left"|[[Wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]]
![[Wikipedia:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
| align="center"|'''i'''
|- align=center
![[Wikipedia:Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| {{IPA|m}} <m>
| {{IPA|n}} <n>
|
| {{IPA|ŋ}} <ng>
|
|- align=center
![[Wikipedia:Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
|
| {{IPA|t}} <t>
|
| {{IPA|k}} <k>
| {{IPA|ʔ}} <ʻ>
|- align=center
![[Wikipedia:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| {{IPA|β}} <v>
|
|
| align="center"|'''u''' {{IPA|[u]}}, {{IPA|[uː]}}
| {{IPA|s}} <s>
|-
! align="left"|[[Wikipedia:Mid vowel|Mid]]
| align="center"|'''e''' {{IPA|[eː]}}, {{IPA|[ɛ]}}  
|
|
| {{IPA|h}} <h>
|- align=center
![[Wikipedia:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|  
|  
|-
! align="left"|[[Wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]]
|
|
| align="center"|'''a''' {{IPA|[a]}}, {{IPA|[]}}
| {{IPA|j}} <y>
| {{IPA|w}} <w>
|
|- align=center
![[Wikipedia:Trill consonant|Tap]]
|
| {{IPA|r}} <r>
|
|
|
|
|}
|}


===Consonants===
Heraʻan has a total of 11 native consonants. All stops are unaspirated.
 
* Tap r [ɾ] is an allophone of [r] in word-initial position.
* [h] is usually omitted when it occurs word-initially, and is almost unheard word-medially in some dialects.
* [k] rarely occurs, mostly in borrowed words.
 
===Stress===
Stressing of a syllable in Heraʻan is usually predictable and non-phonemic (i.e. the meaning of a word never changes depending on the stress). The main stress always falls on the first syllable, and minor stress falls on the preceding third, fifth, etc. syllables. Inflected words usually follow the rule.
 
===Phonotactics===
Heraʻan has pretty strict phonotactics. It has a simple syllable structure, (C)V, and most words are trisyllabic. Final consonants are not allowed, and consonant cluster are non-existent.


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Heraʻan is a synthetic language that employs extensive agglutination


===Boreaurelian allignment===
===Boreaurelian alignment===


==Examples==
==Examples==
Line 67: Line 147:
===Numbers===
===Numbers===
The numbers (''a wirangana'') in Heraʻan are of two sets, the common and ''arana'' sets. The ''arana'' set is used exclusively for human, eg. age. The ''arana'' set are usually derived from partial reduplication of the common set, though this is not always the case.
The numbers (''a wirangana'') in Heraʻan are of two sets, the common and ''arana'' sets. The ''arana'' set is used exclusively for human, eg. age. The ''arana'' set are usually derived from partial reduplication of the common set, though this is not always the case.
[[Category:Selayar]]
[[Category:Language (Eurth)]]
{{Eurth}}

Latest revision as of 11:24, 30 January 2024

Heraʻan
Āmanava Heraʻā
Native toSelayar
Native speakers
19 million (2015 census)
L2 speakers: 16.3 million (2015 census)
Dialects
  • Wanaperaʻan
  • Ruawan
  • Tinataʻan
  • Vahilan
Latin (Selayari alphabet)
Selayari Braille
Official status
Official language in
 Selayar
Regulated byRamuwaʻa na ʻAmanava Heraʻa
Language codes
ISO 639-1sr
ISO 639-2slr
ISO 639-3slr

Heraʻan language (Āmanava Heraʻā ['aːmanava hɛ'raʔaː]) is a Boreaurelian language spoken in Selayar where it is the sole official language and the language of the Heraʻan people, one the country's dominant ethnic groups. In 2015, it was spoken as a first language by 18 million, primarily the Heraʻan people, and as a second language by 16 million, particularly ethnic minorities in Selayar.

It is closely related to other languages in Selayar, such as Reyan languages, Vayaran languages, Tanganan languages, and more distantly to other Boreaurelian languages around the Manamana Bay.

Heraʻan is an agglutinative and synthetic language, largely trisyllabic, with verb-object-subject word order, and a typologically unusual kind of morphosyntactic alignment dubbed the Boreaurelian allignment by linguists.

Phonology

Heraʻan has 16 phonemes, 12 of them are consonants and 4 are vowels, not including long variants. The syllable structure is (C)V.

Vowels

Heraʻan has four surface vowels, and a distinction of length.

Vowels
Front Central Back
short long short long short long
Close i u
Mid e ɛː (o) (ɔː)
Open a
  • /a/ an open front unrounded vowel similar to English "father"
  • /e/ an close-mid front unrounded vowel similar to English "bed"
  • /i/ a close front unrounded vowel similar to English "machine"
  • /u/ a close back unrounded vowel similar to English "flute"

The vowel [o] is an allophone of [u] at the end of a word, and it is rarely indicated in writing. Each vowel has a long vowel, and it is orthographically indicated by a macron above the vowel, e.g. ā. The quality of long vowels usually overlaps with the quality of short vowels, except [e], which has [ɛː] (open-mid front unrounded vowel) instead.

Heraʻan has several diphthongs, namely ai, au, iu, ia, ua, ui. This is sometimes represented as aw, yu, ya, wa, wi respectively.

Consonants

Consonants
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m <m> n <n> ŋ <ng>
Plosive t <t> k <k> ʔ <ʻ>
Fricative β <v> s h <h>
Approximant j <y> w <w>
Tap r <r>

Heraʻan has a total of 11 native consonants. All stops are unaspirated.

  • Tap r [ɾ] is an allophone of [r] in word-initial position.
  • [h] is usually omitted when it occurs word-initially, and is almost unheard word-medially in some dialects.
  • [k] rarely occurs, mostly in borrowed words.

Stress

Stressing of a syllable in Heraʻan is usually predictable and non-phonemic (i.e. the meaning of a word never changes depending on the stress). The main stress always falls on the first syllable, and minor stress falls on the preceding third, fifth, etc. syllables. Inflected words usually follow the rule.

Phonotactics

Heraʻan has pretty strict phonotactics. It has a simple syllable structure, (C)V, and most words are trisyllabic. Final consonants are not allowed, and consonant cluster are non-existent.

Grammar

Heraʻan is a synthetic language that employs extensive agglutination

Boreaurelian alignment

Examples

Numbers

The numbers (a wirangana) in Heraʻan are of two sets, the common and arana sets. The arana set is used exclusively for human, eg. age. The arana set are usually derived from partial reduplication of the common set, though this is not always the case.