This article belongs to the lore of Eurth.

Mokha language: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
mNo edit summary
 
(27 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{WIP}}
{{Region icon Eurth}}
{{Region icon Eurth}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
| name            = Mokha
| name            = Mokha
| altname          = Mokhavian, Nuket, Nanay, Yesay
| altname          =  
| nativename      = Nuk̠ettäjtäk, Jässäjänäjtäk, Jässäjk̠ytäjtäk
| nativename      = Khaskalhk'aa
| acceptance      =
| acceptance      =  
| image            = [[File:No-nb bldsa 3f089.jpg|297px]]
| image            =  
| imagesize        = <!-- or image_size -->
| imagesize        =  
| imagealt        =
| imagealt        =
| imagecaption    = Mokha people neer the city of Kalpa<br>''circa 1915''
| imagecaption    =  
| pronunciation    = [[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|/nuc͡çɛtːæjtæk/]] [[File:Speaker Icon.svg|13px|link=http://ipa-reader.xyz/?text=nuc%C3%A7%C9%9Btt%C3%A6jt%C3%A6k&voice=Liv]]<br>[[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|/jæsːæjænæjtæk/]] [[File:Speaker Icon.svg|13px|link=http://ipa-reader.xyz/?text=j%C3%A6ss%C3%A6j%C3%A6n%C3%A6jt%C3%A6k&voice=Liv]]<br>[[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|/jæsːæjc͡çɘtæjtæk/]] [[File:Speaker Icon.svg|13px|link=http://ipa-reader.xyz/?text=j%C3%A6ss%C3%A6jc%C3%A7%C9%98t%C3%A6jt%C3%A6k&voice=Liv]]
| pronunciation    = {{wp|International Phonetic Alphabet|[xaskaɮk’aː]}}
| states          = {{flag|Mokhavia}}<!-- or state -->
| states          = {{flag|Mokhavia}}, Safjal
| region          =
| region          =  
| creator          =
| creator          =  
| created          =
| created          =  
| setting          =
| setting          =  
| ethnicity        = Mokha people
| ethnicity        = 6,140,000 Mokha
| extinct          =
| extinct          =  
| era              =
| era              =  
| speakers        = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_language L1]: 3,040,000<br>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_language L2]: 2,130,000
| speakers        = 6,041,000~ (98%)
| date            =
| date            =  
| dateprefix      =
| dateprefix      =  
| ref              = <!-- up to e21 (or current edition) if ref is ''Ethnologue'' -->
| ref              = <!-- up to e21 (or current edition) if ref is ''Ethnologue'' -->
| refname          =
| refname          =  
| speakers2        =
| speakers2        =  
| revived          =
| revived          =  
| revived-category = <!-- or revived-cat -->
| revived-category = <!-- or revived-cat -->
| familycolor      = unduk
| familycolor      = american (areal)
| fam1            = Unduk
| family          = [[wikipedia:Language isolate|Language isolate]]
| fam2            = Northern
| protoname        =  
| fam3            = Nanaic
| ancestor        =  
| protoname        =
| ancestor        =
| ancestor2        = <!-- up to ancestor8 -->
| ancestor2        = <!-- up to ancestor8 -->
| standards        =
| standards        =  
| stand1          = Coastal
| stand1          = Coastal (Mokhavia)
| stand2          = <!-- up to stand6 -->
| stand2          = Inland (Safjal)
| dialects        =
| dialects        =  
| listclass        =
| listclass        =  
| dia1            = Coastal
| dia1            = Coastal
| dia2            = Forest
| dia2            = Inland
| dia3            = Plains
| dia3            = Highlands
| dia4            = Omal
| script          =  
| script          = [[wikipedia:Latin script|Latin alphabet]],<br>[[wikipedia:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic alphabet]]
| sign            =  
| sign            =
| posteriori      =  
| posteriori      =
| nation          = {{flag|Mokhavia}}
| nation          = {{flag|Mokhavia}}
| minority        =
| minority        =  
| agency          =
| agency          =  
| development_body =
| development_body =  
| iso1            = MK
| iso1            = mk
| iso1comment      =
| iso1comment      =  
| iso2            = MKH
| iso2            = mkh
| iso2b            =
| iso2b            =  
| iso2t            =
| iso2t            =  
| iso2comment      =
| iso2comment      =  
| iso3            = MKH
| iso3            = mkh
| iso3comment      =
| iso3comment      =  
| lc1              =
| lc1              =  
| ld1              =
| ld1              =  
| lc2              = <!-- up to lc30 -->
| lc2              = <!-- up to lc30 -->
| ld2              = <!-- up to ld30 -->
| ld2              = <!-- up to ld30 -->
| iso6            =
| iso6            =  
| isoexception    =
| isoexception    =  
| linglist        =
| linglist        =  
| lingname        =
| lingname        =  
| linglist2        = <!-- up to linglist6 -->
| linglist2        = <!-- up to linglist6 -->
| lingname2        = <!-- up to lingname6 -->
| lingname2        = <!-- up to lingname6 -->
| glotto          =
| glotto          =  
| glottoname      =
| glottoname      =  
| glotto2          = <!-- up to glotto5 -->
| glotto2          = <!-- up to glotto5 -->
| glottoname2      = <!-- up to glottoname5 -->
| glottoname2      = <!-- up to glottoname5 -->
| aiatsis          =
| aiatsis          =  
| aiatsisname      =
| aiatsisname      =  
| aiatsis2        = <!-- up to aiatsis6 -->
| aiatsis2        = <!-- up to aiatsis6 -->
| aiatsisname2    = <!-- up to aiatsisname6 -->
| aiatsisname2    = <!-- up to aiatsisname6 -->
| guthrie          =
| guthrie          =  
| ELP              =
| ELP              =  
| ELPname          =
| ELPname          =  
| ELP2            = <!-- up to ELP6 -->
| ELP2            = <!-- up to ELP6 -->
| ELPname2        = <!-- up to ELPname6 -->
| ELPname2        = <!-- up to ELPname6 -->
| glottopedia      =
| glottopedia      =  
| lingua          =
| lingua          =  
| lingua_ref      =
| lingua_ref      =  
| ietf            =
| ietf            =  
| map              = [[File:Native Speaker distribution map of the Mokha language.png|290px]]
| map              =  
| mapsize          =
| mapsize          =  
| mapalt          =
| mapalt          =  
| mapcaption      = Distribution of the language<br>{{legend|#007FFE|Absolute majority}}{{legend|#87C3FE|>50% are native speakers}}
| mapcaption      = Distribution of the language<br>{{legend|#007FFE|Absolute majority}}{{legend|#87C3FE|>50% are native speakers}}
| map2            =
| map2            =  
| mapalt2          =
| mapalt2          =  
| mapcaption2      =
| mapcaption2      =  
| pushpin_map      =
| pushpin_map      =  
| pushpin_image    =
| pushpin_image    =  
| pushpin_map_alt  =
| pushpin_map_alt  =  
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_map_caption =  
| pushpin_mapsize  =
| pushpin_mapsize  =  
| pushpin_label           =
| pushpin_label   =  
| pushpin_label_position  =
| pushpin_label_position  =  
| coordinates      = <!-- use {{Coord}} -->
| coordinates      = <!-- use {{Coord}} -->
| module          =
| module          =  
| notice          = IPA
| notice          = IPA
}}
}}
The '''Mokha language''' (Mokha: ''Nuk̠ettäjtäk'', ''Jässäjänäjtäk'', ''Jässäjk̠ytäjtäk'') is the language of the Mokha people ({{H:title|also known as|aka}}: Mokhavic/Mokhavian/Nuket/Nanay people), spoken on the coasts and inland of the Unduk lakes in [[Mokhavia]], mainly the Nanay and Monay lakes. It's one of the indeginous languages spoken on the continent of [[Argis]]. It's the official working langauge of the nation of [[Mokhavia]], spoken in the majority of the country.


==Classification==
Mokha ({{wp|International Phonetic Alphabet|[ˈmoʊhə, -kə]}}, Mokha: Khaskalhk'aa {{wp|International Phonetic Alphabet|[xaskaɮk’aː]}}) is a language spoken in northern central [[Argis]]. It is the official language in [[Mokhavia]], and one of the working languages in Safjal. It is spoken by approximately 6 million native speakers in [[Mokhavia]], Safjal and among the Mokha diaspora. It has tree dialects groups: Coastal, Inland and Highlands. The language is not related to any other language in the region, and is classified as a language isolate.
Mokha is a member of the Unduk language family, the Unduk languages are a sub Paleo-Canamo language group. Most other Unduk languages are endangered. The closest living language to Mokha is the Seykel language, some linguist say Seykel is just a dialect of Mokha, in which case the closest living language is the endangered Aarnuaq language. Unlike the Southern branch of the Unduk languages, the Northern branch is quite concervative.


{{Tree list}}
==Writing system==
*Undo-Kamak ?
Mokha is written in the {{wp|Latin script}}, where it employs many polygraphs for the sounds that arent represented by the base script.
**Unduk
***Northern
****Denayak*
****Nanaic
*****'''Mokha language'''
*****Seykel language
****Monaic
*****Aarnuaq language*
***Southern
****Yakrow language*
****Wakro language†
****Duwat language†
{{Tree list/end}}
: * - endangered
: † - extinct language


==Geographic Distribution==
{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse"
The Mokha language is spoken mainly in the majority north of the nation of [[Mokhavia]], around the Unduk lakes. Historically it was spoken in a larger area around the unduk's, but with the surounding germanic and slavic tribes it has shrunked to the modern confines.
<br>Most speakers are located on the eastern Nanay and northern Monay coasts, and around the Dene and Mäjsä rivers.
 
==History==
TBA
==Phonology & Orthography==
===Consonants===
{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|-
|+
! rowspan="2"|
! colspan="2"| [[wikipedia:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2"| [[wikipedia:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2"| [[wikipedia:Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>Alveolar]]
! colspan="2"| [[wikipedia:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2"| [[wikipedia:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2"| [[wikipedia:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
|-
! Plain
! [[wikipedia:Gemination|Long]]
! Plain
! [[wikipedia:Gemination|Long]]
! Plain
! [[wikipedia:Gemination|Long]]
! Plain
! [[wikipedia:Gemination|Long]]
! Plain
! [[wikipedia:Gemination|Long]]
! Plain
! [[wikipedia:Gemination|Long]]
|-
! [[wikipedia:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| m {{IPA link|m|[m]}}
| mm {{IPA link|mː|[mː]}}
| n {{IPA link|n|[n]}}
| nn {{IPA link|nː|[nː]}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
! [[wikipedia:Plosive|Plosive]]
| p {{IPA link|p|[p]}}
| pp {{IPA link|pː|[pː]}}
| t {{IPA link|t|[t]}}
| tt {{IPA link|tː|[tː]}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| k {{IPA link|k|[k]}}
| kk {{IPA link|kː|[kː]}}
| q {{IPA link|q|[q]}}
| qq {{IPA link|qː|[qː]}}
|-
! [[wikipedia:Affricate|Affricate]]
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| ts {{IPA link|t͡s|[t͡s]}}
| tts {{IPA link|t͡sː|[t͡sː]}}
| ts̠ {{IPA link|t͡s̻|[t͡s̻]}}
| tts̠ {{IPA link|t͡s̻ː|[t͡s̻ː]}}
| k̠ {{IPA link|ç|[ç]}}
| k̠k̠ {{IPA link|çː|[çː]}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
! [[wikipedia:Sibilant|Sibilant]] [[wikipedia:Fricative|Fricative]]
| v {{IPA link|v|[v]}}
| vv {{IPA link|vː|[vː]}}
| s {{IPA link|s|[s]}}
| ss {{IPA link|sː|[sː]}}
| s̠ {{IPA link|s̻|[s̻]}}
| s̠s̠ {{IPA link|s̻ː|[s̻ː]}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| x {{IPA link|x|[x]}}
| xx {{IPA link|xː|[xː]}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
! [[wikipedia:Lateral consonant|Lateral]] [[wikipedia:Fricative|Fricative]]
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| ł {{IPA link|ɬ|[ɬ]}}
| łł {{IPA link|ɬː|[ɬː]}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
! [[wikipedia:Approximant|Aproximant]]
| w {{IPA link|w|[w]}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| l {{IPA link|l|[l]}}
| ll {{IPA link|lː|[lː]}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| j  {{IPA link|j|[j]}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-  
! [[wikipedia:Tap and flap consonants|Tap/Flap]]
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| r {{IPA link|ɾ|[ɾ~r]}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
|}
 
===Vowels & Vowel Harmony===
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
!rowspan=3|
!colspan=2| [[Wikipedia:Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Wikipedia:Central vowel|Central]]
!colspan=4| [[Wikipedia:Back vowel|Back]]
|-class=small
!colspan=2| [[Wikipedia:Roundedness|unrounded]]
! [[Wikipedia:Roundedness|unrounded]]
!colspan=2| [[Wikipedia:Roundedness|unrounded]]
!colspan=2| [[Wikipedia:Roundedness|rounded]]
|-class=small
! [[Wikipedia:Short vowel|short]]
! [[Wikipedia:Long vowel|long]]
! [[Wikipedia:Short vowel|short]]
! [[Wikipedia:Short vowel|short]]
! [[Wikipedia:Long vowel|long]]
! [[Wikipedia:Short vowel|short]]
! [[Wikipedia:Long vowel|long]]
|-
! [[Wikipedia:Close vowel|Close]]
| i {{IPA link|i|[i]}}
| ii {{IPA link|iː|[iː]}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| u {{IPA link|u|[u]}}
| uu {{IPA link|uː|[uː]}}
|-
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | A{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}a
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | B{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}b
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | C{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}c
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | C'{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}c'
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ch{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}ch
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ch'{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}ch'
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | D{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}d
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Dz{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}dz
|-
|-
! [[Wikipedia:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Dlh{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}dlh
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | E{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}e
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | F{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}f
| y {{IPA link|ɘ|[ɘ]}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | G{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}g
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{color|#808080|H{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}h}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | I{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}i
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | J{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}j
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | K{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}k
|-
|-
! [[Wikipedia:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | K'{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}k'
| e {{IPA link|ɛ|[ɛ]}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Kh{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}kh
| ee {{IPA link|ɛː|[ɛː]}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | L{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}l
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Lh{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}lh
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | M{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}m
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | N{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}n
| o {{IPA link|ɔ|[ɔ]}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | O{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}o
| oo {{IPA link|ɔː|[ɔː]}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | P{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}p
|-
|-
! [[Wikipedia:Open vowel|Open]]
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | P'{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}p'
| ä {{IPA link|æ|[æ]}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{color|#808080|Q{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}q}}
| ää {{IPA link|æː|[æː]}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | R{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}r
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | S{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}s
| a {{IPA link|ɑ|[ɑ]}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Sh{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}sh
| aa {{IPA link|ɑː|[ɑː]}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | T{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}t
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |({{IPA link|ɒ|[ɒ]}}){{efn|Common allophone of /ɑ/, appears mainly in vowel harmony after the vowels /ɔ/ and /u/.}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | T'{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}t'
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Tlh{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}tlh
|-
!
! colspan="3" |
! colspan="4" |
|-
! [[wikipedia:Vowel harmony|Harmony]]
| colspan="3" | ä
| colspan="4" | a
|-
|}
{{notelist}}
vowel harmony occurance in affixes is marked with (v)
 
===Stress===
Stress in modern Mokha is free-flowing, and dosen't convey meaning
===Writing system===
Mokha is written in the Unduk Alphabet, which is a modified {{wp|Latin script|Latin alphabet}} used for the Unduk languages.
 
Mokha Variant:
{| style="font-family:'Times new roman'; font-size:1.4em; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | A a
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ä ä
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | E e
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | I i
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | J j
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | K k
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | K̠ k̠
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | L l
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ł ł
|-
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | M m
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Tlh'{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}tlh'
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | N n
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | U{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}u
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | O o
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{color|#808080|V{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}v}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | P p
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | W{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}w
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Q q
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{color|#808080|X{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}x}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | R r
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Y{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}y
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | S s
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{color|#808080|Z{{font|text=.|color=transparent}}z}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | S̠ s̠
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | '
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | T t
|-
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ts ts
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ts̠ ts̠
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | U u
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | V v
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | W w
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | X x
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Y y
|}
|}
<br>
<br>
Unnoficial ways to write the special characters, seen mainly online.<br>Due to the fact the letter ⟨h⟩ dosen't appear in the language officially, it's usually used in combination with others:
Detailed table of the Mokha alphabet with each letter's phoneme:
* Ä ä → ah / ää → aah
* K̠ k̠ → kj / k̠k̠ → kkj
* Ł ł → lh / łł → llh
* S̠ s̠ → sh / s̠s̠ → ssh
* Ts̠ ts̠ → tsh / tts̠ → ttsh
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!Order
!1 !!2 !!3 !!4 !!5 !!6 !!7 !!8 !!9 !!10
!11 !!12 !!13 !!14 !!15 !!16 !!17 !!18 !!19 !!20
!21 !!22 !!23 !!24 !!25
|-
![[wikipedia:Capital letters|Majuscule]]
|A ||Ä ||E ||I ||J ||K ||K̠ ||L ||Ł ||M
|N ||O ||P ||Q ||R ||S ||S̠ ||T ||Ts ||Ts̠
|U ||V ||W ||X ||Y
|-
![[wikipedia:Lower case|Minuscule]]
|a ||ä ||e ||i ||j ||k ||k̠ ||l ||ł ||m
|n ||o ||p ||q ||r ||s ||s̠ ||t ||ts ||ts̠
|u ||v ||w ||x ||y
|-
![[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA Sound]]
|{{IPA link|ɑ}} ||{{IPA link|æ}} ||{{IPA link|ɛ}} ||{{IPA link|i}} ||{{IPA link|j}} ||{{IPA link|k}} ||{{IPA link|ç}} ||{{IPA link|l}} ||{{IPA link|ɬ}} ||{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}} ||{{IPA link|ɔ}} ||{{IPA link|p}} ||{{IPA link|q}} ||{{IPA link|ɾ}} ||{{IPA link|s}} ||{{IPA link|s̻}} ||{{IPA link|t}} ||{{IPA link|t͡s}} ||{{IPA link|t͡s̻}}
|{{IPA link|u}} ||{{IPA link|v}} ||{{IPA link|w}} ||{{IPA link|x}} ||{{IPA link|ɘ}}
|-
|}
<br>
A {{wp|Cyrillic script}} variant for Mokha was established by the Mokha Abrod Association (MAA) for Mokha people living in nations in which the script is used as primary, for ease on Electronic devices, like Computers and such.
Cyrillic Variant:
{| style="font-family:'Times new roman'; font-size:1.4em; border-color:black; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | А а
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Аь аь
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | В в
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Е е
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | И и
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Й й
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | К к
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Кь кь
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Къ къ
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Л л
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Лъ лъ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | М м
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Н н
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | О о
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | П п
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Р р
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | С с
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Т т
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | У у
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ў ў
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Х х
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ц ц
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ч ч
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ш ш
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ъ ъ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ы ы
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ь ь
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ю ю
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Я я
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Яь яь
|-
|-
|}
Generaly long consonants and vowels are written bydublicating the letter, but there are some exceptions:
* ää → ааь
* jää → яаь
* k̠k̠ → ккь
* qq → ккъ
* łł → ллъ
* tts → тц
* tts̠ → тч
In nations where the letter ⟨ў⟩, ⟨у⟩ is also used, but ⟨ў⟩ is preffered to minimalize confusion.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!Order
!Order
!1 !!2 !!3 !!4 !!5 !!6 !!7 !!8 !!9 !!10
!1 !!2 !!3 !!4 !!5 !!6 !!7 !!8 !!9 !!10
!11 !!12 !!13 !!14 !!15 !!16 !!17 !!18 !!19 !!20
!11 !!12 !!13 !!14 !!15 !!16 !!17 !!18 !!19 !!20
!21 !!22 !!23 !!24 !!25 !!26 !!27 !!28 !!29 !!30
!21 !!22 !!23 !!24 !!25 !!26 !!27 !!28 !!29 !!30
!31 !!32 !!33 !!34 !!35 !!36 !!37 !!38 !!39 !!40
|-
|-
![[wikipedia:Capital letters|Majuscule]]
!{{wp|Latin script|Latin}} upper case
|А ||Аь ||В ||Е ||И ||Й ||К ||Кь ||Къ ||Л
|A ||B ||C ||C' ||Ch ||Ch' ||D ||Dz ||Dlh ||E
|Лъ ||М ||Н ||О ||П ||Р ||С ||Т ||У ||Ў
|F ||G ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |H ||I ||J ||K ||K' ||Kh ||L ||Lh
|Х ||Ц ||Ч ||Ш ||Ъ ||Ы ||Ь ||Ю ||Я ||Яь
|M ||N ||O ||P ||P' ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |Q ||R ||S ||Sh ||T
|T' ||Tlh ||Tlh' ||U ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |V ||W ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |X ||Y ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |Z ||'
|-
|-
![[wikipedia:Lower case|Minuscule]]
!{{wp|Latin script|Latin}} lower case
|а ||аь ||в ||е ||и ||й ||к ||кь ||къ ||л
|a ||b ||c ||c' ||ch ||ch' ||d ||dz ||dlh ||e
|лъ ||м ||н ||о ||п ||р ||с ||т ||у ||ў
|f ||g ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |h ||i ||j ||k ||k' ||kh ||l ||lh
|х ||ц ||ч ||ш ||ъ ||ы ||ь ||ю ||я ||яь
|m ||n ||o ||p ||p' ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |q ||r ||s ||sh ||t
|t' ||tlh ||tlh' ||u ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |v ||w ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |x ||y ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |z ||'
|-
|-
![[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA Sound]]
!{{wp|International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA}} sound
|{{IPA link|ɑ}} ||{{IPA link|æ}} ||{{IPA link|v}} ||{{IPA link|ɛ}} ||{{IPA link|i}} ||{{IPA link|j}} ||{{IPA link|k}} ||{{IPA link|ç}} ||{{IPA link|q}} ||{{IPA link|l}}
! {{IPAlink|a}} !!{{IPAlink|b}} !!{{IPAlink|t͡s}} !!{{IPAlink|t͡s’}} !!{{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}} !!{{IPAlink|t͡ʃ’}} !!{{IPAlink|d}} !!{{IPAlink|d͡z}} !!{{IPAlink|d͡ɮ}} !!{{IPAlink|e}}
|{{IPA link|ɬ}} ||{{IPA link|m}} ||{{IPA link|n}} ||{{IPA link|ɔ}} ||{{IPA link|p}} ||{{IPA link|ɾ}} ||{{IPA link|s}} ||{{IPA link|t}} ||{{IPA link|u}} ||{{IPA link|w}} ||{{IPA link|x}}
! {{IPAlink|f}} !!{{IPAlink|ɡ}} !!- !!{{IPAlink|i}} !!{{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}} !!{{IPAlink|k}} !!{{IPAlink|k’}} !!{{IPAlink|x}} !!{{IPAlink|l}} !!{{IPAlink|ɬ}}~{{IPAlink|ɮ}}
|{{IPA link|t͡s}} ||{{IPA link|t͡s̻}} ||{{IPA link|s̻}} ||- ||{{IPA link|ɘ}} ||{{IPA link|◌j}} ||ju ||jɑ ||jæ
! {{IPAlink|m}} !!{{IPAlink|n}} !!{{IPAlink|o}} !!{{IPAlink|p}} !!{{IPAlink|p’}} !!{{IPAlink|k}} !!{{IPAlink|ɾ}} !!{{IPAlink|s}} !!{{IPAlink|ʃ}} !!{{IPAlink|t}}
! {{IPAlink|t’}} !!{{IPAlink|t͡ɬ}} !!{{IPAlink|t͡ɬ’}} !!{{IPAlink|u}} !!{{IPAlink|w}} !!{{IPAlink|w}} !!ks !!{{IPAlink|j}} !!{{IPAlink|t͡s}} !!{{IPAlink|ʔ}}, ᵊ◌
|-
|-
|}
|}
<br>


==Grammar==
==Phonology==
Mokha is a [[wikipedia:Synthetic language|synthetic language]] that employs extensive [[wikipedia:Agglutination|agglutination]] of affixes to verbs, nouns, adjectives and numerals.
===Consonants===
 
Mokha has 29 consonant phonemes. In old Mokha there used to be a distinction between plain and aspirated plosive sounds, but with it's transition into modern Mokha, the plain plosives became voiced, the voiceless consonants are still sometimes pronounced aspirated, depending on the region.
===Syntax & Syllable structure===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
*SVO (SOV)
*possessor - possessee
*noun like adjectives
*adjective - noun
*postpositions
*Verb - Auxiliary
 
: Mokha syllable structure is (C)(C)V(C)(C)
 
===Nouns===
====Animacy====
Mokha, like other Unduk languages, distinguishes animate and inanimate objects. Due to their faith, animates also include plants, fluids, and groups of animates.
A food that has been processed is concidered to be inanimate, as it no longer possesses life, seen from a religeous view.
 
====Number====
Theres a distinction between animate and innanimate nouns in Number.
 
For Animate nouns:
* for words ending in consonants other than ⟨r, j, w⟩ the suffix ''-(C*)(v)'', with the last consonant lenghtening: ''k̠et'' (man) → ''k̠et'''tä''''' (men)
* for words ending in the ⟨r, j, w⟩ consonants the suffix ''-(v)t'': ''ammaj'' (bush) → ''ammaj'''at''''' (bushes)
* for words ending in the vowel short ⟨e⟩, the suffix ''-/yt'': ''niive'' (fish (sin)) → ''niiv'''yt''''' (fish (plr))
* for words ending in vowels, long or short, the suffix ''-jt'': ''mytä'' (woman) → ''mytä'''jt''''' (women)
 
For Inanimate nouns:
* for words ending in consonants, the suffix ''-it(v)'': ''äjään'' (canoe) → ''äjään'''itä'''(canoes)
* for words ending in the vowel short ⟨e⟩, the suffix ''-/ytä'': ''kaavve'' (coffee (sin)) → ''kaavv'''ytä''''' (coffee (plr))
* for words ending in vowels, long or short, the suffix ''-jtä'': ''meeti'' (comb) → ''meeti'''jtä''''' (combs)
 
====Articles====
Articles only appear after the noun
{| class="wikitable"; style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
! Type
! colspan="2" |
! Word
! {{wp|labial consonant|Labial}}
! Аffix<br>(consonant)
! colspan="3" | {{wp|alveolar consonant|Alveolar}}
! Example
! {{wp|palatal consonant|Palatal}}
! Аffix<br>(vowel)
! {{wp|velar consonant|Velar}}
! Example
! {{wp|glottal consonant|Glottal}}
|-
|-
! ''none''
! rowspan="3" | {{wp|Plosive}}/<br>{{wp|Affricate}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
! {{small|voiced}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| {{IPAlink|b}}
| niivyt (fish) (plural)
| {{IPAlink|d}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| {{IPAlink|d͡z}}
| attä (lichen) (singular)
| {{IPAlink|d͡ɮ}}
| {{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}}
| {{IPAlink|ɡ}}
| rowspan="3"| {{IPAlink|ʔ}}
|-
|-
! definite
! {{small|voiceless}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| {{IPAlink|p}}
| -(v)k
| {{IPAlink|t}}
| niivyt'''äk''' ('''the''' fish)
| {{IPAlink|t͡s}}
| -jk{{efn|When the word ends in the vowel short ⟨e⟩, the suffix is ''-/yk'': ''niiv'''e''''' (fish) → ''niiv'''yk''''' (the fish)}}
| {{IPAlink|t͡ɬ}}
| attä'''jk''' ('''the''' lichen)
| {{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}}
| {{IPAlink|k}}
|-
|-
! Proximal-demonstrative
! {{small|ejective}}
| kao
| {{IPAlink|p’}}
| ka-
| {{IPAlink|t’}}
| '''ka'''niivyt ('''these''' fish)
| {{IPAlink|t͡s’}}
| k̠-
| {{IPAlink|t͡ɬ’}}
| '''k̠'''attä ('''this''' lichen)
| {{IPAlink|t͡ʃ’}}
| {{IPAlink|k’}}
|-
|-
! Distal-demonstrative
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Fricative}}
| łe
|  
| łu-
| colspan="2" | {{IPAlink|s}}
| '''łu'''niivyt ('''those''' fish)
| {{IPAlink|ɬ}}~{{IPAlink|ɮ}}
| ł-
| {{IPAlink|ʃ}}
| '''ł'''attä ('''that''' lichen)
| {{IPAlink|x}}
|  
|-
|-
! Partitive
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Nasal}}
| nys̠ol
| {{IPAlink|m}}
| ny-
| colspan="3" | {{IPAlink|n}}
| '''ny'''niivyt ('''some''' fish)
|  
| nyj-
|  
| '''nyj'''attä ('''some''' lichen)
|  
|-
|-
! Partitive-Collective
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Approximant}}
| itäjtä
|  
| itä-
| colspan="3" | {{IPAlink|l}}
| '''itä'''niivyt ('''most''' fish)
| {{IPAlink|j}}
| it-
| {{IPAlink|w}}
| '''it'''attä ('''most''' lichen)
|  
|-
|-
! Non-Partitive
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Liquid consonant|Rhotic}}
| ejnytä
|  
| ejne-
| colspan="3" | {{IPAlink|ɾ}}
| '''ejne'''niivyt ('''no''' fish)
|  
| ejn-
|  
| '''ejn'''attä ('''no''' lichen)
|-
|-
|}
|}
{{notelist}}


====Cases====
===Vowels===
Mokha has a complex case system, consisting of 19 cases, wich differ from animate and inanimate nouns:
Mokha has five vowels which have a short and long form:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! align="center" | {{wp|Front vowel|Front}}
! align="center" | {{wp|Back vowel|back}}
|- align="center"
! {{wp|Close vowel|Close}}
| {{IPA link|i}}, {{IPA link|iː}}
| {{IPA link|u}}, {{IPA link|uː}}
|- align="center"
! {{wp|Mid vowel|Mid}}
| {{IPA link|e}}, {{IPA link|eː}}
| {{IPA link|o}}, {{IPA link|oː}}
|- align="center"
! {{wp|Open vowel|Open}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|a}}, {{IPA link|aː}}
|}
The language follows a vowel harmony system, where it groups up the vowels into three groups, front (i, e), central (a), and back (o, u). The front vowels follow i-harmony, the central follow a-harmony, and the back follow u-harmony.
 
==Grammar==
Mokha builds morphologically complex words by adding suffixes. For example, ''ch'elh'' is 'brother', ''ch'elh'sk'' is 'brothers', ''gich'elh'sk'' is 'my brothers', ''tagich'elh'sk'' is 'from my brothers'. The language employs an SOV word order.


{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
===Nouns===
|-
The language has an 11 case system:
! colspan="5" | Animate
{| class="wikitable
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! colspan="2" | end-vowel
! colspan="2" | end-consonant
|-
|-
! Case
! Affix
! Affix
! Example
! Examlple Type 1:
! Affix
! Examlple Type 2:
! Example
! Examlple Type 3:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| -Ø
| -Ø
| mytä (woman -NOM)
| ewak (canoe)
| -Ø
| maske (dog)
| k̠et (man -NOM)
| salh (bow)
|-
! Dative
| -j
| mytä'''j''' (to a woman)
| -(v)j
| k̠et'''äj''' (to a man)
|-
! Genative
| -s̠
| mytä'''s̠''' (of a woman)
| -(v)s̠
| k̠et'''äs̠''' (of a man)
|-
! Accusitive
| -t
| mytä'''t''' (woman -ACC)
| -(v)t
| k̠et'''ät''' (man -ACC)
|-
! Instrumental
| -p
| mytä'''p''' (using a woman)
| -(v)p
| k̠et'''äp''' (using a man)
|-
! Comitative
| -ts̠
| mytä'''ts̠''' (with a woman)
| -(v)ts̠
| k̠et'''äts̠''' (with a man)
|-
! Comparative
| -l
| mytä'''l''' (than/as a woman)
| -(v)l
| k̠et'''äl''' (than/as a man)
|-
! Inessive
| -v
| mytä'''v''' (in/side a woman)
| -(v)v
| k̠et'''äv''' (in/side a man)
|-
! Adessive
| -r
| mytä'''r''' (neer a woman)
| -(v)r
| k̠et'''är''' (neer a man)
|-
! Postessive
| -ks
| mytä'''ks''' (behind a woman)
| -(v)ks
| k̠et'''äks''' (behind a man)
|-
! Superessive
| -v(v)r
| mytä'''vär''' (on top of/above a woman)
| -(v)v(v)r
| k̠et'''ävär''' (on top of/above a man)
|-
! Subessive
| -k̠i
| mytä'''k̠i''' (under a woman)
| -(v)ki
| k̠et'''äk̠i''' (under a man)
|-
! Allative
| -m
| mytä'''m''' (to/towards a woman)
| -(v)m
| k̠et'''äm''' (to/towards a man)
|-
! Ablative
| -jo
| mytä'''jo''' (from a woman)
| -(v)jo
| k̠et'''äjo''' (from a man)
|-
! Lative
| -vi
| mytä'''vi''' (going in/side a woman)
| -(v)vi
| k̠et'''ävi''' (going in/side a man)
|-
! Elative
| -x
| mytä'''x''' (out of a woman)
| -(v)x
| k̠et'''äx''' (out of a man)
|-
|-
! Benefactial
! Genitive
| -w(v)
| -(A)lh
| mytä'''wä''' (for a woman)
| ewak'''alh''' (of a canoe)
| -w(v)
| maske'''lh''' (of a dog)
| k̠et'''wä''' (for a man)
| salh''''lh''' (of a bow)
|-
! Prolative
| -n(v)
| mytä'''nä''' (via a woman)
| -(v)n(v)
| k̠et'''änä''' (via a man)
|-
|}
 
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! colspan="5" | Inanimate
|-
! rowspan="2" | Case
! colspan="2" | end-vowel
! colspan="2" | end-consonant
|-
! Affix
! Example
! Affix
! Example
|-
! Nominative
| -Ø
| saaqa (snow -NOM)
| -Ø
| qaat (rock -NOM)
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| -q
| -u/w
| saaqa'''q''' (to snow)
| ewak'''u''' (to a canoe)
| -(v)q
| maske'''w''' (to a dog)
| qaat'''aq''' (to a rock)
| salh'''u''' (to a bow)
|-
! Genative
| -s
| saaqa'''s''' (of snow)
| -(v)s
| qaat'''as''' (of a rock)
|-
|-
! Accusitive
! Accusative
| -ły
| -i/y
| saaqa'''ły''' (snow -ACC)
| ewak'''i''' (canoe)
| -(v)ły
| maske'''y''' (dog)
| qaat'''ały''' (rock -ACC)
| salh'''i''' (bow)
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| -p
| -(A)sA
| saaqa'''p''' (using snow)
| ewak'''asa''' (with a canoe)
| -(v)p
| maske'''si''' (with a dog)
| qaat'''ap''' (using a rock)
| salh''''sa''' (with a bow)
|-
! Comitative
| -ty
| saaqa'''ty''' (with snow)
| -(v)ty
| qaat'''aty''' (with a rock)
|-
! Comparative
| -l
| saaqa'''l''' (than/as snow)
| -(v)l
| qaat'''al''' (than/as a rock)
|-
! Inessive
| -vy
| saaqa'''vy''' (in/side snow)
| -(v)vy
| qaat'''avy''' (in/side a rock)
|-
! Adessive
| -ly
| saaqa'''ly''' (neer snow)
| -(ä)ly
| qaat'''aly''' (neer a rock)
|-
! Postessive
| -xs
| saaqa'''xs''' (behind snow)
| -(v)xs
| qaat'''axs''' (behind a rock)
|-
|-
! Superessive
! Comparative{{efn|The comparative case can be combo-ed with {{wp|Comparison (grammar)|comparative}} affix, so the meaning shifts to "than", ex: yaa'''dlha''' (as ice), ch'alaw'''alh''' yaa'''dlha''' (cold as ice)}}
| -v(v)r
| -(A)dlhA
| saaqa'''var''' (on top of/above snow)
| ewak'''adlha''' (as a canoe)
| -(v)v(v)r
| maske'''dlhi''' (as a dog)
| qaat'''avar''' (on top of/above a rock)
| salh'''dlha''' (as a bow)
|-
|-
! Subessive
! Locative
| -t(v)r
| -(A)mAA
| saaqa'''tar''' (under snow)
| ewak'''amaa''' (at/in a canoe)
| -(a)t(v)r
| maske'''mii''' (at/in a dog)
| qaat'''atar''' (under a rock)
| salh'''maa''' (at/in a bow)
|-
|-
! Allative
! Allative
| -my
| ka(')-
| saaqa'''my''' (to/towards snow)
| '''ka''''ewak (to/towards a canoe)
| -(v)my
| '''ka'''maske (to/towards a dog)
| qaat'''amy''' (to/towards a rock)
| '''ka'''salh (to/towards a bow)
|-
|-
! Ablative
! Ablative
| -jo
| ta(')-
| saaqa'''jo''' (from snow)
| ''' ta''''ewak (from a canoe)
| -(v)jo
| '''ta'''maske (from a dog)
| qaat'''ajo''' (from a rock)
| '''ta'''salh (from a bow)
|-
! Lative
| -wn(v)
| saaqa'''wna''' (going in/side snow)
| -(v)wn(v)
| qaat'''awna''' (going in/side a rock)
|-
! Elative
| -xy
| saaqa'''xy''' (out of snow)
| -(v)xy
| qaat'''axy''' (out of a rock)
|-
|-
! Benefactial
! Benefactial
| -wa
| -(A)rA
| saaqa'''wa''' (for snow)
| ewak'''ara''' ({{H:title|for the benefit of|for}} a canoe)
| -wa
| maske'''ri''' ({{H:title|for the benefit of|for}} a rain)
| qaat'''wa''' (for a rock)
| salh''''ra''' ({{H:title|for the benefit of|for}} a bow)
|-
|-
! Prolative
! Vocative
| -n
| -ee<br>-/oo
| saaqa'''n''' (via snow)
| ewak'''ee''' (''canoe!'')
| -(v)n
| mask'''oo''' (''dog!'')
| qaat'''an''' (via a rock)
| salh'''ee''' (''bow!'')
|-
|}
 
Note: When the [[wikipedia:Comparative case|Comparative case]] is used with the comparative [[wikipedia:Comparison (grammar)|Comparison]] affix, the meaning is "than", in other use the case means "as":
: ''sappen äs̠s̠el'''äl''''' - cold as ice
: ''sappen'''laj''' äs̠s̠el'''äl''''' - colder than ice
 
===Adjectives===
Adjectives in Mokha by default come before the noun, but they can go after if needed, nouns and verbs can be turned into adjectives via a suffix:
: suffix after a consonant -(v)n: ''k̠et'' (man) → ''k̠et'''än''''' (manly)
: suffix after a vowel -n: ''xanäjme'' (tribe/clan) → ''xanäjme'''n''''' (tribal)
 
: example with verb-to-adjective: ''ässä'' (to freeze) → ''ässä'''n''''' (freezing)
 
Adjectives agree with the number and article of the noun its effecting:
: ''ataw mytä'' (pretty woman) → ''ataw'''at''' mytä'''jt''''' (pretty women) → ''ataw'''atak''' mytä'''jtak''''' (the pretty women)
: ''arun vajnax'' (bloody battle axe)  → ''arun'''na''' vajnax'''ita''''' (bloody battle axes) → ''arun'''nak''' vajnax'''itak''''' (the bloody battle axes)
 
===Personal Pronouns===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! rowspan="3" | Person & Number
! colspan="5" | Singular
! colspan="5" | Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! colspan="2" | 3d
! rowspan="2" | Self
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! colspan="2" | 3d
! rowspan="2" | Self
|-
! Animate
! Inanimate
! Animate
! Inanimate
|-
! NOM
|Kol
|Ets̠i
|Äj
|Ym
|Tajtuj
|Kootä
|Ets̠iitä
|Äjiitä
|Yntä
|Tajtwiitä
|-
! DAT
|Kolaj
|Ets̠ij
|Äjäj
|Ymäj
|Tajtujaj
|Kootäj
|Ets̠iitäj
|Äjiitäj
|Yntäj
|Tajtwiitäj
|-
! GEN
|Kolas̠
|Ets̠is̠
|Äjäs̠
|Ymäs̠
|Tajtujas̠
|Kootäs̠
|Ets̠iitäs̠
|Äjiitäs̠
|Yntäs̠
|Tajtwiitäs̠
|-
! ACC
|Kolat
|Ets̠it
|Äjät
|Ymät
|Tajtujat
|Kootät
|Ets̠iität
|Äjiität
|Yntät
|Tajtwiität
|-
! INS
|Kolap
|Ets̠ip
|Äjäp
|Ymäp
|Tajtujap
|Kootäp
|Ets̠iitäp
|Äjiitäp
|Yntäp
|Tajtwiitäp
|-
! COM
|Kolats̠
|Ets̠its̠
|Äjäts̠
|Ymäts̠
|Tajtujats̠
|Kootäts̠
|Ets̠iitäts̠
|Äjiitäts̠
|Yntäts̠
|Tajtwiitäts̠
|-
! COMP
|Kolal
|Ets̠il
|Äjäl
|Ymäl
|Tajtujal
|Kootäl
|Ets̠iitäl
|Äjiitäl
|Yntäl
|Tajtwiitäl
|-
! INE
|Kolav
|Ets̠iv
|Äjäv
|Ymäv
|Tajtujav
|Kootäv
|Ets̠iitäv
|Äjiitäv
|Yntäv
|Tajtwiitäv
|-
! ADE
|Kolar
|Ets̠ir
|Äjär
|Ymär
|Tajtujar
|Kootär
|Ets̠iitär
|Äjiitär
|Yntär
|Tajtwiitär
|-
! POSTE
|Kolaks
|Ets̠iks
|Äjäks
|Ymäks
|Tajtujaks
|Kootäks
|Ets̠iitäks
|Äjiitäks
|Yntäks
|Tajtwiitäks
|-
! SUPE
|Kolavar
|Ets̠ivär
|Äjävär
|Ymävär
|Tajtujavar
|Kootävär
|Ets̠iitävär
|Äjiitävär
|Yntävär
|Tajtwiitävär
|-
! SUBE
|Kolak̠i
|Ets̠ik̠i
|Äjäk̠i
|Ymäk̠i
|Tajtujak̠i
|Kootäk̠i
|Ets̠iitäk̠i
|Äjiitäk̠i
|Yntäk̠i
|Tajtwiitäk̠i
|-
! ALL
|Koläm
|Ets̠im
|Äjäm
|Ymäm
|Tajtujam
|Kootäm
|Ets̠iitäm
|Äjiitäm
|Yntäm
|Tajtwiitäm
|-
! ABL
|Kolajo
|Ets̠ijo
|Äjäjo
|Ymäjo
|Tajtujajo
|Kootäjo
|Ets̠iitäjo
|Äjiitäjo
|Yntäjo
|Tajtwiitäjo
|-
! LAT
|Kolavi
|Ets̠ivi
|Äjävi
|Ymävi
|Tajtujavi
|Kootävi
|Ets̠iitävi
|Äjiitävi
|Yntävi
|Tajtwiitävi
|-
! ELA
|Kolax
|Ets̠ix
|Äjäx
|Ymäx
|Tajtujax
|Kootäx
|Ets̠iitäx
|Äjiitäx
|Yntäx
|Tajtwiitäx
|-
! BENE
|Kowa
|Ets̠iwä
|Äjwä
|Ymwä
|Tajtujwa
|Kootäwä
|Ets̠iitäwä
|Äjiitäwä
|Yntäwä
|Tajtwiitäwä
|-
! PROL
|Kolana
|Ets̠inä
|Äjänä
|Ymänä
|Tajtujana
|Kootänä
|Ets̠iitänä
|Äjiitänä
|Yntänä
|Tajtwiitänä
|-
|}
 
====Possession====
Mokha has possessive proclitic and enclitic affixes, the Genetive case pronouns can be used to add emphasis:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" rowspan="3" | Person & Number
! colspan="2" | Proclitic form
! colspan="2" | Enclitic form
|-
! start/end<br>consonant
! start/end<br>vowel
! start/end<br>consonant
! start/end<br>vowel
|-
! Affix
! Affix
! Affix
! Affix
|-
! rowspan="5" | Singular
! colspan="2" | 1st
| ju-
| juj-
| -(v)ju
| -ju
|-
! colspan="2" | 2nd
| s̠u-
| s̠uj-
| colspan="2" | -s̠u
|-
! rowspan="2" |3d
! Animate
| itu-
| ituj-
| -itu
| -jtu
|-
! Inanimate
| ymu-
| ymuj-
| -ymu
| -jmu
|-
! colspan="2" | Self{{efn|Used when one is talking about their property, unless using coppula, in which case the 1st person singular suffix is used}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| -(v<sub>2</sub>){{efn|No vowel when the last consonant is a nasal}}ts̠u
| -ts̠u
|-
! rowspan="4" | Plural
! colspan="2" | 1st
| nu-
| nuj-
| -(v)nu
| -nu
|-
! colspan="2" | 2nd
| s̠tu-
| s̠tuj-
| -(v)s̠tu
| -s̠tu
|-
! rowspan="2" |3d
! Animate
| ittu-
| ittuj-
| -ittu
| -jttu
|-
! Inanimate
| ymmu-
| ymmuj-
| -ymmy
| -jmmu
|-
|-
|}
|}
{{notelist}}
{{notelist}}
Note: for the -j(c) suffixes, if the word ends in short ⟨e⟩ the suffixes become -/y(c):
: ''lavitte'' (home) → ''lavitt'''ytu''''' (his/her home)
: ''qaane'' (country) → ''qaab'''yttu''''' (their country)


Examples:
Mokha uses {{wp|Comparison (grammar)|Comparison}} affixes:
: Proclitic: '''''ju'''kuna'' (my knife)<br>Enclitic: ''kojäjpa'''ts̠u''' kuna'' (i use my knife)
*'''Positive''' - Bassic form of the word: big - saw
: Proclitic: '''''s̠uj'''oqoj'' (your dog)<br>Enclitic: ''kok̠itan'''s̠u''' oqoj'' (i like your dog)
*'''Negative''' - Negation of the word: (yo-) "unbig" - '''yo'''saw
: Proclitic: '''''itu'''biły'' (his/her car)<br>Enclitic: ''kosas̠an'''itu''' biły'' (i will drive his/her car)
*'''Comparitive''' - Form for comparison relative to something, used with the Comparative case: (-('A)lh) bigger - saw'''alh'''
*'''Superlative''' - Form showing absolute relative to a group: (-('A)lhk(A)) bigest - saw'''alhka'''


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
====Tenses/Aspect/Moods====
Verbs in Mokha take a number of affixes to mark person, direction, tense, aspect, mood, and other, auxiliary verbs are also used to modify the verb.
:<type-1> - verbs ending in consonants
:<type-2> - verbs ending in vowels
{| class="wikitable"; style="text-align: center; font-size:0.95em"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Mood
!colspan="2"|Unwitnessed Past
!colspan="2"|Witnessed Past
!{{H:title|Present tense also acts as Infinitive|Present}}
!colspan="2"|Future
!colspan="2"|Future in the past
|-
!Simple
!{{H:title|Past perfect also acts as present perfect|Perfect}}
!Simple
!{{H:title|Past perfect also acts as present perfect|Perfect}}
!Simple
!Simple
!Perfect
!Simple
!Perfect
|-
! Indicative
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)t'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''t
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)t(v)p'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''t(v)p
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)t(v)r'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''t(v)r
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)t(v)r(v)p'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''t(v)r(v)p
| <small><type-1></small><br><small><type-2></small>
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)n'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''n
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)n(v)p'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''n(v)p
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)mm(v)'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''mm(v)
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)mm(v)p'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''mm(v)p
|-
! {{H:title|Only occures in the 2nd person|Imperative}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)x'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''x'''
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)xn(v)'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''(v)xn(v)
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
! Capabilty
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)ts'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''ts
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)ts(v)p'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''ts(v)p
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)ts(v)r'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''ts(v)r
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)ts(v)r(v)p'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''ts(v)r(v)p
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)s'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''s'''
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)ns'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''ns
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)ns(v)p'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''ns(v)p
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)mm(v)s(v)'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''mm(v)s(v)
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)mm(v)s(v)p'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''mm(v)s(v)p
|-
! Desiderative
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)k̠(v)t'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''k̠(v)t
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)k̠(v)t(v)p'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''k̠(v)t(v)p
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)k̠(v)t(v)r'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''k̠(v)t(v)r
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)k̠(v)t(v)r(v)p'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''k̠(v)t(v)r(v)p
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)k(v)j'''<br><small><type-2>'''k(v)j'''</small>
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)k̠(v)n'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''k̠(v)n
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)k̠(v)n(v)p'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''k̠(v)n(v)p
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)k̠(v)mm(v)'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''k̠(v)mm(v)
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)k̠(v)mm(v)p'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''k̠(v)mm(v)p
|-
! {{H:title|Only occures in the 1st person|Assertive}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)v(v)l'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''v(v)l
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6" |
|-
! Hortative
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)v(v)t'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''v(v)t
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)v(v)t(v)p'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''v(v)t(v)p
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)v(v)t(v)r'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''v(v)t(v)r
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)v(v)t(v)r(v)p'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''v(v)t(v)r(v)p
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)v'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''v'''
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)v(v)n'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''v(v)n
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)v(v)n(v)p'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''v(v)n(v)p
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)v(v)mm(v)'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''v(v)mm(v)
| <small><type-1></small>'''(v)v(v)mm(v)p'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''v(v)mm(v)p
|-
! Dehortative
| <small><type-1></small>'''yvät'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''nyvät
| <small><type-1></small>'''yvätäp'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''nyvätäp
| <small><type-1></small>'''yvätär'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''nyvätär
| <small><type-1></small>'''yvätäräp'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''nyvätäräp
| <small><type-1></small>'''yv'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''nyv'''
| <small><type-1></small>'''yvän'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''nyvän
| <small><type-1></small>'''yvänäp'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''nyvänäp
| <small><type-1></small>'''yvämä)'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''nyvämmä
| <small><type-1></small>'''yvämmäp'''<br><small><type-2></small>'''nyvämmäp
|-
|}
The consonants ⟨k, t, s, l⟩ change before -e:
: k → k̠e
: t → ts̠e
: s → s̠e
: l → łe


 
==Language Examples==
====="To"=====
Universal Decleration of Human Rights: article 1:
the prefix ''sy(j)-'' is added infront of the word, before the person affix, with the aproximant meaning of "to":
* '''sy'''kojorosanma? - should i eat? (lit: to i-eat ?)
* ekolka '''sy'''kojejymä? - you want me to take it?
 
====Person & Direction====
The language has affixes that signal who is doing and receaving the action of the verb:
note: when no subject prefix is added, the verb is in 3d person singular
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" rowspan="3" | Person & Number
! colspan="2" | start/end-consonant
! colspan="2" | start/end-vowel
|-
! colspan="2" | Affix
! colspan="2" | Affix
|-
! Subjective
! Objective
! Subjective
! Objective
|-
! rowspan="5" | Singular
! colspan="2" | 1st
| ko-
| -k(v){{efn|when clustered as ⟨pk⟩ → long k}}
| koj-
| -k(v)
|-
! colspan="2" | 2nd
| e-
| -wa
| et-
| -wa
|-
! rowspan="2" |3d
! Animate
| style="background:#E6E6E6" | Ø-
| -j(v){{efn|when in clusters ⟨kj, tj, sj, lj⟩ they ongo mutation → ⟨k̠, ts̠, s̠, ł⟩}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" | Ø-
| -j(v)
|-
! Inanimate
| y-
| -y
| ym-
| -my
|-
! colspan="2" | Self
| style="background:#E6E6E6" | Ø-
| -tuj{{efn|when clustered as ⟨pt⟩ → long t}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" | Ø-
| -tuj
|-
! rowspan="5" | Plural
! colspan="2" | 1st
| kotä-
| -kot{{efn|when clustered as ⟨pk⟩ → long k}}
| kot-
| -kot
|-
! colspan="2" | 2nd
| ets̠i-
| -wat
| et-{{efn|when followed by ⟨i⟩ it ongoes mutation → ⟨ts̠⟩}}
| -wat
|-
! rowspan="2" |3d
! Animate
| tä-
| -jät
| t-
| -jät
|-
! Inanimate
| ytä-
| -yt
| yt-
| -myt
|-
! colspan="2" | Self
| style="background:#E6E6E6" | Ø-
| -twiit{{efn|when clustered as ⟨pt⟩ → long t}}
| style="background:#E6E6E6" | Ø-
| -twiit
|-
|}
{{notelist}}
The consonants ⟨k, t, s, l⟩ change before -e:
: k → k̠e
: t → ts̠e
: s → s̠e
: l → łe
 
Examples:
: '''''koj'''orosan kaajt'' - i will eat berries<br>1SG.SUBJ-eat-FUT berry-PL
: '''''ko'''qajalkyqä'''wa''''' - i *will* kick your a*s<br>1SG.SUBJ-AUG.beat-ASRT-2SG.OBJ
 
Person affixes can be dropped when one uses the pronoun to add emphasis:
: '''''Ko'''naanap niive'' - i will cook a fish<br>1SG.SUBJ.cook-FUT.IMP fish
: '''''Kol''' naanap niive'' - '''i''' will cook a fish<br>1SG.NOM cook-FUT.IMP fish
 
====Copula====
Mokha has incorporated copula, but it can be separated to add emphasis, due to the language being pro-dorp, when a pronoun-copula is dropped, the copula moves behind the noun.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" | Person & Number
! rowspan="2" | Word
! end-consonant
! end-vowel
|-
! Affix
! Affix
|-
! rowspan="4" | Singular
! colspan="2" | 1st
| vär
| -(v)r
| -r
|-
! colspan="2" | 2nd
| ts̠eve
| -(v)j(v)
| -j(v)
|-
! rowspan="2" |3d
! Animate
| äs̠s̠er
| -(v)s
| -s
|-
! Inanimate
| ytav
| -yv
| -jyv
|-
! rowspan="4" | Plural
! colspan="2" | 1st
| värtä
| -(v)r(v)j
| -r(v)j
|-
! colspan="2" | 2nd
| ts̠evytä
| -(v)jt(v)
| -jt(v)
|-
! rowspan="2" |3d
! Animate
| äs̠s̠ertä
| -(v)rs(v)
| -rs(v)
|-
! Inanimate
| ytavtä
| -yvv(v)
| -jvv(v)
|-
|}
 
Pronoun are commonly inflected:
:''kol vär'' → ''kolar'' (i am → i'm)
:''ets̠i ts̠eve'' → ''ets̠ijä'' (you are → you're)
:''äj äs̠s̠er'' → ''äjäs'' (he/she/it is → he/she/it's)
:''ym ytav'' → ''ymyv'' (it → it's)
 
===Negation===
Negation is achieved by attaching the word ''ej'' (no) infront of the word, in case of verbs, the affix ''nej'' (''ny'' when between consonants) is put before the verb stem and/or affix:
 
: ''mojas̠s̠ejyk'' (the living) → '''''ej'''mojas̠s̠ejyk'' (the nonliving)
: ''kok̠itanwa'' (i like you) → ''ko'''ny'''k̠itanwa'' (i don't like you)
: ''łejyväju biły'' (that's my car) → ''łe'''nej'''yväju biły'' (that isn't my car)
 
The consonants ⟨k, t, s, l⟩ change before -e:
: k → k̠e
: t → ts̠e
: s → s̠e
: l → łe
 
===Adverbs===
Adverbs are derived via the affix ''-(v)ts''
 
: ''kots̠ysäp istajla'''ts''''' (i went willingly)
: ''esuruwa ajtixä'''ts''''' (she/he glared angrily at her/him)
: ''ets̠imojas̠s̠e lotta'''ts''''' (they lived happily)
 
===Questions===
Questions in the Mokha language are indicated via a question particle, which comes in the form of an affix.
 
The particle after words ending in both consonants and vowels is -m(v)<br>
Depending on what part of the sentance it follows, it conveys difererent meaning and/or add emphasis.
: ''(kol) kojen'''mä''''' - will i run/i will run?
: ''kol'''ma''' kojen'' - will '''i''' run?
: ''kovittä'''mä'''wa'' - do i see you?
: ''kovittäwa'''ma''''' - do i see '''you'''?
One can add more emphasis on "you" by using the pronoun itself instead of the direction affix:
: ''kovittä ets̠i'''mä''''' - do i see {{underline|'''you'''}}?
 
Rhetorical questions can be formed by adding ''-ma'' to a question word
: ''ano'' - who
: ''ano'''ma''''' - i wonder who
 
===Numerals===
Mokha is a base 10 language.
 
 
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" border="1" style="text-align: center" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! colspan="4" | Cardinal numbers' table
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Mokha
! Seykel
|-
! Literary
! Colloqual
! ''Literary''
|-
| 1
| tyts̠i
| tyts̠
| tis̠i
|-
| 2
| mits̠i
| mits̠
| mis̠i
|-
| 3
| rets̠i
| rets̠
| les̠i
|-
| 4
| juts̠i
| juts̠
| jus̠i
|-
| 5
| kats̠i
| kats̠
| kas̠i
|-
| 6
| jywants̠i
| jywants̠
| jiwans̠i
|-
| 7
| nurts̠i
| nurts̠
| nuls̠i
|-
| 8
| mits̠ipyrts̠a
| mits̠pyrts̠a
| mis̠ipirs̠a
|-
| 9
| tyts̠ipyrts̠a
| tyts̠pyrts̠a
| tis̠ipirs̠a
|-
| 10
| ts̠a
| ts̠a
| s̠a
|-
| 11
| tytts̠aly
| tytts̠al'
| tis̠is̠awar
|-
| 12
| mitts̠aly
| mitts̠al'
| mis̠is̠awar
|-
| 13
| retts̠aly
| retts̠al'
| les̠is̠awar
|-
| 14
| jutts̠aly
| jutts̠al'
| jus̠is̠awar
|-
| 15
| katts̠aly
| katts̠al'
| kas̠is̠awar
|-
| 16
| jywantts̠aly
| jywantts̠al'
| jiwans̠is̠awar
|-
| 17
| nurtts̠aly
| nurtts̠al'
| nuls̠is̠awar
|-
| 18
| mits̠ipyrmitts̠a
| mits̠pyrmitts̠a
| mis̠ipirmiz̠a
|-
| 19
| tyts̠ipyrts̠a
| tyts̠pyrts̠a
| tis̠ipirmiz̠a
|-
| 20
| mitts̠a
| mitts̠a
| miz̠a
|-
| 21
| mitts̠ajtyts̠i
| mitts̠ajtyts̠
| miz̠atis̠i
|-
| 30
| retts̠a
| retts̠a
| lez̠a
|-
| 40
| jutts̠a
| jutts̠a
| juz̠a
|-
| 50
| katts̠a
| katts̠a
| kaz̠a
|-
| 60
| jywantts̠a
| jywantts̠a
| jiwans̠a
|-
| 70
| nurtts̠a
| nurtts̠a
| nurs̠a
|-
| 80
| mitts̠apyrajly
| mitts̠aprajy
| miz̠apiraali
|-
| 90
| ts̠apyrajly
| ts̠aprajy
| s̠apiraali
|-
| 100
| ajly
| ajy
| aali
|-
| 101
| ajlyjtyts̠i
| ajyjtyts̠
| aaliitis̠i
|-
| 110
| ajlyjts̠a
| ajyjts̠a
| aaliis̠a
|-
| 111
| ajlyjtytts̠avar
| ajyjtytts̠a'ar
| aaliis̠aatis̠i
|-
| 200
| mits̠ajly
| mits̠ajy
| miz̠aali
|-
| 500
| kats̠ajly
| kats̠ajy
| kaz̠aali
|-
| 800
| mits̠ajlypyrakkäjpa
| mits̠ajyprakkäjpa
| miz̠aalipiragaapa
|-
| 900
| ajlypyrakkäjpa
| ajyprakkäjpa
| aalipiragaapa
|-
| 1 000
| akkäjpa
| akkäjpa
| agaapa
|-
| 1 999
| style="text-align: left"|akkäjpaj-<br>ajlypyrakkäjpaj-<br>ts̠apyrajlyj-<br>tyts̠ipyrts̠a
| style="text-align: left"|akkäjpaj-<br>ajyprakkäjpaj-<br>ts̠aprajyj-<br>tyts̠iprts̠a
| style="text-align: left"|agaapaa-<br>aalipiragaabaa-<br>s̠apiraalii-<br>tis̠ipirs̠a
|-
| 2 000
| mits̠akkäjpa
| mits̠akkäjpa
| miz̠agaapa
|-
| 1 000 000
| ts̠otats̠i
| ts̠otats̠
| s̠otas̠i
|-
|}
 
==Lexicon==
Mokha has a smaller core vocabulary than, for example, English, and uses [[wikipedia:Morpheme#Derivational morphemes|derivational]] suffixes to a greater extent.
: Examples of Mokha derivational suffixes:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Suffix
| ''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
!Used to create...
!Example(s)
|-
| -''(j)ap / -(j)äp''
|[[wikipedia:Agent noun|agents]] from verbs
|''runar'' "to heal" → ''runar'''ap''''' "healer"
|-
|''-(j)atta / -(j)ättä''
|[[wikipedia:collective noun|collective nouns]]
|''puk'' "a book" → ''puk'''atta''''' "a library"<br>''kittsä'' "a ship" → ''kittsä'''jättä''''' "navy, fleet"
|-
|''-(a/ä)we''
|instruments or tools
|''as̠s̠am'' "to mix" → ''as̠s̠am'''awe''''' "a whisk, mixer"
|-
|''-(p)a / -(p)ä''
|verbs from nouns or adjectives
|''tääm'' "rain" → ''tääm'''ä''''' "to rain"<br>''ajno'' "light" → ''ajno'''pa''''' "to glow"
|-
|''-(j)pri''
|verb or instruments
|''kajva'' "to dig" → ''kajva'''jpri''''' "an excavator"<br>''kittsä'' "a ship" → ''kittsä'''jpri''''' "shipper, shipmaster"
|-
|''-nil''
|passive form of the verb
|''vittä'' "to see" → ''vittä'''nil''''' "seeing"
|-
|''-(a/ä)je''
|nouns from verbs or adjectives
|''kal'' "to fight" → ''kal'''aje''''' "a fight"<br>''vittä'' "to see" → ''vittä'''je''''' "vision"<br>''neetaa'' "new" → ''neetaaje'' "new(s)/newspaper"
|-
|''-(a/ä)tyn''
|[[wikipedia:adjective|adjectives]] indicating the lack of something
|''lavitte'' "home" → ''lavitte'''tyn''''' "homeless"
|-
|''-(a/ä)n''
|[[wikipedia:adjective|adjectives]] from nouns/verbs
|''tajtuj'' "self" → ''tajtuj'''an''''' "selfish"<br>''naa'' "cook" → ''naa'''n''''' "cooked"
|-
|''-(a/ä)ts''
|[[wikipedia:adverb|adverbs]] from nouns/verbs
|''lotta'' "happiness" → ''lotta'''ts''''' "happily"
|-
|''-s̠ol''
|[[wikipedia:diminutive|diminutives]] of nouns
|''tats̠an'' "reindeer" → ''tats̠an'''s̠ol''''' "reindeer calf"<br>''niive'' "fish" → ''niive'''s̠ol''''' "little fish"
|-
|''qa(j)-''
|[[wikipedia:augmentative|augmentatives]] of nouns
|''xaama'' "chieftain" → '''''qa'''xaama'' "great chieftain"{{efn|Qaxaama is the title of the head of state and government of the nation of [[Mokhavia]]}}<br>''qaat'' "stone/rock" → '''''qa'''qaat'' "boulder"
|-
|''-maa / -mää''
|locations (places related to the stem)
|''oqoj'' "a dog" → ''oqoj'''maa''''' "a doghouse"<br>''Ateen'' "[[Ateenia|Ateenian person]]" → ''Ateen'''mää''''' "[[Ateenia]]"
|-
|''-k̠e''<br>''-ys̠wa''{{efn|for when words end in stop consonants}}
|inhabitants (of places), among others
|''jässäj'' "north" → ''jässäj'''k̠e''''' "north(ern) person or thing"<br>''nanuuk'' "holy" →  ''nanuuk'''ys̠wa''''' "shaman, holy person or thing"
|-
|''-(a)jtak / -(ä)jtäk''{{efn|for words ending in the vowel short ⟨e⟩ ''-/ytak'': ''xanäjme'' "tribe" → ''xanäjm'''ytak''''' "tribe's language"}}
|language of noun
|''Ateen'' "[[Ateenia|Ateenian person]]" → ''Ateen'''äjtäk''''' "[[Ateenia|Ateenian]] language"<br>''jässäjk̠yt'' "north(ern) people" → ''Jässäjk̠yt'''äjtäk'''''{{efn|one of the possible native names for the Mokha language}} "north(ern) people's language"
|-
|}
{{notelist}}
 
[[wikipedia:Comparison (grammar)|Comparison]] affixes are used to alter the meaning of [[wikipedia:adjective|adjectives]] and [[wikipedia:adverb|adverbs]]:
:'''Possitive''' - basic form of the word: ''lottan'' (happy)
:'''Negative''' - negation of the word{{efn|Refer to the negation segment}}: '''''ej'''lottan'' ('''un'''happy)
:'''Comparitive ''' - Form for comparison relative to something{{efn|Used in conbination with the Comparative case for the meaning "than"}}: ''lottan'''laj''''' (happ'''ier''')
:'''Superlative''' - Form showing absolute relative to a group: '''''ju'''lottan'' (happ'''iest''')
{{notelist}}
 
==Dialects==
WIP
 
==Language Examples==
===Basic greetings and phrases===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!Mokha
!Translation
!Notes
|-
! colspan="3" |'''Greetings'''
|-
|''(Teelan) Västä!''
|(Good) morning!
|
|-
|''(Teelan) Yva!''
|(Good) day!
|Used on greeting and also when taking farewell
|-
|''(Teelan) Mijako!''
|(Good) evening!<br>lit, "Good Night"
|Used on greeting and also when taking farewell
|-
|''Karikkä Mijako!''<br>''Karikkä!''<br>''Mijako!''
|Good night!<br>Night!
lit, "Light Night!"
|
|-
|''Erunäx''
|Hello!<br>lit. "Be Healthy!"
|Used on greeting, singular form
|-
|''Ets̠irunä''
|Hello!<br>lit. "Be Healthy!"
|Used on greeting, plural form
|-
|''Eru''<br>Xej
|Hi<br>Hey
|Used on greeting
|-
|''Moj!''<br>''Xej xej!''
|Bye!
|Used when taking farewell
|-
|''K̠ylaamets''
|See you later!
|Lit. the passive form of ''nähdä'' "to see"
|-
|''K̠yvittänil''
|Goodbye!
|Lit. "Until seeing"
|-
|''K̠ytassuvittänil''
|Goodbye / Farewell
|Used when taking farewell, and you're not going to see them soon
|-
|''Perwäs Kowtät!''
|Nice to meet you!
|Lit, "It's pleasant to me"
|-
|''Neaja?''<br>''Ts̠ene Matlojyv?''
|How are you?<br>How's it going?
| Singular form, ''"Ts̠ene Kamlojyv"'' lit, means "what is happening"
|-
|''Neajta?''<br>''Ts̠ene Kamlojyv?''
|How are you?<br>How's it going?
| Plural form
|-
|''Teelan, Komikowa''
|Fine, thank you.<br>Well, thank you.
|''Kiitos hyvää'' is an appropriate response to ''Mitä kuuluu?'', whereas<br>''Kiitos hyvin'' is an appropriate response to ''Miten menee?''
|-
|''Teelanittatap!''
|Welcome!
|-
! colspan="3" |'''Important words and phrases'''
|-
|''Emittekä''
|Excuse me
|
|-
|''Kok̠iitwa''
|Please
|
|-
|''Komikowa, jä Ets̠im''
|Thank you, likewise
|Lit. "thank you, and to you" (used as a response to well-wishing)
|-
|''Eteelapan''
|You're welcome
|Lit. "be good", also used when giving someone something to mean "here you are"
|-
|''Ejräjyv''
|Certainly / yes / of course
|lit, "it's understandable"
|-
|''Ja''
|Yeah
|More informal than ''kyllä''
|-
|''Ajta, Aj''
|Yes
|
|-
|''Ej''
|No
|
|-
|''Etalas?''
|Can you help?
|
|-
|''Ala!''
|Help!
|
|-
|''Kojelam''
|I'm sorry
|
|-
|''Kojelamwa''
|I pitty you
|lit, "i'm sorry to you", just ''"Kojelam"'' can be used as well, and other directions can be added.
|-
|''Eväläx''
|Wait
|
|-
|''Tyts̠in moment''<br>''Moment''
|One moment
|
|-
|''Kojyrä&nbsp;''
|I understand
|
|-
|''Konejyrä''
|I don't understand
|
|-
|''S̠avjek̠erajtmaa''
|Mokhavia
|
|-
|''Nuk̠ettäjtäk''<br>''Jässäjänäjtäk''<br>''Jässäjk̠ytäjtäk''
|Mokha/Mokhavian (language)
|''"Nuk̠ettäjtäk"'' lit, means "our people's language"<br>''"Jässäjänäjtäk"'' lit, means "Norhtern language"<br>''"Jässäjk̠ytäjtäk"'' lit, means "Northerners' language"
|-
|''jässäjk̠e''
| Mokha/Mokhavian (noun)
| lit, "Northerner"
|-
|''jässäjk̠en''
| Mokha/Mokhavian (adjective)
|-
|''Kojäjnäjtäsänu k̠ettäjtäk''<br>''Kojäjnäjtäs Jässäjänäjtäk''<br>''Kojäjnäjtäs Jässäjk̠ytäjtäk'' [[File:Speaker Icon.svg|13px|link=http://ipa-reader.xyz/?text=k%C9%94j%C3%A6jn%C3%A6jt%C3%A6s%20j%C3%A6ss%C3%A6jc%CD%A1%C3%A7%C9%98t%C3%A6jt%C3%A6k&voice=Liv]]
|I (can) speak Mokha
|''"Kojäjnäjtäsänu k̠ettäjtäk"'' lit, means "i can speak our people's language", so it isn't used that much
|-
|''Konejäjnäjtäsänu k̠ettäjtäk''<br>''Konejäjnäjtäs Jässäjänäjtäk''<br>''Konejäjnäjtäs Jässäjk̠ytäjtäk'' [[File:Speaker Icon.svg|13px|link=http://ipa-reader.xyz/?text=k%C9%94n%C9%9Bj%C3%A6jn%C3%A6jt%C3%A6s%20j%C3%A6ss%C3%A6jc%CD%A1%C3%A7%C9%98t%C3%A6jt%C3%A6k&voice=Liv]]
|I don't/can't speak Mokha
|''"Konäjnäjtäsänu k̠ettäjtäk"'' lit, means "i can't speak our people's language", so it isn't used that much
|-
|-
| ''Wesc'a khask kha'atyap'ask imatask way pa'ask tlhegekyimi way tookh'skumu. Desk seyi walhalaw ne k'uu way satlh'a, way t'weyi ya shkeyi kad'skilhaywask ne ch'elhiw t'alh.''
|}
|}


===Universal Declaration of Human Rights===
  Article I:
  English:
  ''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
 
  Mokha (Latin):
  ''Vette k̠etänna kumajtarsa etottyn jerennä jä wintajt ets̠e mäjraj jä antejyt. Yslajanaja ets̠e ovä jä avre enaatuj tajtwiitäm ets̠e ukkamajattas̠ kamuj.''
 
  Mokha  (Cyrillic):
  ''Ветте кьетаьнна кумайтарса етотты йереннаь яь ўинтайт ече маьйрай яь антейыт. Ыслаяная ече оваь яь авре енаатуй тайтўиитаьм ече уккамаятташ камуй.''


{{Mokhavia Navbox}}
{{Mokhavia Navbox}}
{{Eurth}}
{{Eurth}}
[[Category: Mokhavia]]
[[Category: Mokhavia]]
[[Category: Eurth]]
[[Category:Language (Eurth)]]

Latest revision as of 13:24, 19 September 2022

Mokha
Khaskalhk'aa
Pronunciation[xaskaɮk’aː]
Native to Mokhavia, Safjal
Ethnicity6,140,000 Mokha
Native speakers
6,041,000~ (98%)
Standard forms
Coastal (Mokhavia)
Inland (Safjal)
Dialects
  • Coastal
  • Inland
  • Highlands
Official status
Official language in
 Mokhavia
Language codes
ISO 639-1mk
ISO 639-2mkh
ISO 639-3mkh
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Mokha ([ˈmoʊhə, -kə], Mokha: Khaskalhk'aa [xaskaɮk’aː]) is a language spoken in northern central Argis. It is the official language in Mokhavia, and one of the working languages in Safjal. It is spoken by approximately 6 million native speakers in Mokhavia, Safjal and among the Mokha diaspora. It has tree dialects groups: Coastal, Inland and Highlands. The language is not related to any other language in the region, and is classified as a language isolate.

Writing system

Mokha is written in the Latin script, where it employs many polygraphs for the sounds that arent represented by the base script.

A.a B.b C.c C'.c' Ch.ch Ch'.ch' D.d Dz.dz
Dlh.dlh E.e F.f G.g H.h I.i J.j K.k
K'.k' Kh.kh L.l Lh.lh M.m N.n O.o P.p
P'.p' Q.q R.r S.s Sh.sh T.t T'.t' Tlh.tlh
Tlh'.tlh' U.u V.v W.w X.x Y.y Z.z '


Detailed table of the Mokha alphabet with each letter's phoneme:

Order 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Latin upper case A B C C' Ch Ch' D Dz Dlh E F G H I J K K' Kh L Lh M N O P P' Q R S Sh T T' Tlh Tlh' U V W X Y Z '
Latin lower case a b c c' ch ch' d dz dlh e f g h i j k k' kh l lh m n o p p' q r s sh t t' tlh tlh' u v w x y z '
IPA sound a b t͡s t͡s’ t͡ʃ t͡ʃ’ d d͡z d͡ɮ e f ɡ - i d͡ʒ k k’ x l ɬ~ɮ m n o p p’ k ɾ s ʃ t t’ t͡ɬ t͡ɬ’ u w w ks j t͡s ʔ, ᵊ◌

Phonology

Consonants

Mokha has 29 consonant phonemes. In old Mokha there used to be a distinction between plain and aspirated plosive sounds, but with it's transition into modern Mokha, the plain plosives became voiced, the voiceless consonants are still sometimes pronounced aspirated, depending on the region.

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive/
Affricate 		voiced b d d͡z d͡ɮ d͡ʒ ɡ ʔ
voiceless p t t͡s t͡ɬ t͡ʃ k
ejective p’ t’ t͡s’ t͡ɬ’ t͡ʃ’ k’
Fricative s ɬ~ɮ ʃ x
Nasal m n
Approximant l j w
Rhotic ɾ

Vowels

Mokha has five vowels which have a short and long form:

Front back
Close i, iː u, uː
Mid e, eː o, oː
Open a, aː

The language follows a vowel harmony system, where it groups up the vowels into three groups, front (i, e), central (a), and back (o, u). The front vowels follow i-harmony, the central follow a-harmony, and the back follow u-harmony.

Grammar

Mokha builds morphologically complex words by adding suffixes. For example, ch'elh is 'brother', ch'elh'sk is 'brothers', gich'elh'sk is 'my brothers', tagich'elh'sk is 'from my brothers'. The language employs an SOV word order.

Nouns

The language has an 11 case system:

Case Affix Examlple Type 1: Examlple Type 2: Examlple Type 3:
Nominative -Ø ewak (canoe) maske (dog) salh (bow)
Genitive -(A)lh ewakalh (of a canoe) maskelh (of a dog) salh'lh (of a bow)
Dative -u/w ewaku (to a canoe) maskew (to a dog) salhu (to a bow)
Accusative -i/y ewaki (canoe) maskey (dog) salhi (bow)
Instrumental -(A)sA ewakasa (with a canoe) maskesi (with a dog) salh'sa (with a bow)
Comparative[a] -(A)dlhA ewakadlha (as a canoe) maskedlhi (as a dog) salhdlha (as a bow)
Locative -(A)mAA ewakamaa (at/in a canoe) maskemii (at/in a dog) salhmaa (at/in a bow)
Allative ka(')- ka'ewak (to/towards a canoe) kamaske (to/towards a dog) kasalh (to/towards a bow)
Ablative ta(')- ta'ewak (from a canoe) tamaske (from a dog) tasalh (from a bow)
Benefactial -(A)rA ewakara (for a canoe) maskeri (for a rain) salh'ra (for a bow)
Vocative -ee
-/oo 		ewakee (canoe!) maskoo (dog!) salhee (bow!)
  1. ↑ The comparative case can be combo-ed with comparative affix, so the meaning shifts to "than", ex: yaadlha (as ice), ch'alawalh yaadlha (cold as ice)

Mokha uses Comparison affixes:

  • Positive - Bassic form of the word: big - saw
  • Negative - Negation of the word: (yo-) "unbig" - yosaw
  • Comparitive - Form for comparison relative to something, used with the Comparative case: (-('A)lh) bigger - sawalh
  • Superlative - Form showing absolute relative to a group: (-('A)lhk(A)) bigest - sawalhka

Verbs

Verbs in Mokha take a number of affixes to mark person, direction, tense, aspect, mood, and other, auxiliary verbs are also used to modify the verb.

Language Examples

Universal Decleration of Human Rights: article 1:

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Wesc'a khask kha'atyap'ask imatask way pa'ask tlhegekyimi way tookh'skumu. Desk seyi walhalaw ne k'uu way satlh'a, way t'weyi ya shkeyi kad'skilhaywask ne ch'elhiw t'alh.


Retrieved from "https://iiwiki.us/mediawiki/index.php?title=Mokha_language&oldid=554579"