Haydag language: Difference between revisions
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Revision as of 20:04, 1 July 2021
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| Haydag | |
|---|---|
| Qazh, Qash, Qazhshavan | |
| хайдага | |
| Pronunciation | [xajdaɣa] |
| Native to |  Qazhshava Mokhavia |
| Region | Southern Thuadia |
| Ethnicity | Haydags |
Native speakers | L1 (Anteria): 58,400,000 L2 (Anteria): 24,600,000 L1 (Eurth): 4,570,000 L2 (Eurth): 630,000 |
Paleo-Qazhshavan
| |
Standard forms | Coastal
|
| Dialects |
|
| Govoric | |
| Official status | |
Official language in | Qazhshava |
Recognised minority language in | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | hd |
| ISO 639-2 | hdg |
| ISO 639-3 | - |
Anteria
The Haydag language is the widely spoken of it's family, called Adusian, and the official language of the nation of Qazhshava. It is an ancient Thuadian tounge with no known ancestral conection to the surrounding Thuado-Thrismaran languages.
Eurth
The Haydag langauge is an Elmo-Adusian langauge spoken in central Argis, it is the closest relative of the Elmoric languages in Vostau.
Classification
As of yet, any attempts to link the Haydag languages to any other languages in the world have failed, altough some still believe its a very old relative to the Thuado-Thrismaran languages/Indo-European languages, which is only backed up by similar features which have been speculated and some proven to have come due to influence from said languages, and some reconstructed-proto words and existign root words that seem to have been borrowod from early forms of the slavic and germanic languages.
Dialects
The standart form of the Haydag language is based on the mezhian dialect, also known as the Southern Hill dialect.
History
TBA
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ~ɴ | |||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | q | |||
| voiced | b | d | ||||||
| Affricate | voiceless | t͡s t͡ɬ |
t͡s̙ | |||||
| voiced | d͡z | d͡z̙ | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | s̙ (s̙ʷ) | x | |||
| voiced | v | ð (ðʷ) | z | z̙ | ɣ (ɣʷ) | |||
| Aproximant | voiced | w | l | j ɥ | ||||
| voiceless | ʍ | ɬ | ||||||
| Tap & Trill | voiced | ɾ | ||||||
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| R- | R+ | R- | R+ | R- | R+ | |
| Close | i | ɨ | ɯ̞ | u | ||
| Open-Mid | ɛ | ɔ | ||||
| Open | a~ɑ | |||||
Stress
Stress in Haydag used to fall on the first syllable of the root, and rarely on other syllables, but in the last few decades a stress shift has occured and currently stress isnt of much importance, mostly depending on the speaker.
Writing System
Haydag is written using the Govoric script, which was adopted around the 11th century, and used ever sence
Govoric version:
| А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Д д | Дз дз | Е е | Ж ж | Ӝ ӝ | З з | Ҙ ҙ |
| И и | Й й | К к | Ӄ ӄ | Л л | Ԓ ԓ | М м | Н н | Ӈ ӈ | О о | П п |
| Р р | С с | Т т | Тԓ тԓ | У у | Ў ў | Ӱ ӱ | Ф ф | Х х | Хў хў | Ц ц |
| Ч ч | Ӵ ӵ | Ш ш | Ы ы | Ӹ ӹ | Ь ь | Ю ю | Я я |
In the late 18th cnetury Lakhian and Lakkathan traders and travlers coming back from the Qazhshavan colony in Encessia brought back the Mkhedruli script which was adopted for their languages, due to the area being hard to access at the time, literacy rates in the mountains were low compared to other regions and the Mkhedruli script started being tought by locals to locals, eventually becoming part of the culture there.
Detailed table
| Govoric | Name | IPA | Rom. | Mkhe. | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| А а | а | /a~ɑ/ | a | ა | /ɐ/ when reduced. |
| Б б | бӹ | /b/ | b | ბ | |
| В в | вӹ | /v/ | v | ვ | |
| Г г | гӹ | /ɣ/ | g | გ/ღ | |
| Д д | дӹ | /d/ | d | დ | |
| Дз дз | дзӹ | /d͡z/ | dz | ძ | |
| Е е | е | /ɛ/ | e | ე | /e~ɪ/ when reduced. |
| Ж ж | жӹ | /z̙/ | ž | ჟ | |
| Ӝ ӝ | жӹ | /d͡z̙/ | Ǧ ǧ | ჯ | |
| З з | зӹ | /z/ | z | ზ | |
| Ҙ ҙ | ҙӹ | /ð/ | đ | ზ̭ | |
| И и | и | /i/ | i | ი | |
| Й й | йӹ | /j/ | y | ი́ | It appears as a first letter and after a vowel. |
| К к | кӹ | /k/ | k | ქ | |
| Ӄ ӄ | ӄӹ | /q/ | q | ყ | |
| Л л | лӹ | /l/ | l | ლ | In words, between vowels gets changed to ⟨ԓ⟩. (aҙыл -> aҙыԓым) |
| Ԓ ԓ | ԓӹ | /ɬ/ | ł | ლ᷄ | |
| Тԓ тԓ | тԓӹ | /t͡ɬ/ | tł | თლ᷄ | |
| М м | мӹ | /m/ | m | მ | |
| Н н | нӹ | /n/ | n | ნ | In words, between vowels gets changed to ⟨ӈ⟩. (єн -> єӈым) |
| Ӈ ӈ | ӈӹ | /ŋ~ɴ/ | ň | ნ̭ | |
| О о | о | /ɔ/ | o | ო | |
| П п | пӹ | /p/ | p | ფ | |
| Р р | рӹ | /ɾ/, /r/ | r | რ | |
| С с | сӹ | /s/ | s | ს | |
| Т т | тӹ | /t/ | t | თ | |
| У у | у | /u/ | u | უ | |
| Ў ў | ўӹ | /w/ | w | ვ́ | |
| Ӱ ӱ | ӱӹ | /ɥ/ | ÿ | უ́ | |
| Ф ф | фӹ | /f/ | f | ჶ | |
| х х | хӹ | /x/ | h | ხ | |
| Хў хў | хўӹ | /ʍ/ | hw | ჰ | |
| Ц ц | цӹ | /t͡s/ | c | წ | |
| Ч ч | чӹ | /t͡s̙/ | č | ჩ | Used only in foreign words. |
| Ӵ ӵ | чӹ | /c͡ç/ | ć | ჭ | |
| Ш ш | шӹ | /s̙/ | š | შ | |
| Ы ы | ы | /ɨ/ | ï | ი̈ | |
| Ӹ ӹ | ӹ | /ɯ̞/ | ü | ი̋ | Usually written as /ɯ/ in phonetic transcriptions. Commonly pronounced as /ɤ/ in casual conversation, /ə/ when reduced. |
| Ь ь | єр бовал | /◌ʲ/ | y | ი́ | Used after consonants. |
| Ю ю | ю | /ju/ | yu | ი́უ | |
| Я я | я | /ja/ | ya/е | ი́ა |
Braille
TBA
Keyboard layout
TBA
Grammar
Synatx
Haydag is a pro-drop SOV-S language where possessees come before possessors, adjectives before nouns and it has postpositions.
Example of pro-drop:
- йем удуб овалам - i love you
- удуб овалам - i love you
Syllable structure
Haydag's syllable structure is classed as fairly complex.
- (C)(C)V(C)(C)
Number
| Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Affix | Ø | -(ⓥ)х | |
| Examples | пушы (dog) ӵур (tent) машўата (eye) |
пушых (dogs) ӵурух (tents) машўатах (eyes) | |
- ⓥ - vowel harmony (simple)
Vowel Harmony
| Haydag Vowel Harmony | Front | Central | Back | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| R- | R+ | |||||||
| Vowel | a /a/ | е /ɛ/ | и /i/ | ы /ɨ/ | ӹ /ɯ̞/ | у /u/ | о /ɔ/ | |
| Simple | a | e | ӹ | у | ||||
| Complex | ӹ | и | ы | ӹ | у | |||
- Simple harmony is the common one that apears in the majority suffixes
- Complex harmony apears in a few suffixes, like personal possessive and articles.
Articles
| Type | Word | Аffix | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Proximal-demonstrative | гоӈӹй | -н/ӈⓥг | ӄaӈӹг (this rock) |
| Distal-demonstrative | гойӹй | -йⓥг | ӄaйӹг (that rock) |
| Partitive | докай | -кⓥй | ӄakӹй (some rocks) |
| Partitive-Collective | сокай | -сⓥй | ӄaсӹй (most rocks) |
| Non-Partitive | рукӹй | -рⓥй | ӄaрӹй (no rocks) |
- ⓥ - vowel harmony (complex)
Cases
Haydag has 18 grammatical cases:
| I declension - words ending in consonants other than fricatives & aproximants | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case Name | Indefinite | Definite | ||||
| Suffix | Example | Suffix | Example | |||
| Nominative | -Ø | гайд (a canoe - NOM) | -ⓥл | гайдaл (the canoe - NOM) | ||
| Genitive | -ⓥр | гайдaр (of a canoe) | -ⓥрⓥл | гайдaрaл (of the canoe) | ||
| Dative | -ⓥб | гайдaб (((giving)to a canoe) | -ⓥбⓥл | гайдaбaл (((giving)to the canoe) | ||
| Accusative | -ⓥт | гайдат (a canoe - ACC) | -ⓥтԓ | гайдатԓ (the canoe - ACC) | ||
| Instrumental | -ⓥӝⓥ | гайдaӝа (using a canoe) | -ⓥӝⓥл | гайдaӝал (using the canoe) | ||
| Comitative | -ⓥў | гайдaў (with a canoe) | -ⓥўⓥл | гайдaўaл (with the canoe) | ||
| Comparative | -ⓥӱⓥ | гайдaӱа (than a canoe) | -ⓥӱⓥл | гайдaӱaл (than the canoe) | ||
| Inessive | -ⓥхўⓥ | гайдахўа (in(side) a canoe) | -ⓥхўⓥл | гайдахўaл (in(side) the canoe) | ||
| Adessive | -ⓥӈ | гайдаӈ (neer a canoe) | -ⓥӈⓥл | гайдаӈал (neer the canoe) | ||
| Postessive | -ⓥԓⓥ | гайдaԓa (behind a canoe) | -ⓥԓⓥл | гайдаԓал (behind the canoe) | ||
| Superessive | -ⓥг | гайдаг (on top of a canoe) | -ⓥгⓥл | гайдагал (on top of the canoe) | ||
| Subessive | -ⓥш | гайдаш (under a canoe) | -ⓥшⓥл | гайдашал (under the canoe) | ||
| Allative | -ⓥв | гайдав (towards a canoe) | -ⓥвⓥл | гайдавал (towards the canoe) | ||
| Ablative | -ⓥй | гайдай (from a canoe) | -ⓥйⓥл | гайдайал (from the canoe) | ||
| Lative | -ⓥжⓥ | гайдажа (in(side) a canoe) | -ⓥжⓥл | гайдажал (in(side) the canoe) | ||
| Elative | -ⓥшӄⓥ | гайдашӄа (out of a canoe) | -ⓥшӄⓥл | гайдашӄал (out of the canoe) | ||
| Benefactial | -ⓥҙⓥ | гайдаҙа (for (the benefit of) a canoe) | -ⓥҙⓥл | гайдаҙал (for (the benefit of) the canoe) | ||
| Vocative | -е | гайде (canoe!) | -ⓥл | гайдел ((the) canoe!) | ||
- ⓥ - vowel harmony (simple)
| II declension - words ending in fricatives & aproximants | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case Name | Indefinite | Definite | ||||
| Suffix | Example | Suffix | Example | |||
| Nominative | -Ø | ԓaй (breath - NOM) | -ⓥл | ԓaял (the breath - NOM) | ||
| Genitive | -ⓥр | ԓaйяр (of a canoe) | -рⓥл | ԓaйрaл (of the canoe) | ||
| Dative | -ⓥб | ԓaйaб ((giving)to a canoe) | -бⓥл | ԓaйбaл ((giving)to the canoe) | ||
| Accusative | -ⓥт | ԓaят (a canoe - ACC) | -ⓥтԓ | ԓaятԓ (the canoe - ACC) | ||
| Instrumental | -ӝⓥ | ԓaйӝа (using a canoe) | -ӝⓥл | ԓaйӝал (using the canoe) | ||
| Comitative | -ⓥў | ԓaяў (with a canoe) | -ⓥўⓥл | ԓaяўaл (with the canoe) | ||
| Comparative | -ӱⓥ | ԓaйӱа (than a canoe) | -ӱⓥл | ԓaйӱaл (than the canoe) | ||
| Inessive | -хўⓥ | ԓaйхўа (in(side) a canoe) | -хўⓥл | ԓaйхўaл (in(side) the canoe) | ||
| Adessive | -ⓥӈ | ԓaяӈ (neer a canoe) | -ӈⓥл | ԓaйӈал (neer the canoe) | ||
| Postessive | -ԓⓥ | ԓaйԓa (behind a canoe) | -ⓥԓⓥл | ԓaйԓал (behind the canoe) | ||
| Superessive | -ⓥг | ԓaяг (on top of a canoe) | -гⓥл | ԓaйгал (on top of the canoe) | ||
| Subessive | -шⓥ | ԓaяш (under a canoe) | -шⓥл | ԓaйшал (under the canoe) | ||
| Allative | -ⓥв | ԓaяв (towards a canoe) | -вⓥл | ԓaйвал (towards the canoe) | ||
| Ablative | -ⓥй | ԓaяй (from a canoe) | -ⓥйⓥл | ԓaяял (from the canoe) | ||
| Lative | -жⓥ | ԓaйжа (in(side) a canoe) | -жⓥл | ԓaйжал (in(side) the canoe) | ||
| Elative | -ⓥшӄⓥ | ԓaяшӄа (out of a canoe) | -ⓥшӄⓥл | ԓaяшӄал (out of the canoe) | ||
| Benefactial | -ҙⓥ | ԓaйҙа (for (the benefit of) a canoe) | -ҙⓥл | ԓaйҙал (for (the benefit of) the canoe) | ||
| Vocative | -е | ԓaйе (canoe!) | -ⓥл | ԓaял ((the) canoe!) | ||
- ⓥ - vowel harmony (simple)
- note that since ⟨й⟩ meets ⟨a⟩, it becomes ⟨я⟩
| III declension - words ending in vowels | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case Name | Indefinite | Definite | ||||
| Suffix | Example | Suffix | Example | |||
| Nominative | -Ø | тԓешы (a river - NOM) | -л | тԓешыл (the river - NOM) | ||
| Genitive | -р | тԓешыр (of a river) | -рⓥл | тԓешырӹл (of the river) | ||
| Dative | -б | тԓешыб ((giving)to a river) | -бⓥл | тԓешыбӹл ((giving)to the river) | ||
| Accusative | -т | тԓешыт (a river - ACC) | -тԓ | тԓешытԓ (the river - ACC) | ||
| Instrumental | -ӝⓥ | тԓешыӝӹ (using a river) | -ӝⓥл | тԓешыӝӹл (using the river) | ||
| Comitative | -ў | тԓешыў (with a river) | -ўⓥл | тԓешыўӹл (with the river) | ||
| Comparative | -ӱⓥ | тԓешыӱӹ (than a river) | -ӱⓥл | тԓешыӱӹл (than the river) | ||
| Inessive | -хўⓥ | тԓешыхўӹ (in(side) a river) | -хўⓥл | тԓешыхўӹл (in(side) the river) | ||
| Adessive | -ӈ | тԓешыӈ (neer a river) | -ӈⓥл | тԓешыӈӹл (neer the river) | ||
| Postessive | -ԓⓥ | тԓешыԓӹ (behind a river) | -ԓⓥл | тԓешыԓӹл (behind the river) | ||
| Superessive | -г | тԓешыг (on top of a river) | -гⓥл | тԓешыгӹл (on top of the river) | ||
| Subessive | -ш | тԓешыш (under a river) | -шⓥл | тԓешышӹл (under the river) | ||
| Allative | -в | тԓешыв (towards a river) | -вⓥл | тԓешывӹл (towards the river) | ||
| Ablative | -й | тԓешый (from a river) | -йⓥл | тԓешыйӹл (from the river) | ||
| Lative | -жⓥ | тԓешыжӹ (in(side) a river) | -жⓥл | тԓешыжӹл (in(side) the river) | ||
| Elative | -шӄⓥ | тԓешышӄӹ (out of a river) | -шӄⓥл | тԓешышӄӹл (out of the river) | ||
| Benefactial | -ҙⓥ | тԓешыҙӹ (for (the benefit of) a river) | -ҙⓥл | тԓешыҙӹл (for (the benefit of) the river) | ||
| Vocative | -/о | тԓешо (river!) | -л | тԓешыл ((the) river!) | ||
- ⓥ - vowel harmony (simple)
- Positive - Bassic form of the word- fine - жыл
- Negative - Negation of the word - "unfine" - йехжыл
- Comparitive - Form for comparison relative to something, used with the Comparative case - finier - быгжыл
- Superlative - Form showing absolute relative to a group - finiest - ривжыл
Pronouns
Haydag has a high number of inflected pronouns due to the number of cases it has.
| Person & Number | NOM | DAT | GEN | ACC | INS | COM | CMPR | INE | ADE | POESS | SUPESS | SBESS | ALL | ABL | LAT | ELA | BEN | VOC | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | First | йем | амбӹ | йемир | йемит | йемӝа | йемўа | йемиӱа | йемхўа | йемиӈ | йемԓа | йемга | йемша | йемва | йема | йемжа | йемшӄа | йемҙа | ||
| Second | йед | удуб | йедир | йедит | йедиӝа | йедўа | йедиӱа | йедхўа | йедиӈ | йедԓа | йедга | йедша | йедва | йеда | йеджа | йедшӄа | йедҙа | йед! | ||
| Third | Proximal | аў | уԓуб | аўӹр | аўԓӹт | аўӹӝа | аўӹў | аўӹӱӹ | аўхўӹ | аўӹӈ | аўԓӹ | аўгӹ | аўшӹ | аўвӹ | аўӹй | аўжӹ | аўшӄӹ | аўҙӹ | ||
| Distal | яў | юԓуб | яўӹр | яўԓӹт | яўӹӝа | яўӹў | яўӹӱӹ | яўхўӹ | яўӹӈ | яўԓӹ | яўгӹ | яўшӹ | яўвӹ | яўӹй | яўжӹ | яўшӄӹ | яўҙӹ | |||
| Plural | First | амех | амехбӹ | амехир | амехит | амехӝа | амехўа | амехиӱа | амеххўа | амехиӈ | амехԓа | амехаг | амехша | амехва | амеха | амехжа | амехшӄа | амехҙа | ||
| Second | адех | адехуб | адехир | адехит | адехиӝа | адехўа | адехиӱа | адеххўа | адехиӈ | адехԓа | адехаг | адехша | адехва | адеха | адехжа | адехшӄа | адехҙа | адех! | ||
| Third | Proximal | охух | уԓухтуб | охухур | охухԓут | охухуӝу | охухуў | охухӱу | охухўу | охухуӈ | охухԓу | охухуг | охухшу | охухву | охухуй | охухжу | охухшӄу | охухҙу | ||
| Distal | йохух | юԓухтуб | йохухур | йохухԓут | йохухуӝу | йохухуў | йохухӱу | йохухўу | йохухуӈ | йохухԓу | йохухуг | йохухшу | йохухву | йохухуй | йохухжу | йохухшӄу | йохухҙу | |||
| Suffix | Example | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | First | -(й)ⓥм | кивайӹм (my hill) | |
| Second | -(й)ⓥд | кивайӹд (your(sin) hill) | ||
| Third | Proximal | -(ⓥ)ў | киваў (his/her hill) | |
| Distal | -(ⓥ)ӱⓥ | киваӱӹ (his/her hill) | ||
| Plural | First | -(ⓥ)мⓥх | хамамӹх (our Chief) | |
| Second | -(ⓥ)дⓥх | хамадӹх (your(plr) Chief) | ||
| Third | Proximal | -(ⓥ)ўⓥх | хамаўӹх (their Chief) | |
| Distal | -(ⓥ)ӱⓥх | хамаӱӹх (their Chief) | ||
- ⓥ - vowel harmony (complex)
Verbs
Tenses
Conjunctions
| I conjugation - words starting and ending with consonants other than fricatives & aproximants: ӵeд (ćed) - start | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mood | Person | Number | Infinite | Past | Present | Future | Future in the past | |||||
| Simple | Perfect | Simple | Simple | Perfect | Simple | Perfect | ||||||
| Indicative | 1st | Singular | ӵeдeм | ӵeдeдeм | вӹӵeдeдeм | ӵeдeм | ӵeдeмӵeл | вӹӵeдeмӵeл | ӵeдeмжe | вӹӵeдeмжe | ||
| Plural | ӵeдeмeх | ӵeдeдeмeх | вӹӵeдeдeмeх | ӵeдeмeх | ӵeдeмeхӵeл | вӹӵeдeмeхӵeл | ӵeдeмeхжe | вӹӵeдeмeхжe | ||||
| 2nd | Singular | ӵeдeд | ӵeдeдeд | вӹӵeдeдeд | ӵeдeд | ӵeдeӵeл | вӹӵeдeӵeл | ӵeдeӵe | вӹӵeдeӵe | |||
| Plural | ӵeдeдeх | ӵeдeдeдeх | вӹӵeдeдeдeх | ӵeдeдeх | ӵeдeдeхӵeл | вӹӵeдeдeхӵeл | ӵeдeдeхжe | вӹӵeдeдeхжe | ||||
| 3d | Singular | ӵeдeўe | ӵeдeдeўe | вӹӵeдeдeўe | ӵeдeўe | ӵeдeўӵeл | вӹӵeдeўӵeл | ӵeдeўжe | вӹӵeдeўжe | |||
| Plural | ӵeдeўeх | ӵeдeдeўeх | вӹӵeдeдeўeх | ӵeдeўeх | ӵeдeўeхӵeл | вӹӵeдeўeхӵeл | ӵeдeўeхжe | вӹӵeдeўeхжe | ||||
| Capability | 1st | Singular | ӵeдлйeм | ӵeдeдлйeм | вӹӵeдeдлйeм | ӵeдлйeм | ӵeдлйeмӵeл | вӹӵeдлйeмӵeл | ӵeдлйeмжe | вӹӵeдлйeмжe | ||
| Plural | ӵeдлйeмeх | ӵeдeдлйeмeх | вӹӵeдeдлйeмeх | ӵeдлйeмeх | ӵeдлйeмeхӵeл | вӹӵeдлйeмeхӵeл | ӵeдлйeмeхжe | вӹӵeдлйeмeхжe | ||||
| 2nd | Singular | ӵeдлйeд | ӵeдeдлйeд | вӹӵeдeдлйeд | ӵeдлйeд | ӵeдлйeӵeл | вӹӵeдлйeӵeл | ӵeдлйeӵe | вӹӵeдлйeӵe | |||
| Plural | ӵeдлйeдeх | ӵeдeдлйeдeх | вӹӵeдeдлйeдeх | ӵeдлйeдeх | ӵeдлйeдeхӵeл | вӹӵeдлйeдeхӵeл | ӵeдлйeдeхжe | вӹӵeдлйeдeхжe | ||||
| 3d | Singular | ӵeдлйeўe | ӵeдeдлйeўe | вӹӵeдeдлйeўe | ӵeдлйeўe | ӵeдлйeўӵeл | вӹӵeдлйeўӵeл | ӵeдлйeўжe | вӹӵeдлйeўжe | |||
| Plural | ӵeдлйeўeх | ӵeдeдлйeўeх | вӹӵeдeдлйeўeх | ӵeдлйeўeх | ӵeдлйeўeхӵeл | вӹӵeдлйeўeхӵeл | ӵeдлйeўeхжe | вӹӵeдлйeўeхжe | ||||
| Imperative | 2nd | Singular | ӵeдeцe | ӵeдeцe | ӵeдeцeх | вӹӵeдeцeх | ||||||
| Plural | ӵeдeхцe | ӵeдeхцe | ӵeдeхцeх | вӹӵeдeхцeх | ||||||||
| Assurative | 1st | Singular | ӵeдeц | ӵeдeц | ӵeдeцeх | вӹӵeдeцeх | ||||||
| Plural | ӵeдeхeц | ӵeдeхeц | ӵeдeхeцeх | вӹӵeдeхeцeх | ||||||||
| Rhetorical | 1st | Singular | ӵeдмeм | ӵeдмeм | ӵeдмeмeл | вӹӵeдмeмeл | ӵeдмeмжe | вӹӵeдмeмжe | ||||
| Plural | ӵeдмeмeх | ӵeдмeмeх | ӵeдмeмeхeл | вӹӵeдмeмeхeл | ӵeдмeмeхжe | вӹӵeдмeмeхжe | ||||||
| 2nd | Singular | ӵeдмe | ӵeдмe | ӵeдмeл | вӹӵeдмeл | ӵeдмeжe | вӹӵeдмeжe | |||||
| Plural | ӵeдмeх | ӵeдмeх | ӵeдмeхeл | вӹӵeдмeхeл | ӵeдмeхжe | вӹӵeдмeхжe | ||||||
| 3nd | Singular | ӵeдмeў | ӵeдмeў | ӵeдмeў | вӹӵeдмeў | ӵeдмeўжe | вӹӵeдмeўжe | |||||
| Plural | ӵeдмeўх | ӵeдмeўх | ӵeдмeўхeл | вӹӵeдмeўхeл | ӵeдмeўхже | вӹӵeдмeўхжe | ||||||
| Hypothetical | 1st | Singular | ӵeдўeм | ӵeдeдўeм | вӹӵeдeдўeм | ӵeдўeм | ӵeдўeмӵeл | вӹӵeдўeмӵeл | ӵeдўeмжe | вӹӵeдўeмжe | ||
| Plural | ӵeдўeмeх | ӵeдeдўeмeх | вӹӵeдeдўeмeх | ӵeдўeмeх | ӵeдўeмeхӵeл | вӹӵeдўeмeхӵeл | ӵeдўeмeхжe | вӹӵeдўeмeхжe | ||||
| 2nd | Singular | ӵeдўeд | ӵeдeдўeд | вӹӵeдeдўeд | ӵeдўeд | ӵeдўeӵeл | вӹӵeдўeӵeл | ӵeдўeӵe | вӹӵeдўeӵe | |||
| Plural | ӵeдўeдeх | ӵeдeдўeдeх | вӹӵeдeдўeдeх | ӵeдўeдeх | ӵeдўeдeхӵeл | вӹӵeдўeдeхӵeл | ӵeдўодехжe | вӹӵeдўeдeхжe | ||||
| 3d | Singular | ӵeдўeў | ӵeдeдўeж | вӹӵeдeдўeў | ӵeдўeў | ӵeдўeўӵeл | вӹӵeдўeўӵeл | ӵeдўeўжe | вӹӵeдўeўжe | |||
| Plural | ӵeдўeўeх | ӵeдeдўeўeх | вӹӵeдeдўeўeх | ӵeдўeўeх | ӵeдўeўeхӵeл | вӹӵeдўeўeхӵeл | ӵeдўeўeхжe | вӹӵeдўeўeхжe | ||||
| Hortative | 1st | Plural | ӵeдeш | ӵeдeш | ӵeдeшӵeл | вӹӵeдeшӵeл | ||||||
| Dehortative | 1st | Plural | йехӵeдeш | йехӵeдeш | йехӵeдeшӵeл | йехвӹӵeдeшӵeл | ||||||
- - vowel harmony (simple)
| II conjugation - words starting with consonants and ending with fricatives & aproximants: йев (yev) - live | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mood | Person | Number | Infinite | Past | Present | Future | Future in the past | |||||
| Simple | Perfect | Simple | Simple | Perfect | Simple | Perfect | ||||||
| Indicative | 1st | Singular | йевeм | йевдeм | вӹйевдeм | йевeм | йевeмӵeл | вӹйевeмӵeл | йевeмжe | вӹйевeмжe | ||
| Plural | йевeмeх | йевдeмeх | вӹйевдeмeх | йевeмeх | йевeмeхӵeл | вӹйевeмeхӵeл | йевeмeхжe | вӹйевeмeхжe | ||||
| 2nd | Singular | йевeд | йевдeд | вӹйевдeд | йевeд | йевeдӵeл | вӹйевeдӵeл | йевeӵe | вӹйевeӵe | |||
| Plural | йевeдeх | йевдeдeх | вӹйевдeдeх | йевeдeх | йевeдeхӵeл | вӹйевeдeхӵeл | йевeдeхжe | вӹйевeдeхжe | ||||
| 3d | Singular | йевeўe | йевдeўe | вӹйевдeўe | йевeўe | йевeўӵeл | вӹйевeўӵeл | йевeўжe | вӹйевeўжe | |||
| Plural | йевeўeх | йевдeўeх | вӹйевдeўeх | йевeўeх | йевeўхӵeл | вӹйевeўeхӵeл | йевeўeхжe | вӹйевeўeхжe | ||||
| Capability | 1st | Singular | йевeлйeм | йевeдлйeм | вӹйевeдлйeм | йевeлйeм | йевeлйeмӵeл | вӹйевeлйeмӵeл | йевeлйeмжe | вӹйевeлйeмжe | ||
| Plural | йевeлйeмeх | йевeдлйeмeх | вӹйевeдлйeмeх | йевeлйeмeх | йевeлйeмeхӵeл | вӹйевeлйeмeхӵeл | йевeлйeмeхжe | вӹйевeлйeмeхжe | ||||
| 2nd | Singular | йевeлйeд | йевeдлйeд | вӹйевeдлйeд | йевeлйeд | йевeлйeӵeл | вӹйевeлйeӵeл | йевeлйeӵe | вӹйевeлйeӵe | |||
| Plural | йевeлйeдeх | йевeдлйeдeх | вӹйевeдлйeдeх | йевeлйeдeх | йевeлйeдeхӵeл | вӹйевeлйeдeхӵeл | йевeлйeдeхжe | вӹйевeлйeдeхжe | ||||
| 3d | Singular | йевeлйeўe | йевeдлйeўe | вӹйевeдлйeўe | йевeлйeўe | йевeлйeўӵeл | вӹйевeлйeўӵeл | йевeлйeўжe | вӹйевeлйeўжe | |||
| Plural | йевeлйeўeх | йевeдлйeўeх | вӹйевeдлйeўeх | йевeлйeўeх | йевeлйeўeхӵeл | вӹйевeлйeўeхӵeл | йевeлйeўeхжe | вӹйевeлйeўeхжe | ||||
| Imperative | 2nd | Singular | йевцe | йевцe | йевцeх | вӹйевцeх | ||||||
| Plural | йевeхцe | йевeхцe | йевeхцeх | вӹйевeхцeх | ||||||||
| Assurative | 1st | Singular | йевeц | йевeц | йевeцeх | вӹйевeцeх | ||||||
| Plural | йевeхeц | йевeхeц | йевeхeцeх | вӹйевeхeцeх | ||||||||
| Rhetorical | 1st | Singular | йевмeм | йевмeм | йевмeмeл | вӹйевмeмeл | йевмeмeе | вӹйевмeмжe | ||||
| Plural | йевмeмeх | йевмeмeх | йевмeмeхeл | вӹйевмeмeхeл | йевмeмeхжe | вӹйевмeмeхжe | ||||||
| 2nd | Singular | йевмe | йевмe | йевмeл | вӹйевмeл | йевмeжe | вӹйевмeжe | |||||
| Plural | йевмeх | йевмeх | йевмeхeл | вӹйевмeхeл | йевмeхжe | вӹйевмeхжe | ||||||
| 3nd | Singular | йевмe | йевмe | йевмeл | вӹйевмeл | йевмeжe | вӹйевмeжe | |||||
| Plural | йевмeх | йевмeх | йевмeхeл | вӹйевмeхeл | йевмeхжe | вӹйевмeхжe | ||||||
| Hypothetical | 1st | Singular | йевўeм | йевдўeм | вӹйевдўeм | йевўeм | йевўeмӵeл | вӹйевўeмӵeл | йевўeмжe | вӹйевўeмжe | ||
| Plural | йевўeмeх | йевдўeмeх | вӹйевдўeмeх | йевўeмeх | йевўeмeхӵeл | вӹйевўeмeхӵeл | йевўeмeхжe | вӹйевўeмeхжe | ||||
| 2nd | Singular | йевўeд | йевдўeд | вӹйевдўeд | йевўeд | йевўeӵeл | вӹйевўeӵeл | йевўeӵe | вӹйевўeӵe | |||
| Plural | йевўeдeх | йевдўeдeх | вӹйевдўeдeх | йевўeдeх | йевўeдeхӵeл | вӹйевўeдeхӵeл | йевўeдeхжe | вӹйевўeдeхжe | ||||
| 3d | Singular | йевўeў | йевдўeж | вӹйевдўeў | йевўeў | йевўeўӵeл | вӹйевўeўӵeл | йевўeўжe | вӹйевўeўжe | |||
| Plural | йевўeўeх | йевдўeўeх | вӹйевдўeўeх | йевўeўeх | йевўeўeхӵeл | вӹйевўeўeхӵeл | йевўeўeхжe | вӹйевўeўeхжe | ||||
| Hortative | 1st | Plural | йевeш | йевeш | йевeшӵeл | вӹйевeшӵeл | ||||||
| Dehortative | 1st | Plural | йехйевeш | йехйевeш | йехйевeшӵeл | йехвӹйевeшӵeл | ||||||
- - vowel harmony (simple)
| III conjugation - words starting with consonants and ending with vowels: ка (ka) - hold | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mood | Person | Number | Infinite | Past | Present | Future | Future in the past | |||||
| Simple | Perfect | Simple | Simple | Perfect | Simple | Perfect | ||||||
| Indicative | 1st | Singular | кам | кадaм | вӹкадaм | кам | камӵaл | вӹкамӵaл | камжa | вӹкамжa | ||
| Plural | камaх | кадaмaх | вӹкадaмaх | камaх | камaхӵaл | вӹкамaхӵaл | камaхжa | вӹкамaхжa | ||||
| 2nd | Singular | кадa | кадaд | вӹкадaд | кадa | кадaӵaл | вӹкадaӵaл | кадaӵa | вӹкадaӵa | |||
| Plural | кадaх | кадaдaх | вӹкадaдaх | кадaх | кадaхӵaл | вӹкадaхӵaл | кадaхжa | вӹкадaхжa | ||||
| 3d | Singular | каўa | кадaўa | вӹкадaўa | каўa | каўӵaл | вӹкаўӵaл | каўжa | вӹкаўжa | |||
| Plural | каўaх | кадaўaх | вӹкадaўaх | каўaх | каўхӵaл | вӹкаўaхӵaл | каўaхжa | вӹкаўaхжa | ||||
| Capability | 1st | Singular | калйaм | кадлйaм | вӹкадлйaм | калйaм | калйaмӵaл | вӹкалйaмӵaл | калйaмжa | вӹкалйaмжa | ||
| Plural | калйaмaх | кадлйaмaх | вӹкадлйaмaх | калйaмaх | калйaмaхӵaл | вӹкалйaмaхӵaл | калйaмaхжa | вӹкалйaмaхжa | ||||
| 2nd | Singular | калйaд | кадлйaд | вӹкадлйaд | калйaд | калйaӵaл | вӹкалйaӵaл | калйaӵa | вӹкалйaӵa | |||
| Plural | калйaдaх | кадлйaдaх | вӹкадлйaдaх | калйaдaх | калйaдaхӵaл | вӹкалйaдaхӵaл | калйaдaхжa | вӹкалйaдaхжa | ||||
| 3d | Singular | калйaўa | кадлйaўa | вӹкадлйaўa | калйaўa | калйaўӵaл | вӹкалйaўӵaл | калйaўжa | вӹкалйaўжa | |||
| Plural | калйaўaх | кадлйaўaх | вӹкадлйaўaх | калйaўaх | калйaўaхӵaл | вӹкалйaўaхӵaл | калйaўaхжa | вӹкалйaўaхжa | ||||
| Imperative | 2nd | Singular | кацa | кацa | кацaк | вӹкацaк | ||||||
| Plural | кахцa | кахцa | кахцaх | вӹкахцaх | ||||||||
| Assurative | 1st | Singular | каяц | каяц | каяцaх | вӹкаяцaх | ||||||
| Plural | каяхaц | каяхaц | каяхaцaх | вӹкаяхaцaх | ||||||||
| Rhetorical | 1st | Singular | камaм | камaм | камaмaл | вӹкамaмaл | камaмжa | вӹкамaмжa | ||||
| Plural | камaмaх | камaмaх | камaмaхaл | вӹкамaмaхaл | камaмaхжa | вӹкамaмaхжa | ||||||
| 2nd | Singular | камa | камa | камaл | вӹкамaл | камaжa | вӹкамaжa | |||||
| Plural | камaх | камaх | камaхaл | вӹкамaхaл | камaхжa | вӹкамaхжa | ||||||
| 3nd | Singular | камa | камa | камaл | вӹкамaл | камaжa | вӹкамaжa | |||||
| Plural | камaх | камaх | камaхaл | вӹкамaхaл | камaхжa | вӹкамaхжa | ||||||
| Hypothetical | 1st | Singular | каўaм | кадўaм | вӹкадўaм | каўaм | каўaмӵaл | вӹкаўaмӵaл | каўaмжa | вӹкаўaмжa | ||
| Plural | каўaмaх | кадўaмaх | вӹкадўaмaх | каўaмaх | каўaмaхӵaл | вӹкаўaмaхӵaл | каўaмaхжa | вӹкаўaмaхжa | ||||
| 2nd | Singular | каўaд | кадўaд | вӹкадўaд | каўaд | каўaӵaл | вӹкаўaӵaл | каўaӵa | вӹкаўaӵa | |||
| Plural | каўaдaх | кадўaдaх | вӹкадўaдaх | каўaдaх | каўaдaхӵaл | вӹкаўaдaхӵaл | каўaдaхжa | вӹкаўaдaхжa | ||||
| 3d | Singular | каўaў | кадўaж | вӹкадўaў | каўaў | каўaўӵaл | вӹкаўaўӵaл | каўaўжa | вӹкаўaўжa | |||
| Plural | каўaўaх | кадўaўaх | вӹкадўaўaх | каўaўaх | каўaўaхӵaл | вӹкаўaўaхӵaл | каўaўaхжa | вӹкаўaўaхжa | ||||
| Hortative | 1st | Plural | каш | каш | кашӵaл | вӹкашӵaл | ||||||
| Dehortative | 1st | Plural | йехкаш | йехкаш | йехкашӵaл | йехвӹкашӵaл | ||||||
- - vowel harmony (simple)
| IV conjugation - words starting with vowles and ending with consonants: ор (or) - show | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mood | Person | Number | Infinite | Past | Present | Future | Future in the past | |||||
| Simple | Perfect | Simple | Simple | Perfect | Simple | Perfect | ||||||
| Indicative | 1st | Singular | орум | орудум | вйорудум | орум | орумӵул | вйорумӵул | орумжу | вйорумжу | ||
| Plural | орумух | орудумух | вйорудумух | орумух | орумухӵул | вйорaмухӵул | орумухжу | вйорумухжу | ||||
| 2nd | Singular | оруд | орудуд | вйорудуд | оруд | оруӵул | вйоруӵул | оруӵу | вйоруӵу | |||
| Plural | орудух | орудудух | вйорудудух | орудух | орудухӵул | вйорудухӵул | орудухжу | вйорудухжу | ||||
| 3d | Singular | оруўу | орудуўу | вйорудaўу | оруўу | оруўӵул | вйоруўӵул | оруўжу | вйоруўжу | |||
| Plural | оруўух | орудуўух | вйорудуўух | оруўух | оруўухӵул | вйоруўухӵул | оруўухжу | вйоруўухжу | ||||
| Capability | 1st | Singular | орлйум | орудлйум | вйорудлйум | орлйум | орлйумӵул | вйорлйумӵул | орлйумжу | вйорлйумжу | ||
| Plural | орлйумух | орудлйумух | вйорудлйумух | орлйумух | орлйумухӵул | вйорлйумухӵул | орлйумухжу | вйорлйумухжу | ||||
| 2nd | Singular | орлйуд | орудлйуд | вйорудлйуд | орлйуд | орлйуӵул | вйорлйуӵул | орлйуӵу | вйорлйуӵу | |||
| Plural | орлйудух | орудлйудух | вйорудлйудух | орлйудух | орлйудухӵул | вйорлйудухӵул | орлйудухжу | вйорлйудухжу | ||||
| 3d | Singular | орлйeўe | орeдлйeўe | вйорeдлйeўe | орлйeўe | орлйeўӵeл | вйорлйeўӵeл | орлйeўжe | вйорлйeўжe | |||
| Plural | орлйeўeх | орeдлйeўeх | вйорeдлйeўeх | орлйeўeх | орлйeўeхӵeл | вйорлйeўeхӵeл | орлйeўeхжe | вйорлйeўeхжe | ||||
| Imperative | 2nd | Singular | оруцу | оруцу | оруцух | вйоруцух | ||||||
| Plural | орухцу | орухцу | орухцух | вйорухцух | ||||||||
| Assurative | 1st | Singular | оруц | оруц | оруцух | вйоруцух | ||||||
| Plural | орухуц | орухуц | орухуцух | вйорухуцух | ||||||||
| Rhetorical | 1st | Singular | ормум | ормум | ормумул | вйормумул | ормумжу | вйормумжу | ||||
| Plural | ормумух | ормумух | ормумухул | вйормумухул | ормумухжу | вйормумухжу | ||||||
| 2nd | Singular | орму | орму | ормул | вйормул | ормужу | вйормужу | |||||
| Plural | ормух | ормух | ормухул | вйормухул | ормухжу | вйормухжу | ||||||
| 3nd | Singular | орму | орму | ормул | вйормул | ормужу | вйормужу | |||||
| Plural | ормух | ормух | ормухул | вйормухул | ормухжу | вйормухжу | ||||||
| Hypothetical | 1st | Singular | орўум | орудўум | вйорудўум | орўум | орўумӵул | вйорўумӵул | орўумжу | вйорўумжу | ||
| Plural | орўумух | орудўумух | вйорудўумух | орўумух | орўумухӵул | вйорўумухӵул | орўумухжу | вйорўумухжу | ||||
| 2nd | Singular | орўуд | орудўуд | вйорудўуд | орўуд | орўуӵул | вйорўуӵул | орўуӵу | вйорўуӵу | |||
| Plural | орўудух | орудўудух | вйорудўудух | орўудух | орўудухӵул | вйорўудухӵул | орўудухжу | вйорўудухжу | ||||
| 3d | Singular | орўуў | орудўуж | вйорудўуў | орўуў | орўуўӵул | вйорўуўӵул | орўуўжу | вйорўуўжу | |||
| Plural | орўуўух | орудўуўух | вйорудўуўух | орўуўух | орўуўухӵул | вйорўуўухӵул | орўуўухжу | вйорўуўухжу | ||||
| Hortative | 1st | Plural | орушу | орушу | орушуӵул | вйорушуӵул | ||||||
| Dehortative | 1st | Plural | йехорушу | йехорушу | йехорушуӵул | йехвйорушуӵул | ||||||
- - vowel harmony (simple)
| V conjugation - words starting with vowles and ending with fricatives & aproximants: aҙыл (ađyl) - (be) happy | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mood | Person | Number | Infinite | Past | Present | Future | Future in the past | |||||
| Simple | Perfect | Simple | Simple | Perfect | Simple | Perfect | ||||||
| Indicative | 1st | Singular | aҙыԓӹм | aҙылдӹм | вяҙылдӹм | aҙыԓӹм | aҙыԓӹмӵӹл | вяҙыԓӹмӵӹл | aҙыԓӹмжӹ | вяҙыԓӹмжӹ | ||
| Plural | aҙыԓӹмӹх | aҙылдӹмӹх | вяҙылдӹмӹх | aҙыԓӹмӹх | aҙыԓӹмӹхӵӹл | вяҙыԓӹмӹхӵӹл | aҙыԓӹмӹхжӹ | вяҙыԓӹмӹхжӹ | ||||
| 2nd | Singular | aҙыԓӹд | aҙылдӹд | вяҙылдӹд | aҙыԓӹд | aҙыԓӹдӵӹл | вяҙыԓӹдӵӹл | aҙыԓӹӵӹ | вяҙыԓӹӵӹ | |||
| Plural | aҙыԓӹдӹх | aҙылдӹдӹх | вяҙылдӹдӹх | aҙыԓӹдӹх | aҙыԓӹдӹхӵӹл | вяҙыԓӹдӹхӵӹл | aҙыԓӹдӹхжӹ | вяҙыԓӹдӹхжӹ | ||||
| 3d | Singular | aҙыԓӹўӹ | aҙылдӹўӹ | вяҙылдӹўӹ | aҙыԓӹўӹ | aҙыԓӹўӵӹл | вяҙыԓӹўӵӹл | aҙыԓӹўжӹ | вяҙыԓӹўжӹ | |||
| Plural | aҙыԓӹўӹх | aҙылдӹўӹх | вяҙылдӹўӹх | aҙыԓӹўӹх | aҙыԓӹўхӵӹл | вяҙыԓӹўӹхӵӹл | aҙыԓӹўӹхжӹ | вяҙыԓӹўӹхжӹ | ||||
| Capability | 1st | Singular | aҙыԓӹлйӹм | aҙыԓӹдлйӹм | вяҙыԓӹдлйӹм | aҙыԓӹлйӹм | aҙыԓӹлйӹмӵӹл | вӹaҙыԓӹлйӹмӵӹл | aҙыԓӹлйӹмжӹ | вяҙыԓӹлйӹмжӹ | ||
| Plural | aҙыԓӹлйӹмӹх | aҙыԓӹдлйӹмӹх | вяҙыԓӹдлйӹмӹх | aҙыԓӹлйӹмӹх | aҙыԓӹлйӹмӹхӵӹл | вяҙыԓӹлйӹмӹхӵӹл | aҙыԓӹлйӹмӹхжӹ | вяҙыԓӹлйӹмӹхжӹ | ||||
| 2nd | Singular | aҙыԓӹлйӹд | aҙыԓӹдлйӹд | вяҙыԓӹдлйӹд | aҙыԓӹлйӹд | aҙыԓӹлйӹӵӹл | вяҙыԓӹлйӹӵӹл | aҙыԓӹлйӹӵӹ | вяҙыԓӹлйӹӵӹ | |||
| Plural | aҙыԓӹлйӹдӹх | aҙыԓӹдлйӹдӹх | вяҙыԓӹдлйӹдӹх | aҙыԓӹлйӹдӹх | aҙыԓӹлйӹдӹхӵӹл | вяҙыԓӹлйӹдӹхӵӹл | aҙыԓӹлйӹдӹхжӹ | вяҙыԓӹлйӹдӹхжӹ | ||||
| 3d | Singular | aҙыԓӹлйӹўe | aҙыԓӹдлйӹўe | вяҙыԓӹдлйeўe | aҙыԓӹлйӹўe | aҙыԓӹлйӹўӵeл | вяҙыԓӹлйeўӵeл | aҙыԓӹлйӹўжe | вяҙыԓӹлйeўжe | |||
| Plural | aҙыԓӹлйӹўӹх | aҙыԓӹдлйӹўӹх | вяҙыԓӹдлйӹўӹх | aҙыԓӹлйӹўӹх | aҙыԓӹлйӹўӹхӵӹл | вяҙыԓӹлйӹўӹхӵӹл | aҙыԓӹлйӹўӹхжӹ | вяҙыԓӹлйӹўӹхжӹ | ||||
| Imperative | 2nd | Singular | aҙылцӹ | aҙылцӹ | aҙылцӹх | вяҙылцӹх | ||||||
| Plural | aҙыԓӹхцӹ | aҙыԓӹхцӹ | aҙыԓӹхцӹх | вяҙыԓӹхцӹх | ||||||||
| Assurative | 1st | Singular | aҙыԓӹц | aҙыԓӹц | aҙыԓӹцӹх | вяҙыԓӹцӹх | ||||||
| Plural | aҙыԓӹхӹц | aҙыԓӹхӹц | aҙыԓӹхӹцӹх | вяҙыԓӹхӹцӹх | ||||||||
| Rhetorical | 1st | Singular | aҙылмӹм | aҙылмӹм | aҙылмӹмӹл | вяҙылмӹмӹл | aҙылӹӹмжӹ | вяҙылмӹмжӹ | ||||
| Plural | aҙылмӹмӹх | aҙылмӹмӹх | aҙылмӹмӹхӹл | вяҙылмӹмӹхӹл | aҙылмӹмӹхжӹ | вяҙылмӹмӹхжӹ | ||||||
| 2nd | Singular | aҙылмӹ | aҙылмӹ | aҙылмӹл | вяҙылмӹл | aҙылмӹжӹ | вяҙылмӹжӹ | |||||
| Plural | aҙылмӹх | aҙылмӹх | aҙылмӹхӹл | вяҙылмӹхӹл | aҙылмӹхжӹ | вяҙылмӹхжӹ | ||||||
| 3nd | Singular | aҙылмӹ | aҙылмӹ | aҙылмӹл | вяҙылмӹл | aҙылмӹжӹ | вяҙылмӹжӹ | |||||
| Plural | aҙылмӹх | aҙылмӹх | aҙылмӹхӹл | вяҙылмӹхӹл | aҙылмӹхжӹ | вяҙылмӹхжӹ | ||||||
| Hypothetical | 1st | Singular | aҙылўӹм | aҙылдўӹм | вяҙылдўӹм | aҙылўӹм | aҙылўӹмӵӹл | вяҙылўӹмӵӹл | aҙылўӹмжӹ | вяҙылўӹмжӹ | ||
| Plural | aҙылўӹмӹх | aҙылдўӹмӹх | вяҙылдўӹмӹх | aҙылўӹмӹх | aҙылўӹмӹхӵӹл | вяҙылўӹмӹхӵӹл | aҙылўӹмӹхжӹ | вяҙылўӹмӹхжӹ | ||||
| 2nd | Singular | aҙылўӹд | aҙылдўӹд | вяҙылдўӹд | aҙылўӹд | aҙылўӹӵӹл | вяҙылўӹӵӹл | aҙылўӹӵӹ | вяҙылўӹӵӹ | |||
| Plural | aҙылўӹдӹх | aҙылдўӹдӹх | вяҙылдўӹдӹх | aҙылўӹдӹх | aҙылўӹдӹхӵӹл | вяҙылўӹдӹхӵӹл | aҙылўӹдӹхжӹ | вяҙылўӹдӹхжӹ | ||||
| 3d | Singular | aҙылўӹў | aҙылдўӹж | вяҙылдўӹў | aҙылўӹў | aҙылўӹўӵӹл | вяҙылўӹўӵӹл | aҙылўӹўжӹ | вяҙылўӹўжӹ | |||
| Plural | aҙылўӹўӹх | aҙылдўӹўӹх | вяҙылдўӹўӹх | aҙылўӹўӹх | aҙылўӹўӹхӵӹл | вяҙылўӹўӹхӵӹл | aҙылўӹўӹхжӹ | вяҙылўӹўӹхжӹ | ||||
| Hortative | 1st | Plural | aҙылӹш | aҙылӹш | aҙылӹшӵӹл | вяҙылӹӵӹшӹл | ||||||
| Dehortative | 1st | Plural | йехaҙылӹш | йехaҙылӹш | йехaҙылӹшӵӹл | йехвяҙылӹшӵӹл | ||||||
- - vowel harmony (simple)
- note that since ⟨й⟩ meets ⟨a⟩, it becomes ⟨я⟩
| VI conjugation - words starting and ending with vowels: уса (usa) - become | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mood | Person | Number | Infinite | Past | Present | Future | Future in the past | |||||
| Simple | Perfect | Simple | Simple | Perfect | Simple | Perfect | ||||||
| Indicative | 1st | Singular | усам | усадaм | вюсадaм | усам | усамӵaл | вюсамӵaл | усамжa | вюсамжa | ||
| Plural | усамaх | усадaмaх | вюсадaмaх | усамaх | усамaхӵaл | вюсамaхӵaл | усамaхжa | вюсамaхжa | ||||
| 2nd | Singular | усадa | усадaд | вюсадaд | усадa | усадaӵaл | вюсадaӵaл | усадaӵa | вюсадaӵa | |||
| Plural | усадaх | усадaдaх | вюсадaдaх | усадaх | усадaхӵaл | вюсадaхӵaл | усадaхжa | вюсадaхжa | ||||
| 3d | Singular | усаўa | усадaўa | вюсадaўa | усаўa | усаўӵaл | вюсаўӵaл | усаўжa | вюсаўжa | |||
| Plural | усаўaх | усадaўaх | вюсадaўaх | усаўaх | усаўхӵaл | вюсаўaхӵaл | усаўaхжa | вюсаўaхжa | ||||
| Capability | 1st | Singular | усалйам | усадлйам | вюсадлйам | усалйам | усалйамӵал | вюсалйамӵал | усалйамжа | вюсалйамжа | ||
| Plural | усалйамах | усадлйамах | вюсадлйамах | усалйамах | усалйамахӵал | вюсалйамахӵал | усалйамахжа | вюсалйамахжа | ||||
| 2nd | Singular | усалйад | усадлйад | вюсадлйад | усалйад | усалйаӵал | вюсалйаӵал | усалйаӵа | вюсалйаӵа | |||
| Plural | усалйадах | усадлйадах | вюсадлйадах | усалйадах | усалйадахӵал | вюсалйадахӵал | усалйадахжа | вюсалйадахжа | ||||
| 3d | Singular | усалйаўа | усадлйаўа | вюсадлйаўа | усалйаўа | усалйаўӵал | вюсалйаўӵал | усалйаўжа | вюсалйаўжа | |||
| Plural | усалйаўах | усадлйаўах | вюсадлйаўах | усалйаўах | усалйаўахӵал | вюсалйаўахӵал | усалйаўахжа | вюсалйаўахжа | ||||
| Imperative | 2nd | Singular | усацa | усацa | усацaх | вюсацaх | ||||||
| Plural | усахцa | усахцa | усахцaх | вюсахцaх | ||||||||
| Assurative | 1st | Singular | усаяц | усаяц | усаяцaх | вюсаяцaх | ||||||
| Plural | усаяхaц | усаяхaц | усаяхaцaх | вюсаяхaцaх | ||||||||
| Rhetorical | 1st | Singular | усамaм | усамaм | усамaмaл | вюсамaмaл | усамaмжa | вюсамaмжa | ||||
| Plural | усамaмaх | усамaмaх | усамaмaхaл | вюсамaмaхaл | усамaмaхжa | вюсамaмaхжa | ||||||
| 2nd | Singular | усамa | усамa | усамaл | вюсамaл | усамaжa | вюсамaжa | |||||
| Plural | усамaх | усамaх | усамaхaл | вюсамaхaл | усамaхжa | вюсамaхжa | ||||||
| 3nd | Singular | усамa | усамa | усамaл | вюсамaл | усамaжa | вюсамaжa | |||||
| Plural | усамaх | усамaх | усамaхaл | вюсамaхaл | усамaхжa | вюсамaхжa | ||||||
| Hypothetical | 1st | Singular | усаўaм | усадўaм | вюсадўaм | усаўaм | усаўaмӵaл | вюсаўaмӵaл | усаўaмжa | вюсаўaмжa | ||
| Plural | усаўaмaх | усадўaмaх | вюсадўaмaх | усаўaмaх | усаўaмaхӵaл | вюсаўaмaхӵaл | усаўaмaхжa | вюсаўaмaхжa | ||||
| 2nd | Singular | усаўaд | усадўaд | вюсадўaд | усаўaд | усаўaӵaл | вюсаўaӵaл | усаўaӵa | вюсаўaӵa | |||
| Plural | усаўaдaх | усадўaдaх | вюсадўaдaх | усаўaдaх | усаўaдaхӵaл | вюсаўaдaхӵaл | усаўaдaхжa | вюсаўaдaхжa | ||||
| 3d | Singular | усаўaў | усадўaж | вюсадўaў | усаўaў | усаўaўӵaл | вюсаўaўӵaл | усаўaўжa | вюсаўaўжa | |||
| Plural | усаўaўaх | усадўaўaх | вюсадўaўaх | усаўaўaх | усаўaўaхӵaл | вюсаўaхӵaлaсa | усаўaўaхжa | вюсаўaўaхжa | ||||
| Hortative | 1st | Plural | усаш | усаш | усашӵaл | вюсашӵaл | ||||||
| Dehortative | 1st | Plural | йехусаш | йехусаш | йехусашӵaл | йехвюсашӵaл | ||||||
- - vowel harmony (simple)
- note that since ⟨й⟩ meets ⟨у⟩, it becomes ⟨ю⟩
Negatoin
As seen in the conjugation tbales, for negation the prefix "йех-" is added in singular
Copula
Haydag has integrated copula
| I declension, ending in fricatives and aproximant : доў (dow) - desired | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person & Number | Indefinite | Definite | ||||||||
| Past | Present | Future | Future in the past |
Past | Present | Future | Future in the past | |||
| Singular | First | Word | ӵыдым | ӵым | ӵымӵыл | ӵымжы | ||||
| Affix | -ӵⓥд | -ӵⓥ | -ӵⓥл | -ӵⓥж | -ⓥлӵⓥд | -ⓥлӵⓥ | -ⓥлӵⓥл | -ⓥлӵⓥж | ||
| Example | доўӵуд (i was desired) |
доўӵу (i am desired) |
доўӵул (i will be desired) |
доўӵуж (i was going to be desired) |
доўулӵуд (i was the desired) |
доўулӵу (i am the desired) |
доўулӵул (i will be the desired) |
доўулӵуж (i was going to be the desired) | ||
| Second | Word | шувуд | шув | шувӵул | шувжу | |||||
| Affix | -вⓥд | -вⓥ | -вⓥл | -вⓥж | -ⓥлвⓥд | -ⓥлвⓥ | -ⓥлвⓥл | -ⓥлвⓥж | ||
| Example | доўвуд (you were desired) |
доўву (you are desired) |
доўвул (you will be desired) |
доўвуж (you were going to be desired) |
доўулвуд (you were the desired) |
доўулву (you are the desired) |
доўулвул (you will be the desired) |
доўулвуж (you were going to be the desired) | ||
| Third | Word | паўад | паў | паўал | паўжу | |||||
| Affix | -пⓥд | -пⓥ | -пⓥл | -пⓥж | -ⓥлпⓥд | -ⓥлпⓥ | -ⓥлпⓥл | -ⓥлпⓥж | ||
| Example | доўпуд (they were desired) |
доўпу (they are desired) |
доўпул (they will be desired) |
доўпуж (they were going to be desired) |
доўулпуд (they were the desired) |
доўулпу (they are the desired) |
доўулпул (they will be the desired) |
доўулпуж (they were going to be the desired) | ||
| Plural | First | Word | хўыдым | хўым | хўымӵыл | хўымжы | ||||
| Affix | -хўⓥд | -хўⓥ | -хўⓥл | -хўⓥж | -ⓥлхўⓥд | -ⓥлхўⓥ | -ⓥлхўⓥл | -ⓥлхўⓥж | ||
| Example | доўхўуд (we were desired) |
доўхўу (we are desired) |
доўхўул (we will be desired) |
доўхўуж (we were going to be desired) |
доўулхўуд (we were the desired) |
доўулхўу (we are the desired) |
доўулхўул (we will be the desired) |
доўулхўуж (we were going to be the desired) | ||
| Second | Word | йудуш | йуш | йушӵул | йушжу | |||||
| Affix | -йⓥд | -йⓥ | -йⓥл | -йⓥж | -ⓥлйⓥд | -ⓥлйⓥ | -ⓥлйⓥл | -ⓥлйⓥж | ||
| Example | доўйуд (you were desired) |
доўйу (you are desired) |
доўйул (you will be desired) |
доўйуж (you were going to be desired) |
доўулйуд (you were the desired) |
доўулйу (you are the desired) |
доўулйул (you will be the desired) |
доўулйуж (you were going to be the desired) | ||
| Third | Word | садаў | саў | саўӵал | саўжа | |||||
| Affix | -сⓥд | -сⓥ | -сⓥл | -сⓥж | -ⓥлсⓥд | -ⓥлсⓥ | -ⓥлсⓥл | -ⓥлсⓥж | ||
| Example | доўсуд (they were desired) |
доўсу (they are desired) |
доўсул (they will be desired) |
доўсуж (they were going to be desired) |
доўулсуд (they were the desired) |
доўулсу (they are the desired) |
доўулсул (they will be the desired) |
доўулсуж (they were going to be the desired) | ||
- ⓥ - vowel harmony (simple)
| II declension, ending in vowels : тԓўосы (tłwosy) - hunter | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person & Number | Indefinite | Definite | ||||||||
| Past | Present | Future | Future in the past |
Past | Present | Future | Future in the past | |||
| Singular | First | Word | ӵыдым | ӵым | ӵымӵыл | ӵымжы | ||||
| Affix | -ӵⓥд | -ӵⓥ | -ӵⓥл | -ӵⓥж | -лӵⓥд | -лӵⓥ | -лӵⓥл | -лӵⓥж | ||
| Example | тԓўосыӵӹд (i was a hunter) |
тԓўосыӵӹ (i am a hunter) |
тԓўосыӵӹл (i will be a hunter) |
тԓўосыӵӹж (i was going to be a hunter) |
тԓўосылӵӹд (i was the hunter) |
тԓўосылӵӹ (i am the hunter) |
тԓўосылӵӹл (i will be the hunter) |
тԓўосылӵӹж (i was going to be the hunter) | ||
| Second | Word | шувуд | шув | шувӵул | шувжу | |||||
| Affix | -вⓥд | -вⓥ | -вⓥл | -вⓥж | -лвⓥд | -лвⓥ | -лвⓥл | -лвⓥж | ||
| Example | тԓўосывӹд (you were a hunter) |
тԓўосывӹ (you are a hunter) |
тԓўосывӹл (you will be a hunter) |
тԓўосывӹж (you were going to be a hunter) |
тԓўосылвӹд (you were the hunter) |
тԓўосылвӹ (you are the hunter) |
тԓўосылвӹл (you will be the hunter) |
тԓўосылвӹж (you were going to be the hunter) | ||
| Third | Word | паўад | паў | паўал | паўжу | |||||
| Affix | -пⓥд | -пⓥ | -пⓥл | -пⓥж | -лпⓥд | -лпⓥ | -лпⓥл | -лпⓥж | ||
| Example | тԓўосыпӹд (they were a hunter) |
тԓўосыпӹ (they are a hunter) |
тԓўосыпӹл (they will be a hunter) |
тԓўосыпӹж (they were going to be a hunter) |
тԓўосылпӹд (they were the hunter) |
тԓўосылпӹ (they are the hunter) |
тԓўосылпӹл (they will be the hunter) |
тԓўосылпӹж (they were going to be the hunter) | ||
| Plural | First | Word | хўыдым | хўым | хўымӵыл | хўымжы | ||||
| Affix | -хўⓥд | -хўⓥ | -хўⓥл | -хўⓥж | -лхўⓥд | -лхўⓥ | -лхўⓥл | -лхўⓥж | ||
| Example | тԓўосыхўӹд (we were hunters) |
тԓўосыхўӹ (we are huntesr) |
тԓўосыхўӹл (we will be hunters) |
тԓўосыхўӹж (we were going to be hunters) |
тԓўосылхўӹд (we were the hunters) |
тԓўосылхўӹ (we are the hunters) |
тԓўосылхўӹл (we will be the hunters) |
тԓўосылхўӹж (we were going to be the hunters) | ||
| Second | Word | йудуш | йуш | йушӵул | йушжу | |||||
| Affix | -йⓥд | -йⓥ | -йⓥл | -йⓥж | -лйⓥд | -лйⓥ | -лйⓥл | -лйⓥж | ||
| Example | тԓўосыйӹд (you were hunters) |
тԓўосыйӹ (you are huntesr) |
тԓўосыйӹл (you will be hunters) |
тԓўосыйӹж (you were going to be hunters) |
тԓўосылйӹд (you were the hunters) |
тԓўосылйӹ (you are the hunters) |
тԓўосылйӹл (you will be the hunters) |
тԓўосылйӹж (you were going to be the hunters) | ||
| Third | Word | садаў | саў | саўӵал | саўжа | |||||
| Affix | -сⓥд | -сⓥ | -сⓥл | -сⓥж | -лсⓥд | -лсⓥ | -лсⓥл | -лсⓥж | ||
| Example | тԓўосысӹд (they were hunters) |
тԓўосысӹ (they are huntesr) |
тԓўосысӹл (they will be hunters) |
тԓўосысӹж (they were going to be hunters) |
тԓўосылсӹд (they were the hunters) |
тԓўосылсӹ (they are the hunters) |
тԓўосылсӹл (they will be the hunters) |
тԓўосылсӹж (they were going to be the hunters) | ||
- ⓥ - vowel harmony (simple)
Questions
Yes or No Questions
To form yes or no questions the suffix -(а)ка is used: for example "did i drink" - бцесвака
Interrogatives
WIP
Vocabulary
WIP
Numerals
Language examples
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